Hydraulic Machines

HYDRAULIC MACHINES
HYDRAULIC TURBINES
1.1 Introduction
2
 Hydraulic Turbine is a prime mover that uses the

energy of flowing water and converts it into the
mechanical energy (in the form of rotation of the
runner).
 This mechanical energy is used in running an electric
generator which is direct coupled to the shaft of the
hydraulic turbine; from this electric generator, we get
electric power that can be transmitted over long
distances.
 The hydraulic turbines are also know as water turbines
since the fluid medium used in them is water.
TURBINE
TYPES OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES
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Turbines can be classified on the basis of:

 Head and quantity of water available
 Hydraulic action of water
 Direction of flow of water in the runner
 Specific speed of turbines
 Disposition of the shaft of the runner

Classification of turbines
 Based on head and quantity of water
According to head and quantity of water available, the
turbines can be classified into
a) High head turbines
b) Medium head turbines
c) Low head turbines
a) High head turbines
High head turbines are the turbines which work
under heads more than 250m. The quantity of water
needed in case of high head turbines is usually small.
The Pelton turbines are the usual choice for high
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 Based on head and quantity of water

b) Medium head turbines
The turbines that work under a head of 45m to
250m are called medium head turbines. It requires
medium flow of water. Francis turbines are used
for medium heads.
c) Low head turbines
Turbines which work under a head of less than 45m
are called low head turbines. Owing to low head,
large quantity of water is required. Kaplan turbines
are used for low heads.
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 Based on hydraulic action of water

According to hydraulic action of water, turbines can be
classified into
a) Impulse turbines
b) Reaction turbines
a) Impulse turbines
If the runner of a turbine rotates by the impact or
impulse action of water, it is an impulse turbine.
b) Reaction turbines
These turbines work due to reaction of the pressure
difference between the inlet and the outlet of the
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 Based on direction of flow of water in the runner

Depending upon the direction of flow through the
runner, following types of turbines are
a) Tangential flow turbines
b) Radial flow turbines
c) Axial flow turbines
d) Mixed flow turbines
a) Tangential flow turbines

When the flow is tangential to the wheel circle, it is
a tangential flow turbine. A Pelton turbine is a
Tangential flow turbine.
Cont…
 Based on direction of flow of water in the

runner
b) Radial flow turbines
In a radial flow, the path of the flow of water
remains in the radial direction and in a plane
normal to the runner shaft. No pure radial flow
turbine is in use these days.
c) Axial flow turbines
When the path of flow water remains parallel to
the axis of the shaft, it is an axial flow turbine.
The Kaplan turbine is axial flow turbine.
Cont…
10
 Based on direction of flow of water in the runner

d) Mixed flow turbines
When there is gradual change of flow from radial to axial in
the runner, the flow is called mixed flow. The Francis
turbine is a mixed flow turbine.
Cont…
Based on specific speed of turbines

Specific speed of a turbine is defined as the
speed of a geometrically similar turbine which
produces a unit power when working under a
unit head.
The specific speed of Pelton turbine ranges
between 8-30, Francis turbines have specific
speed between 50-250, Specific speed of
Kaplan lies between 250-850.
Based on disposition of shaft of runner
Usually, Pelton turbines are setup with
IMPULSE TURBINE
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 In an impulse turbine the pressure

energy of water is converted into kinetic
energy when passed through the nozzle
and forms the high velocity jet of water.
 The formed water jet is used for driving
the wheel.
 Example of impulse turbine is Pelton
turbine.
Cont…
13
 All available head of water is converted

into kinetic energy or velocity head in a
nozzle. The water shoots out of the nozzle
and hits a bucket which rotates a shaft.
 Water is in contact with atmosphere all the
time and water discharged from bucket fall
freely
 The flow is similar to open channel flow
and works under atmospheric pressure.
 The kinetic energy of water is converted to
mechanical energy.
 The water entering the turbine exerts a
force in the direction of the flow.
Cont..
14
 Pelton Wheel
 It consists of a wheel mounted on a shaft.
 Buckets are mounted on the periphery of the wheel
 Water is impinged on the buckets and energy is
transferred
 The water has only kinetic energy
 Each bucket is shaped like a double hemispherical
cup with a sharp edge at the center.
 Pelton wheel is used for high head of water (150-
2000m)
 The flow is tangential.
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,
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PELTON WHEEL
Cont… Pelton wheel bucket
WORKDONE AND EFFICIENCY OF
PELTON TURBINE
 Velocity triangle pelton turbine
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,
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Design Aspect of Pelton Turbine
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EFFICIENCIES
Various types of efficiencies are defined as under:
(a) Hydraulic efficiency: It is the ratio of the power
developed by the runner to the actual power supplied by
water to the runner. It takes into account the hydraulic
losses occurring in the turbine
ηh = Runner output / Actual power supplied to runner
= Runner output / (ρQgH)
Where, Q = Quantity of water actually striking the
runner blades
H = Net head available at the turbine inlet
Cont…
(b) Volumetric efficiency: It is the ratio of the actual
quantity of water striking the runner blades to the quantity
supplied to the turbine. It takes into account the volumetric
losses.
Let ∆Q = Quantity of water leaking or not striking the
runner blades
ηv = Q / (Q+ ∆Q)
(c) Mechanical efficiency: The ratio of the shaft output to
the runner output is called the mechanical efficiency and it
accounts for the mechanical losses.
ηm = Shaft output / Runner output
Cont…
(d) Overall efficiency: Ratio of shaft output to the net power
available at the turbine inlet gives overall efficiency of the
turbine
ηm = Shaft output / Net power available
Shaft.output
o 
 (Q  Q ) gH
Shaft.output Runner.output Q
o   
Runner.output QgH Q  Q 
 o   m  h  v
Cont…
Example 1.
A Pelton wheel having a mean bucket diameter of
1·2 m is running at 1000 r.p.m. The net head on the
Pelton wheel is 840 m. If the side clearance angle
is 15° and discharge through the nozzle is 0·12
m3/s, determine :
(i) Power available at the nozzle, and
(ii) Hydraulic efficiency of the turbine.
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Solution
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Example 2.
A Pelton turbine develops 8 MW under a head of 130 m at a
speed of 200 rev/min. The following are the particulars of
Pelton wheel. Coefficient of velocity (C) of the nozzle 0.98,
Speed ratio 0.46, jet diameter 1/9 of diameter of the wheel and
overall efficiency 87%
Determine
- flow required
- diameter of the wheel
- diameter of the jet
- number of jets
- number of buckets
REACTION TURBINE
 In reaction turbines, the runner utilizes both potential
and kinetic energies.
 As the water flows through the stationary parts of the
turbine, whole of its pressure energy is not transformed
to kinetic energy and when the water flows through the
moving parts.
 There is a change both in pressure and in the direction
and velocity of flow of water.
 As the water gives up its energy to the runner, both its
pressure and absolute velocity get reduced.
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 The water which acts on the runner blades is under a
pressure above atmospheric and the runner passages are
always completely filled with water.
Francis Turbine
Fig. below shows a schematic diagram of a Francis

turbine.
The main parts of a Francis
turbine are:
1. Penstock - It is a large size conduit which conveys
water from the upstream of the dam/reservoir to the
turbine runner.
2. Spiral/scroll casing – it constitutes a closed passage
whose cross-sectional area gradually decreases along
the flow direction, area is maximum at inlet and nearly
zero at exit.
3. Guide vanes/wicket gates – these vanes direct the
water onto the runner at an angle appropriate to the
design. The motion to them is given by means of a hand
wheel or automatically by a governor.
Cont…
4. Governing mechanism – it changes the position
of the guide blades/vanes to affect a variation in
water flow rate, when the load conditions on the
turbine change.
5. Runner and runner blades – the driving force
on the runner is both due to impulse and reaction
effects.
6. Draft tube – it is a gradually expanding tube
which discharges water, passing through the runner,
to the tail race
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WORK DONE AND EFFICIENCY OF
FRANCIS TURBINE
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WORKING PROPORTIONS OF A
FRANCIS TURBINE
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Example 3
An inward flow reaction turbine has external and
internal diameters as 1.08m and 0.54m. The turbine
is running at 200 r.p.m. the width of the turbine at
inlet is 240mm and velocity of flow through the
runner is constant and is equal to 2.16m/s. the guide
blades makes an angle of 10 degree to the tangent of
the wheel and discharge at the outlet of the turbine is
radial. Draw the inlet and outlet velocity triangles
and determine:
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Solution
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NEXT PART: KAPLAN &
PROPELLER TURBINES
N D
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HYDRAULIC MACHINES

 Hydraulic Turbine is a prime mover that uses the

Turbines can be classified on the basis of:

 Hydraulic action of water

 Direction of flow of water in the runner

 Specific speed of turbines

 Disposition of the shaft of the runner

 Based on head and quantity of water

 Based on hydraulic action of water

 Based on direction of flow of water in the runner

a) Tangential flow turbines

 Based on direction of flow of water in the

 Based on direction of flow of water in the runner

Based on specific speed of turbines

 In an impulse turbine the pressure

 All available head of water is converted

Fig. below shows a schematic diagram of a Francis

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