Lecture 24 Thermal Engineering II (01.09.2020) .

PROBLEM
ON
STEAM TURBINE
05
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
PROBLEM 05:
A single row impulse turbine develops 150 kW at a blade speed of 175 m/s, using 2.27
kg of steam per second. Steam leaves the nozzle at 400 m/s. Velocity coefficient of
blades is 0.9. Steam leaves the turbine blades axially. Determine nozzle angle, blade
angles at entry and exit, assuming no shock.
𝑘𝑔
Given Data: 𝑃 = 150 𝑘𝑊 𝑈 = 175 𝑚/𝑠 𝑚ሶ = 2.27 𝑉1 = 400 𝑚/𝑠
𝑆
Single Stage (n) = 1
Vr2 V2 = Vf2 α2 = 90°
𝐾= = 0.9 Vw2 = 0
Impulse Turbine Vr1
To find:
Nozzle angle α1 =?
Blade angles at entry and exit 𝛽1 & 𝛽2 =?
Formula
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
Power developed P = mሶ × W 𝑈
𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝐸
Work done W = Vw × U 𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉1
Whirl velocity Vw = Vw1 ± Vw2 𝑉𝑟2
𝐷
𝐶
Power developed P = mሶ × W
𝑃 = 150 𝑘𝑊 = 150 × 103 𝑊

150 × 103 = 2.27 × W
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 2.27
𝑠
W = 66 × 103 𝑊
Work done W = Vw × U W = 66 × 103 𝑊
𝑈 = 175 𝑚/𝑠
66 × 103 = Vw × 175
𝑚
Vw = 377
𝑠
Whirl velocity Vw = Vw1 ± Vw2

Vw2 = 0
Vw = Vw1 + Vw2
377 = Vw1 + 0
𝑚
Vw1 = 377
𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉1 = 400 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 𝑈 = 175 𝑚/𝑠
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑚
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 Vw1 = 377
𝑠
𝑉𝑟1 V2 = Vf2
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1 𝑉𝑤2 = 0
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶
∆𝐵𝐶𝐸 𝐷
𝐵𝐸 𝑉𝑤1 377
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝛼1 = 19.52°
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 400
𝐶𝐸 𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓1 𝑚
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 19.52 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 133.68
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 400 𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝑉1 = 400 𝑚/𝑠
𝛼1 = 19.52°
𝑈 V2 = Vf2
𝑚
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑉𝑓1 = 133.68
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝑠 𝑉𝑤2 = 0
𝛽1
𝑉𝑟1
𝑈 = 175 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝑚
Vw1 = 377
𝑠
𝐶
𝐷
𝐵𝐸 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐸 𝑉𝑤1 = 𝑈 + 𝐴𝐸 377 = 175 + 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 = 202
∆𝐴𝐶𝐸
2 𝑚
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐸 2 + 𝐴𝐸 2 2
𝑉𝑟1 = 2
𝑉𝑓1 + 𝐴𝐸 2 𝑉𝑟1 = 133.682 + 2022 𝑉𝑟1 = 242.22
𝑠
𝐶𝐸 𝑉𝑓1 133.68
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝛽1 = 33.5°
𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝑟1 242.22
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝑉1 = 400 𝑚/𝑠
𝛼1 = 19.52°
𝑈 V2 = Vf2
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝑉𝑓1 = 133.68 𝑉𝑤2 = 0
𝑠
𝑉𝑟1 𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 = 242.22 𝑈 = 175 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 𝑠
𝑉𝑟2
𝛽1 = 33.5° 𝑚
Vw1 = 377
𝐶 𝑠
𝐷
Vr2 Vr2
𝐾= = 0.9 = 0.9 Vr2 = 218 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 242.22
∆𝐴𝐷𝐹 𝐴𝐹 𝑈 175
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝛽2 = 36.6°
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 218
Answer
𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝛽1 = 33.5°𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝛽2 = 36.6°
𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝛼1 = 19.52°
PROBLEM 05:
A single row impulse turbine develops 150 kW at a blade speed of 175 m/s, using 2.27
kg of steam per second. Steam leaves the nozzle at 400 m/s. Velocity coefficient of
blades is 0.9. Steam leaves the turbine blades axially. Determine nozzle angle, blade
angles at entry and exit, assuming no shock.
𝑘𝑔
Given Data: 𝑃 = 150 𝑘𝑊 𝑈 = 175 𝑚/𝑠 𝑚ሶ = 2.27 𝑉1 = 400 𝑚/𝑠
𝑆
Vr2 V2 = Vf2 α2 = 90°
𝐾= = 0.9 Vw2 = 0
Impulse Turbine Vr1
To find:
Nozzle angle α1 =?
Formula
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝐸
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉1
𝐷
𝐶
𝑃 = 150 𝑘𝑊 = 150 × 103 𝑊

150 × 103 = 2.27 × W
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 2.27
𝑠
W = 66 × 103 𝑊
Work done W = Vw × U
𝑈 = 175 𝑚/𝑠
66 × 103 = Vw × 175
W = 66 × 103 𝑊
𝑚
Vw = 377
𝑠
Vw = Vw1 + Vw2 Vw2 = 0
377 = Vw1 + 0
𝑚
Vw1 = 377
𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝑉1 = 400 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝛼1 = 20° V2 = Vf2
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑉𝑤2 = 0
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1
𝛽1 = 33°
𝑉𝑟1 𝑈 = 175 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 𝛽2 = 37° 𝑚
𝑉𝑟2 Vw1 = 377
𝑠
𝐶 Vr2
𝐷 𝐾= = 0.9
Vr1
Vr2
= 0.9 Vr2 = 218 𝑚/𝑠
242 𝑉𝑟1 = 242 𝑚/𝑠
Answer
𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝛽1 = 33° 𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝛽2 = 37°
𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝛼1 = 20°
PROBLEM 06:
Steam with an absolute velocity of 600 m/s is supplied through a nozzle to a single
stage impulse turbine. The nozzle angle is 25°. The mean diameter of the blade rotor is
2 m and it has a speed of 3000 rpm. Find suitable blade angles for zero axial thrust. If
the blade velocity coefficient is 0.9 and the steam flow rate is 10 kg/s, calculate power
developed
Given Data: 𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠 α1 = 25° 𝐷 =2𝑚 Vr2
𝑁 = 3000 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝐾 = = 0.9
Vr1
Single Stage (n) = 1 𝑘𝑔
Vf1 = Vf2 𝑚ሶ = 10
Impulse Turbine 𝑆
To find:
Power developed in the blades P =?

Formula
𝑉𝑊
Power developed P = mሶ × W 𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
Work done W = Vw × U 𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉1 𝑉𝑓2
𝐶 𝐷
π×𝐷×𝑁
Blade velocity 𝑈 =
60
π×𝐷×𝑁 𝐷 =2𝑚
60
𝑁 = 3000 𝑟𝑝𝑚
π × 2 × 3000
𝑈=
60
𝑈 = 314.16 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 25° 𝑈 = 314.16 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
∆𝐵𝐶𝐸 𝐶𝐸 𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓1 𝑚
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 25 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 253.57
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 600 𝑠
𝐵𝐸 𝑉𝑤1 𝑉𝑤1 𝑚
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 25 = 𝑉𝑤1 = 543.78
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 600 𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 25° 𝑈 = 314.16 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝑚
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑉𝑓1 = 253.57
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝑠
𝛽1 𝛼2
𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑤1 = 543.78
𝑉2 𝑠
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
𝐵𝐸 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐸 𝑉𝑤1 = 𝑈 + 𝐴𝐸 543.78 = 314.16 + 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 = 229.62
∆𝐴𝐶𝐸
2 𝑚
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐸 2 + 𝐴𝐸 2 2
𝑉𝑟1 = 2
𝑉𝑓1 + 𝐴𝐸 2 𝑉𝑟1 = 253.572 + 229.622 𝑉𝑟1 = 342.08
𝑠
𝐶𝐸 𝑉𝑓1 253.57
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝛽1 = 47.8°
𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝑟1 342.08
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 25° 𝑈 = 314.16 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2 𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝛽1 = 47.8°
𝑚
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑉𝑓1 = 253.57
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝑠
𝑚
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑤1 = 543.78
𝑉𝑓1 𝑠
𝑉1 𝑉𝑓2 𝑚
𝑉𝑟2 𝑉𝑟1 = 342.08
𝑠
𝑚
𝐷 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 253.57
𝐶 Vr2 𝑠
Vr2
𝐾= = 0.9 = 0.9 Vr2 = 307.87 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 342.08
∆𝐴𝐷𝐹 𝐷𝐹 𝑉𝑓2 253.57 𝛽2 = 55.44°

𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 =
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 307.87
𝐴𝐹 𝐴𝐹 𝐴𝐹
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 55.44 = 𝑨𝑭 = 𝟏𝟕𝟒. 𝟔
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 307.87
𝑉𝑊
𝛼1 = 25° 𝑈 = 314.16 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊1
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝛽1 = 47.8°
𝑈 𝑚
𝑉𝑊2 𝑉𝑓1 = 253.57
𝐸 𝐴 𝐹 𝛽2 = 55.44° 𝑠
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝐵
𝛽1 𝑚
𝑉𝑤1 = 543.78
𝑉𝑟1 𝑨𝑭 = 𝟏𝟕𝟒. 𝟔 𝑠
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑟2 𝑉2 𝑚
𝑉1 𝑉𝑟1 = 342.08
𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 𝑠
𝑚
𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 253.57
𝑠
𝐶 𝐷 Vr2 = 307.87 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐹 + 𝐵𝐹 𝑈 = 𝐴𝐹 + 𝑉𝑤2 314.16 = 174.6 + 𝑉𝑤2 𝑉𝑤2 = 139.56 𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑤1 = 543.78 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = Vw1 − Vw2
𝑉𝑤2 = 139.56 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 543.78 − 139.56
𝑉𝑊 = 404.22 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 314.16
Work done W = Vw × U 𝑠
𝑊 = 404.22 × 314.16
𝐽
𝑊 = 126989.75
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
W = 126989.75
𝑃 = 10 × 126989.75 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 1269897.5 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 10
𝑠
𝑃 = 1269.89 𝑘𝑊
Answer
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑃 = 1269.89 𝑘𝑊
PROBLEM 06:
Steam with an absolute velocity of 600 m/s is supplied through a nozzle to a single
stage impulse turbine. The nozzle angle is 25°. The mean diameter of the blade rotor is
2 m and it has a speed of 3000 rpm. Find suitable blade angles for zero axial thrust. If
the blade velocity coefficient is 0.9 and the steam flow rate is 10 kg/s, calculate power
developed
Given Data: 𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠 α1 = 25° 𝐷 =2𝑚 Vr2
𝑁 = 3000 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝐾 = = 0.9
Vr1
Single Stage (n) = 1 𝑘𝑔
Vf1 = Vf2 𝑚ሶ = 10
Impulse Turbine 𝑆
To find:

Formula
𝑉𝑊
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
Work done W = Vw × U 𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
π×𝐷×𝑁
60
60
𝑁 = 3000 𝑟𝑝𝑚
π × 2 × 3000
𝑈=
60
𝑈 = 314.16 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 25° 𝑈 = 314.16 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝑉𝑊2 𝛽1 = 48°
𝐸 𝐴 𝐹 𝑉2 = 289 𝑚/𝑠
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝐵
𝛽1
𝑉𝑤1 = 544 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑟2 𝑉2 𝑉𝑤2 = 139 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1
𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉𝑓1 = 253 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶 𝑉𝑓2 = 253 𝑚/𝑠

𝐷
𝑉𝑟1 = 342 𝑚/𝑠
Vr2 Vr2
𝐾= = 0.9 = 0.9 Vr2 = 308 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 342
𝑉𝑊 = Vw1 − Vw2 𝑉𝑤1 = 544 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 544 − 139 𝑉𝑤2 = 139 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 405 𝑚/𝑠
Work done W = Vw × U 𝑚
𝑈 = 314.16
𝑠
𝑊 = 405 × 314.16
𝐽
𝑊 = 127234.8
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
W = 127234.8
𝑃 = 10 × 127234.8 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 1272348 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 10
𝑠
𝑃 = 1272.34 𝑘𝑊
Answer
PROBLEM 07:
In a single-stage impulse turbine, the mean diameter of the blade ring is 2 meter and
the rotational speed is 3000 rpm. The steam is issued from the nozzle at 500 m/s and
the nozzle angle is 20°. The blades are equiangular. If the friction loss in the blade is
19%, what is the power developed in the blading when the axial thrust on the blades is
100 N?
Given Data: 𝐷 =2𝑚 𝑁 = 3000 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠 α1 = 20°
β1 = β2 Friction loss in the blade = 19% Vr2
𝐾= = 0.81
Impulse Turbine 𝐹 = 100 𝑁 Vr1
To find:

Formula
π×𝐷×𝑁 𝑉𝑊
60 𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
Power developed P = mሶ × W 𝐴 𝐵
𝐸 𝛼1 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
Work done W = Vw × U 𝑉𝑓1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2

𝐶 𝐷
Axial Thrust F = mሶ × (Vf1 − Vf2 )

60
𝑁 = 3000 𝑟𝑝𝑚
π × 2 × 3000
𝑈=
60
𝑈 = 314.16 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 = 314.16 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝛼1 = 20°
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 20 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 171
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 500 𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 20 = 𝑉𝑤1 = 469.84
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 500 𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 = 314.16 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝛼1 = 20°
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑓1 = 171
𝑉2 𝑠
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1 𝑚
𝑉𝑟2 𝑉𝑤1 = 469.84
𝑠
𝐶 𝐷
∆𝐴𝐶𝐸
2 𝑚
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐸 2 + 𝐴𝐸 2 2
𝑉𝑟1 = 2
𝑉𝑓1 + 𝐴𝐸 2 𝑉𝑟1 = 1712 + 155.682 𝑉𝑟1 = 231.25
𝑠
𝐶𝐸 𝑉𝑓1 171
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝛽1 = 47.68°
𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝑟1 231.25
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 = 314.16 𝑚/𝑠
𝛽1 = 47.68° 𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐴 𝐵 𝛽1 = 𝛽2 𝛼1 = 20°
𝐸 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝛽2 = 47.68° 𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑓1 = 171
𝑉2 𝑠
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1 𝑚
𝑉𝑟2 𝑉𝑤1 = 469.84
𝑠
𝑚
𝐶 𝐷 𝑉𝑟1 = 231.25
Vr2 Vr2 𝑠
𝐾= = 0.81 = 0.81 Vr2 = 187.4 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 231.37
∆𝐴𝐷𝐹 𝐷𝐹 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉𝑓2 𝑚
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 47.68 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 138.56
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 187.4 𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 47.68 = 𝐴𝐹 = 126.17
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 187.4
𝑉𝑊 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 314.16 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊1
𝛽1 = 47.68° 𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝑚
𝑉𝑊2 𝛽1 = 𝛽2 𝑉𝑓1 = 171
𝐴 𝐹 𝑠
𝐸
𝛽1
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝐵 𝑚
𝛽2 = 47.68° 𝑉𝑤1 = 469.84
𝑉𝑟1 𝑠
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑟2 𝑉2 𝐴𝐹 = 126.17 𝑚
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟1 = 231.25
𝑠
Vr2 = 187.4 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶 𝐷 𝑚
𝑉𝑓2 = 138.56
𝑠
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐹 + 𝐵𝐹 𝑈 = 𝐴𝐹 + 𝑉𝑤2 314.16 = 126.17 + 𝑉𝑤2 𝑉𝑤2 = 188 𝑚/𝑠
Axial Thrust F = mሶ × (Vf1 − Vf2 ) 𝐹 = 100 𝑁
𝑉𝑓1 = 171 𝑚/𝑠

100 = mሶ × (171 − 138.56)
𝑉𝑓2 = 138.56 𝑚/𝑠
mሶ = 3.08 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑉𝑤1 = 469.84 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = 188 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 469.84 − 188
𝑉𝑊 = 281.84 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 314.16
𝑊 = 281.84 × 314.16
𝐽
𝑊 = 88542.85
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
W = 88542.85
𝑃 = 3.08 × 88542.85 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 272711.97 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 3.08
𝑠
𝑃 = 272.1 𝑘𝑊
Answer
PROBLEM 07:
In a single-stage impulse turbine, the mean diameter of the blade ring is 2 meter and
the rotational speed is 3000 rpm. The steam is issued from the nozzle at 500 m/s and
the nozzle angle is 20°. The blades are equiangular. If the friction loss in the blade is
19%, what is the power developed in the blading when the axial thrust on the blades is
100 N?
Given Data: 𝐷 =2𝑚 𝑁 = 3000 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠 α1 = 20°
β1 = β2 Friction loss in the blade = 19% Vr2
𝐾= = 0.81
Impulse Turbine 𝐹 = 100 𝑁 Vr1
To find:

Formula 𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
π×𝐷×𝑁
Blade velocity 𝑈 = 𝑈
60
𝐴 𝑉𝑊2 𝐹
𝐸 𝐵
Power developed P = mሶ × W 𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1
𝑉𝑟1
Work done W = Vw × U 𝑉𝑓1 𝑉2
𝑉1 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2
𝐶 𝐷

60
𝑁 = 3000 𝑟𝑝𝑚
π × 2 × 3000
𝑈=
60
𝑈 = 314.16 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 314.16 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝑉𝑊2 𝛽1 = 48° 𝑉2 = 234 𝑚/𝑠
𝐸 𝐴 𝐹
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝐵
𝛽1
𝛽1 = 𝛽2 𝑉𝑤1 = 470 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑟2 𝑉2 𝑉𝑤2 = 189 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1
𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 𝛽2 = 48°
𝑉𝑓1 = 171 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶 𝑉𝑓2 = 139 𝑚/𝑠

𝐷
𝑉𝑟1 = 231.37 𝑚/𝑠
Vr2 Vr2
𝐾= = 0.81 = 0.81 Vr2 = 187.4 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 231.37
Axial Thrust F = mሶ × (Vf1 − Vf2 ) 𝐹 = 100 𝑁
𝑉𝑓1 = 171 𝑚/𝑠

100 = mሶ × (171 − 139)
𝑉𝑓2 = 139 𝑚/𝑠
mሶ = 3.125 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑉𝑤1 = 470 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = 189 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 470 − 189
𝑉𝑊 = 281 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 314.16
𝑊 = 281 × 314.16
𝐽
𝑊 = 88278.96
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
W = 88278.96
𝑃 = 3.125 × 88278.96 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 275871.75 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 3.125
𝑠
𝑃 = 275.87 𝑘𝑊
Answer
PROBLEM 08:
The following data refer to one stage of an impulse turbine. Steam velocity = 500 m/s;
Blade speed = 200 m/s; Nozzle angle = 20°; Exit angle of moving blades = 25°; Steam
flow rate = 5 kg/s. Neglecting the effect of friction, when passing through blade
passages, determine
(i) the inlet angle of moving blade,
(ii) the power developed,
(iii) the axial thrust and
(iv) The diagram efficiency.

Given Data:
Single Stage (n) = 1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝛽2 = 25°
Impulse Turbine
To find:
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
The inlet angle of moving blade β1 =?
𝑈 = 200 𝑚/𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 5
𝑠 Axial thrust on the blades 𝐹 =?
Vr2
𝐾= =1 Blade efficiency or diagram efficiency (ηblade ) =?
Vr1
Vr1 = Vr2
Formula 𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐴 𝐵
Work done W = Vw × U 𝐸 𝛼1 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
Whirl velocity Vw = Vw1 ± Vw2 𝑉𝑓1 𝑉1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉𝑟2
Axial Thrust F = mሶ × (Vf1 − Vf2 ) 𝐶 𝐷
P 2 × Vw × U
Blade efficiency or diagram efficiency ηblade = =
KE1 V12
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 200 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽2 = 25°
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 20 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 171
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 500 𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 20 = 𝑉𝑤1 = 469.84
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 500 𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 200 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽2 = 25°
𝑚
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑉𝑓1 = 171
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝑠
𝛽1 𝛼2
𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑤1 = 469.84
𝑉2 𝑠
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
𝐵𝐸 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐸 𝑉𝑤1 = 𝑈 + 𝐴𝐸 469.84 = 200 + 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 = 269.84
∆𝐴𝐶𝐸 𝑚
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐸 2 + 𝐴𝐸 2 2 2 2
= 1712 + 269.842 𝑉𝑟1 = 319.46
𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉𝑓1 + 𝐴𝐸 2 𝑉𝑟1 𝑠
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝛽1 = 32.36°
𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝑟1 319.46
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 200 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽2 = 25°
𝑚
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝛽1 = 32.36° 𝑉𝑓1 = 171 𝑠
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑤1 = 469.84
𝑉2 𝑠
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2 𝑚
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2 𝑉𝑟1 = 319.46
𝑠
Vr2
𝐶 Vr2 = Vr1 Vr2 = 319.46 𝑚/𝑠 𝐷 𝐾= =1
Vr1

𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 25 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 135
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 319.46 𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 25 = 𝐴𝐹 = 289.53
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 319.46
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 200 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽2 = 25°
𝑚
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝛽1 = 32.36° 𝑉𝑓1 = 171 𝑠
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑤1 = 469.84
𝑉2 𝑠
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2 𝑉𝑟1 = 319.46
𝑠
𝑚
𝑉𝑓2 = 135
𝐶 𝐷 𝑠
𝐴𝐹 = 289.53
𝐴𝐹 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐹 𝐴𝐹 = 𝑈 + 𝑉𝑤2 289.53 = 200 + 𝑉𝑤2 𝑉𝑤2 = 89.53 𝑚/𝑠

Answer
The inlet angle of moving blade β1 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟑𝟔°
𝑉𝑤1 = 469.84 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = Vw1 + Vw2
𝑉𝑤2 = 89.53 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 469.84 + 89.53
Vw = 559.37 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 200
𝑠
W = 559.37 × 200
𝐽
W = 111874
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
W = 111874
P = 5 × 111874 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
P = 559370 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 5
𝑠
P = 559.37 𝑘𝑊
Answer
𝑉𝑓1 = 171 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓2 = 135 𝑚/𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝐹 = 5 × (171 − 135) 𝑚ሶ = 5
𝑠
𝐹 = 180 𝑁
Answer
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝐹 = 180 𝑁
1
Kinetic energy given to turbine blades KE1 = mሶ V12
2
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
1
KE1 = × 5 × 5002 𝑘𝑔
2 𝑚ሶ = 5
𝑠
KE1 = 625000 𝑊
KE1 = 625 𝑘𝑊
P
Blade efficiency or diagram efficiency ηblade =
KE1
P = 559.37 𝑘𝑊
559.37
ηblade =
625 KE1 = 625 𝑘𝑊
ηblade = 89.49 %
Answer
Blade efficiency or diagram efficiency ηblade = 89.49 %

PROBLEM 08:
The following data refer to one stage of an impulse turbine. Steam velocity = 500 m/s;
Blade speed = 200 m/s; Nozzle angle = 20°; Exit angle of moving blades = 25°; Steam
flow rate = 5 kg/s. Neglecting the effect of friction, when passing through blade
passages, determine
(i) the inlet angle of moving blade,
(ii) the power developed,
(iii) the axial thrust and
(iv) The diagram efficiency.

Given Data:
Single Stage (n) = 1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝛽2 = 25°
Impulse Turbine
To find:
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
The inlet angle of moving blade β1 =?
𝑈 = 200 𝑚/𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 5
𝑠 Axial thrust on the blades 𝐹 =?
Vr2
𝐾= =1 Blade efficiency or diagram efficiency (ηblade ) =?
Vr1
Vr1 = Vr2
Formula 𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐴 𝐵
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
P 2 × Vw × U
KE1 V12
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 200 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽2 = 25°
Vr2
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝐾= =1
𝛽2 𝛼1 Vr1
𝛽1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉2 = 162 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1 𝑉𝑤1 = 470 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟2
𝑉𝑤2 = 89 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶 𝐷 𝑉𝑓1 = 171 𝑚/𝑠
𝛽1 = 32°
Vr1 = Vr2 Vr2 = 319 𝑚/𝑠 𝑉𝑓2 = 135 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟1 = 319 𝑚/𝑠
Answer
The inlet angle of moving blade β1 = 𝟑𝟐°
𝑉𝑤1 = 470 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = 89 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 470 + 89
Vw = 559 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 200
𝑠
W = 559 × 200
𝐽
W = 111800
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
W = 111800
𝑃 = 5 × 111800 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 559000 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 5
𝑠
𝑃 = 559 𝑘𝑊
Answer
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑃 = 559 𝑘𝑊
𝑉𝑓1 = 171 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓2 = 135 𝑚/𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝐹 = 5 × (171 − 135) 𝑚ሶ = 5
𝑠
𝐹 = 180 𝑁
Answer
1
2
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
1
KE1 = × 5 × 5002 𝑘𝑔
2 𝑚ሶ = 5
𝑠
KE1 = 625000 𝑊
KE1 = 625 𝑘𝑊
P
KE1
P = 559 𝑘𝑊
559
ηblade =
625 KE1 = 625 𝑘𝑊
ηblade = 89.44 %
Answer

PROBLEM 09:
A steam jet enters the row of blades with a velocity of 375 m/sec at an angle of 20°
with the direction of motion of the moving blades. If the blade speed is 165 m/sec, find
the suitable inlet and outlet blade angles assuming that there is no thrust on the
blades. The velocity of steam passing over the blades is reduced by 15%. Also
determine the power developed by the turbine per kg of steam flowing over the blade
per second.
Given Data: Single Stage (n) = 1 Impulse Turbine 𝑉1 = 375 𝑚/𝑠 α1 = 20°
𝑈 = 165 𝑚/𝑠 Vf1 = Vf2 Vr2

𝐾= = 0.85
Vr1
To find:
Inlet and outlet blade angles β1 & β2 =?
Power developed by the turbine per kg of steam or Work done W =?

Formula
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽2 𝛼1
Whirl velocity Vw = Vw1 ± Vw2 𝛽1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 165 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝑉1 = 375 𝑚/𝑠
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷

𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 20 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 128.25
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 375 𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 20 = 𝑉𝑤1 = 352.38
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 375 𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 165 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝑉1 = 375 𝑚/𝑠
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝑉𝑓1 = 128.25
𝑠
𝑉𝑟1 𝑚
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉1 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉𝑤1 = 352.38
𝑉𝑟2 𝑠
𝐶 𝐷

∆𝐴𝐶𝐸
2 𝑚
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐸 2 + 𝐴𝐸 2 2
𝑉𝑟1 = 2
𝑉𝑓1 + 𝐴𝐸 2 𝑉𝑟1 = 128.252 + 187.382 𝑉𝑟1 = 227.07
𝑠
𝐶𝐸 𝑉𝑓1 128.25
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝛽1 = 34.38°
𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝑟1 227.07
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 165 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝑉1 = 375 𝑚/𝑠
Vf1 = Vf2 𝑚
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝑚 𝑉𝑓1 = 128.25
𝑉𝑓2 = 128.25 𝑠
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2 𝑠 𝑚
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉1 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉𝑤1 = 352.38
𝑉𝑟2 𝑠
𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 = 227.07
𝐶 𝐷 𝑠
Vr2 Vr2
𝐾= = 0.85 = 0.85 𝛽1 = 34.38°
Vr1 Vr2 = 193 𝑚/𝑠
227.07
∆𝐴𝐷𝐹 𝐷𝐹 𝑉𝑓2 128.25 𝛽2 = 41.64°

𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 =
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 41.64 = 𝐴𝐹 = 144.22
𝑉𝑊
𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 165 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊1
𝑉1 = 375 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 Vf1 = Vf2 𝑚
𝑉𝑊2
𝐸 𝐴 𝐹 𝑚 𝑉𝑓1 = 128.25
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝐵 𝑉𝑓2 = 128.25 𝑠
𝛽1
𝑠 𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑤1 = 352.38
𝑉𝑟2 𝑉2 𝑠
𝑉𝑓1 Vr2 = 193 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1
𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 = 227.07
𝑠
𝛽2 = 41.64°
𝛽1 = 34.38°
𝐶 𝐷
𝐴𝐹 = 144.22
𝐴𝐹 = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐹 𝐴𝐹 = 𝑈 − 𝑉𝑤2 144.22 = 165 − 𝑉𝑤2 𝑉𝑤2 = 20.78 𝑚/𝑠
Answer Inlet blade angle β1 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟑𝟖° Outlet blade angle β2 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟔𝟒°
𝑉𝑊 = Vw1 − Vw2 𝑉𝑤1 = 352.38 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 352.38 − 20.78 𝑉𝑤2 = 20.78 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 331.6 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 = 165
𝑠
𝑊 = 331.6 × 165
𝐽
𝑊 = 54714
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 54.71
𝑘𝑔
Answer
Power developed by the turbine per kg of steam or Work done(𝑊) = 54.71 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
PROBLEM 09:
A steam jet enters the row of blades with a velocity of 375 m/sec at an angle of 20°
with the direction of motion of the moving blades. If the blade speed is 165 m/sec, find
the suitable inlet and outlet blade angles assuming that there is no thrust on the
blades. The velocity of steam passing over the blades is reduced by 15%. Also
determine the power developed by the turbine per kg of steam flowing over the blade
per second.
Given Data: Single Stage (n) = 1 Impulse Turbine 𝑉1 = 375 𝑚/𝑠 α1 = 20°
𝑈 = 165 𝑚/𝑠 Vf1 = Vf2 Vr2

𝐾= = 0.85
Vr1
To find:
Inlet and outlet blade angles β1 & β2 =?
Power developed by the turbine per kg of steam or Work done W =?

Formula
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽2 𝛼1
Whirl velocity Vw = Vw1 ± Vw2 𝛽1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
𝑉𝑊
𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 165 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊1
𝑉1 = 375 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝑉𝑊2 𝛽1 = 34°
𝐴 𝐹 𝑉2 = 130 𝑚/𝑠
𝐸
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝐵
𝛽1 𝑉𝑤1 = 353 𝑚/𝑠
𝛽2 = 42°
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑟2 𝑉2 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉𝑤2 = 21 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1
𝑉𝑓1 = 128 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓2 = 128 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶 𝐷
Vr2 𝑉𝑟1 = 227 𝑚/𝑠
Vr2
𝐾= = 0.85 = 0.85 Vr2 = 193 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 227
Answer Inlet blade angle β1 =34° Outlet blade angle β2 =42°

𝑉𝑊 = Vw1 − Vw2 𝑉𝑤1 = 353 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 353 − 21 𝑉𝑤2 = 21 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 332 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 = 165
𝑠
𝑊 = 332 × 165
𝐽
𝑊 = 54780
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 54.78
𝑘𝑔
Answer
Power developed by the turbine per kg of steam or Work done(𝑊) = 54.78 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
PROBLEM 10:
Steam at 5 bar and 200°C is first made to pass through nozzles. It is then supplied to
an impulse turbine and exhausted to a condenser at 0.2 bar. The blade speed is 300
m/sec. The nozzles are inclined at 25° with the direction of motion of the blades and
the outlet blade angle is 35°. Neglecting friction, find the theoretical power developed
by the turbine.
Given Data: p1 = 5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑇1 = 200° Single Stage (n) = 1 Impulse Turbine
p2 = 0.2 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑈 = 300 𝑚/𝑠 𝛼1 = 25° Vr2

𝛽2 = 35° 𝐾= =1
Vr1
To find:
Theoretical power developed by the turbine or Workdone W =?

Formula 𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
Work done W = Vw × U 𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐴 𝐵
𝐸 𝛼1 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
Whirl velocity Vw = Vw1 ± Vw2 𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle C2 = V1 = 2000 h1 − h2

@Inlet ; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂 S𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅
@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; T1 = 200°C @ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫
ℎ1 = 2840 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔 1
ℎ2 = 2320 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔 2
Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle 𝐶2 = V1 = 2000 ℎ1 − ℎ2
ℎ1 = 2840 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
ℎ2 = 2320 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
𝐶2 = V1 = 2000(2840 − 2320)
𝐶2 = V1 = 1019.8 𝑚Τ𝑠
V1 = 1019.8 𝑚Τ𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 25° 𝑈 = 300 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 1019.8 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽2 = 35°
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 25 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 430.98
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 1019.8 𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 25 = 𝑉𝑤1 = 924.25
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 1019.8 𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 25° 𝑈 = 300 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 1019.8 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽2 = 35°
𝑚
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑉𝑓1 = 430.98
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝑠
𝛽1 𝛼2 𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑤1 = 924.25
𝑉2 𝑠
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
∆𝐴𝐶𝐸
2 𝑚
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐸 2 + 𝐴𝐸 2 2
𝑉𝑟1 = 2
𝑉𝑓1 + 𝐴𝐸 2 𝑉𝑟1 = 430.982 + 624.252 𝑉𝑟1 = 758.57
𝑠
𝐶𝐸 𝑉𝑓1 430.98
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝛽1 = 34.62°
𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝑟1 758.57
𝑉𝑊
𝛼1 = 25° 𝑈 = 300 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊1
𝑉1 = 1019.8 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2 𝛽2 = 35°
𝑈 𝑚
𝐴 𝐵 𝑉𝑓1 = 430.98
𝐸 𝐹 𝑠
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝑚
𝑉𝑤1 = 924.25
𝑉𝑟1 𝑠
𝑉2 𝑚
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1 𝑉𝑟1 = 758.57
𝑉𝑟2 𝑠
𝛽1 = 34.62°
𝐶 𝐷
Vr2 Vr2
𝐾= =1 =1 Vr2 = 758.57 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 758.57
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 35 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 435.09
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 758.57 𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 35 = 𝐴𝐹 = 621.38
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 758.57
𝑉𝑊
𝛼1 = 25° 𝑈 = 300 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊1
𝑉1 = 1019.8 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2 𝛽2 = 35°
𝑈 𝑚
𝐴 𝐵 𝑉𝑓1 = 430.98
𝐸 𝐹 𝑠
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝑚
𝐴𝐹 = 621.38 𝑉𝑤1 = 924.25 𝑠
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2 𝑚
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1 𝑉𝑟1 = 758.57
𝑉𝑟2 𝑠
𝛽1 = 34.62°
𝐶 𝐷 Vr2 = 758.57 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑉𝑓2 = 435.09
𝑠
𝑉𝑤1 = 924.25 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = 321.38 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 924.25 + 321.38
Vw = 1245.63 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 300
𝑠
𝑊 = 1245.63 × 300
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 373689 𝑊 = 373.689
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
Answer
𝐤𝐉
Theoretical power developed by the turbine or Workdone W = 𝟑𝟕𝟑. 𝟔𝟖𝟗
𝐤𝐠
PROBLEM 10:
Steam at 5 bar and 200°C is first made to pass through nozzles. It is then supplied to
an impulse turbine and exhausted to a condenser at 0.2 bar. The blade speed is 300
m/sec. The nozzles are inclined at 25° with the direction of motion of the blades and
the outlet blade angle is 35°. Neglecting friction, find the theoretical power developed
by the turbine.
Given Data: p1 = 5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑇1 = 200° Single Stage (n) = 1 Impulse Turbine
p2 = 0.2 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑈 = 300 𝑚/𝑠 𝛼1 = 25° Vr2

𝛽2 = 35° 𝐾= =1
Vr1
To find:
Theoretical power developed by the turbine or Workdone W =?

Formula 𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
Work done W = Vw × U 𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐴 𝐵
𝐸 𝛼1 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
Whirl velocity Vw = Vw1 ± Vw2 𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle C2 = V1 = 2000 h1 − h2

@Inlet ; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂 S𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅
@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; T1 = 200°C @ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐫
ℎ1 = 2840 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔 1
ℎ2 = 2320 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔 2
Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle 𝐶2 = V1 = 2000 ℎ1 − ℎ2
ℎ1 = 2840 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
ℎ2 = 2320 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
𝐶2 = V1 = 2000(2840 − 2320)
𝐶2 = V1 = 1019.8 𝑚Τ𝑠
V1 = 1019.8 𝑚Τ𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 25° 𝑈 = 300 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 1019.8 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽2 = 35°
Vr2
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝐾= =1
𝛽2 𝛼1 Vr1
𝛽1 𝛼2 𝛽1 = 35°
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉2 = 541 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2 𝛼2 = 53° 𝑉
𝑉1 𝑤1 = 924 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟2
𝑉𝑤2 = 321 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶 𝐷 𝑉𝑓1 = 431 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓2 = 434 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 = Vr2 Vr2 = 758 𝑚/𝑠 𝑉𝑟1 = 758 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤1 = 924 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = 321 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 924 + 321
Vw = 1245 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 300
𝑠
𝑊 = 1245 × 300
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 373500 𝑊 = 373.5
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
Answer
𝐤𝐉
Theoretical power developed by the turbine or Workdone W = 𝟑𝟕𝟑. 𝟓
𝐤𝐠
PROBLEM 11:
The following data refers to a single stage impulse turbine
Steam velocity = 600 m/sec
Blade speed = 250 m/sec
Nozzle angle = 20°
Blade outlet angle = 25°
Neglecting the effect of friction, calculate the work developed by the turbine for
the steam flow rate of 20 kg/sec. Also calculate the axial thrust on the bearings.
Given Data: Single Stage (n) = 1 Impulse Turbine V1 = 600 𝑚Τ𝑠 𝑈 = 250 𝑚/𝑠
Vr2 𝑘𝑔
𝛼1 = 20° 𝛽2 = 25° 𝐾= =1 𝑚ሶ = 20
Vr1 𝑠
To find:
Work developed by the turbine P =?
Axial thrust on the blades 𝐹 =?
Formula 𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐴 𝐵
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2

𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 250 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽2 = 25°
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 20 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 205.21
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 600 𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 20 = 𝑉𝑤1 = 563.81
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 600 𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 250 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽2 = 25°
𝐴 𝐵 𝑚
𝐸 𝐹 𝑉𝑓1 = 205.21
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝑠
𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑤1 = 563.81
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉2 𝑠
𝑉1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
∆𝐴𝐶𝐸
2 𝑚
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐸 2 + 𝐴𝐸 2 2
𝑉𝑟1 = 2
𝑉𝑓1 + 𝐴𝐸 2 𝑉𝑟1 = 205.212 + 313.812 𝑉𝑟1 = 374.95
𝑠
𝐶𝐸 𝑉𝑓1 205.21
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝛽1 = 33.18°
𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝑟1 374.95
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 250 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽2 = 25°
𝐴 𝐵 𝑚
𝐸 𝐹 𝑉𝑓1 = 205.21
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛽1 = 33.18° 𝑠
𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑤1 = 563.81
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉2 𝑠
𝑉𝑟2 𝑉𝑟1 = 374.95
𝑠
𝐶 𝐷
Vr2 Vr2
𝐾= =1 =1 Vr2 = 374.95 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 374.95
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 25 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 158.46
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 374.95 𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 25 = 𝐴𝐹 = 339.82
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 374.95
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 250 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽2 = 25°
𝐴 𝐵 𝑚
𝐸 𝐹 𝑉𝑓1 = 205.21
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛽1 = 33.18° 𝑠
𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑤1 = 563.81
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉2 𝑠
𝑉𝑟2 𝑉𝑟1 = 374.95
𝑠
Vr2 = 374.95 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶 𝐷 𝑚
𝑉𝑓2 = 158.46
𝑠
𝐴𝐹 = 339.82
𝑉𝑤1 = 563.81 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = 89.82 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 563.81 + 89.82
𝑉𝑊 = 653.63 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 250
𝑠
𝑊 = 653.63 × 250
𝐽
𝑊 = 163407.5
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
W = 163407.5
𝑃 = 20 × 163407.5 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 3268150 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 20
𝑠
𝑃 = 3268.15 𝑘𝑊
Answer
Work developed by the turbine P = 𝟑𝟐𝟔𝟖. 𝟏𝟓 𝐤𝐖

𝑉𝑓1 = 205.21 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓2 = 158.46 𝑚/𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝐹 = 20 × (205.21 − 158.46) 𝑚ሶ = 20
𝑠
𝐹 = 935 𝑁
Answer
PROBLEM 11:
The following data refers to a single stage impulse turbine
Steam velocity = 600 m/sec
Blade speed = 250 m/sec
Nozzle angle = 20°
Neglecting the effect of friction, calculate the work developed by the turbine for
the steam flow rate of 20 kg/sec. Also calculate the axial thrust on the bearings.
Vr2 𝑘𝑔
𝛼1 = 20° 𝛽2 = 25° 𝐾= =1 𝑚ሶ = 20
Vr1 𝑠
To find:
Work developed by the turbine P =?
Axial thrust on the blades 𝐹 =?
Formula 𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐴 𝐵
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2

𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 250 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽2 = 25°
Vr2
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝐾= =1
𝛽2 𝛼1 Vr1
𝛽1 𝛼2 𝛽1 = 33°
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉2 = 182 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2 𝛼2 = 60°
𝑉1 𝑉𝑤1 = 564 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟2
𝑉𝑤2 = 90 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶 𝐷 𝑉𝑓1 = 205 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓2 = 158 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 = Vr2 Vr2 = 375 𝑚/𝑠 𝑉𝑟1 = 375 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤1 = 564 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = 90 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 564 + 90
𝑉𝑊 = 654 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 250
𝑠
𝑊 = 654 × 250
𝐽
𝑊 = 163500
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
W = 163500
𝑃 = 20 × 163500 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 3270000𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 20
𝑠
𝑃 = 3270 𝑘𝑊
Answer
Work developed by the turbine P = 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝐤𝐖

𝑉𝑓1 = 205 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓2 = 158 𝑚/𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝐹 = 20 × (205 − 158) 𝑚ሶ = 20
𝑠
𝐹 = 940 𝑁
Answer
PROBLEM 12:
In a De-Laval turbine, the steam issues from the nozzles with a velocity is 850 m/sec .
The nozzle angle is 20°, mean blade velocity is 350 m/sec. The blade are equiangular.
The mass flow rate is 1000 kg/min. The friction factor is 0.8. Determine the following:
(i) blade angles
(ii) axial thrust on the end bearing
(iii) power developed in KW
(iv) blade efficiency
(v) stage efficiency , if the nozzle efficiency is 93%.

Given Data:
Single Stage (n) = 1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝛽1 = 𝛽2
Impulse Turbine
To find:
𝑉1 = 850 𝑚/𝑠
Blade angles β1 & β2 =?
𝑈 = 350 𝑚/𝑠
Axial thrust on the end bearing 𝐹 =?
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 1000 = 16.67
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑠 Power developed in the blades P =?
Vr2
𝐾= = 0.8 Blade efficiency or diagram efficiency (ηblade ) =?
Vr1
𝜂𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 = 0.93 Stage efficiency (ηStage ) =?

Formula 𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐸 𝛼1 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
Work done W = Vw × U 𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
P 2 × Vw × U
KE1 V12
1
Kinetic energy available after expansion in turbine blades KE2 = mሶ V22
2
Stage efficiency ηStage = ηblade × ηNozzle

𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 350 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 850 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
Vr2
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝐾= = 0.8
𝛽2 𝛼1 Vr1
𝛽1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2

𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 20 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 290.71
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 850 𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 20 = 𝑉𝑤1 = 798.74
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 850 𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 350 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 850 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
Vr2
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝐾= = 0.8
𝛽2 𝛼1 Vr1
𝛽1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1 𝑚
𝑉2 𝑉𝑓1 = 290.71
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉1 𝑉𝑓2 𝑠
𝑉𝑟2 𝑚
𝑉𝑤1 = 798.74
𝑠

∆𝐴𝐶𝐸
2 𝑚
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐸 2 + 𝐴𝐸 2 2
𝑉𝑟1 = 2
𝑉𝑓1 + 𝐴𝐸 2 𝑉𝑟1 = 290.712 + 448.742 𝑉𝑟1 = 534.67
𝑠
𝐶𝐸 𝑉𝑓1 290.71
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝛽1 = 32.93°
𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝑟1 534.67
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 350 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 850 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽1 = 32.93°
Vr2
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝛽2 = 𝛽1 𝐾= = 0.8
𝛽2 𝛼1 Vr1
𝛽1 𝛼2
𝛽2 = 32.93° 𝑚
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2 𝑉𝑓1 = 290.71
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉𝑟2 𝑚
𝑉𝑤1 = 798.74
𝑠
𝑚
Vr2 𝑉𝑟1 = 534.67
Vr2 𝑠
𝐾= = 0.8 = 0.8 Vr2 = 427.73 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 534.67

𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 32.93 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 232.52
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 427.73 𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 32.93 = 𝐴𝐹 = 359
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 427.73
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 350 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 850 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽1 = 32.93°
Vr2
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝛽2 = 𝛽1 𝐾= = 0.8
𝛽2 𝛼1 Vr1
𝛽1 𝛼2
𝛽2 = 32.93° 𝑚
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2 𝑉𝑓1 = 290.71
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉𝑟2 𝑚
𝑉𝑤1 = 798.74
𝐴𝐹 = 359 𝑠
𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 = 534.67
𝑠
𝑚
𝑉𝑓2 = 232.52
𝑠
𝐴𝐹 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐹 𝐴𝐹 = 𝑈 + 𝑉𝑤2 359 = 350 + 𝑉𝑤2 𝑉𝑤2 = 9 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓1 = 290.71 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓2 = 232.52 𝑚/𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝐹 = 16.67 × (290.71 − 232.52) 𝑚ሶ = 16.67
𝑠
𝐹 = 970 𝑁
Answer
𝑉𝑤1 = 798.74 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = 9 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 798.74 + 9
𝑉𝑊 = 807.74 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 350
𝑠
𝑊 = 807.74 × 350
𝐽
𝑊 = 282709
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
W = 282709
𝑃 = 16.67 × 282709 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 4712759 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 16.67
𝑠
𝑃 = 4712.76 𝑘𝑊
Answer
Power developed in the blades P = 𝟒𝟕𝟏𝟐. 𝟕𝟔 𝐤𝐖

1
2
𝑉1 = 850 𝑚/𝑠
1
KE1 = × 16.67 × 8502 𝑘𝑔
2 𝑚ሶ = 16.67
𝑠
KE1 = 6022037.5 𝑊
KE1 = 6022.03 𝑘𝑊
P
KE1
P = 4712.76 𝑘𝑊
4712.76
ηBlade =
6022.03 KE1 = 6022.03 𝑘𝑊
ηBlade = 78.25 %
Answer

ηStage = 0.7825 × 0.93 ηBlade = 0.7825
𝜂𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 = 0.93
ηStage = 72.78 %
Answer
Stage efficiency ηStage = 72.78 %

PROBLEM 12:
In a De-Laval turbine, the steam issues from the nozzles with a velocity is 850 m/sec .
The nozzle angle is 20°, mean blade velocity is 350 m/sec. The blade are equiangular.
The mass flow rate is 1000 kg/min. The friction factor is 0.8. Determine the following:
(i) blade angles
(ii) axial thrust on the end bearing
(iii) power developed in KW
(iv) blade efficiency
(v) stage efficiency , if the nozzle efficiency is 93%.

Given Data:
Single Stage (n) = 1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝛽1 = 𝛽2
Impulse Turbine
To find:
𝑉1 = 850 𝑚/𝑠
Blade angles β1 & β2 =?
𝑈 = 350 𝑚/𝑠
Axial thrust on the end bearing 𝐹 =?
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 1000 = 16.67
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑠 Power developed in the blades P =?
Vr2
𝐾= = 0.8 Blade efficiency or diagram efficiency (ηblade ) =?
Vr1
𝜂𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 = 0.93 Stage efficiency (ηStage ) =?

Formula 𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐸 𝛼1 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
Work done W = Vw × U 𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
P 2 × Vw × U
KE1 V12
1
2

𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 350 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 850 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
Vr2
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝐾= = 0.8
𝛽2 𝛼1 Vr1
𝛽1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉2 = 307 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1 𝑉𝑤1 = 799 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟2
𝑉𝑤2 = 9 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶 𝐷 𝑉𝑓1 = 291 𝑚/𝑠
𝛽1 = 33° 𝛽1 = 𝛽2 𝛽2 = 33° 𝛼2 = 71°
𝑉𝑓2 = 233 𝑚/𝑠
Vr2 𝑉𝑟1 = 535 𝑚/𝑠
𝐾= = 0.8 Vr2 = 428 𝑚/𝑠
535
Answer
Blade angles β1 = β2 = 33°
𝑉𝑓1 = 291 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓2 = 233 𝑚/𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝐹 = 16.67 × (291 − 233) 𝑚ሶ = 16.67
𝑠
𝐹 = 966.86 𝑁
Answer
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝐹 = 966.86 𝑁
𝑉𝑤1 = 799 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = 9 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 799 + 9
𝑉𝑊 = 808 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 350
𝑠
𝑊 = 808 × 350
𝐽
𝑊 = 282500
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
W = 282500
𝑃 = 16.67 × 282500 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 4714276 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 16.67
𝑠
𝑃 = 4714.276 𝑘𝑊
Answer
Power developed in the blades P = 𝟒𝟕𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟕𝟔 𝐤𝐖

1
2
𝑉1 = 850 𝑚/𝑠
1
KE1 = × 16.67 × 8502 𝑘𝑔
2 𝑚ሶ = 16.67
𝑠
KE1 = 6022037.5 𝑊
KE1 = 6022.03 𝑘𝑊
P
KE1
𝑃 = 4714.276 𝑘𝑊
4714.276
ηBlade =
6022.03 KE1 = 6022.03 𝑘𝑊
ηBlade = 78.28 %
Answer

ηStage = 0.7828 × 0.93 ηBlade = 0.7828
𝜂𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 = 0.93
ηStage = 72.8 %
Answer

PROBLEM 13:
Steam enters the blade row of an impulse turbine with a velocity of 500 m/sec at an
angle of 30° to the plane of rotation of the blades. The mean blade speed is 285 m/sec.
The blade angle on the exit side is 35° The blade friction co-efficient is 12%. Determine
the
(i) angle of the blade on the entry side.
(ii) work done per kg of steam.
(iii) diagram efficiency
(iv) axial thrust produced per kg of steam / second
Given Data:
Single Stage (n) = 1 Impulse Turbine V1 = 500 𝑚Τ𝑠 𝑈 = 285 𝑚/𝑠
Vr2
𝛼1 = 30° 𝛽2 = 35° 𝐾= = 0.88
Vr1
To find:
Angle of the blade on the entry side 𝛽1 =?
Work done per kg of steam 𝑊 =?
Blade efficiency or diagram efficiency (ηblade ) =?
Axial thrust produced per kg of steam / second 𝐹 =?

Formula
Axial Thrustproduced per kg of steam / second F = (Vf1 − Vf2 )
W 2 × Vw × U
KE1 V12
1 2
Kinetic energy given to turbine blades KE1 = V1
2
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
Work done per kg of steam W = Vw × U
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐴 𝐵
Whirl velocity Vw = Vw1 ± Vw2 𝐸 𝛼1 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 30° 𝑈 = 285 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽2 = 35°
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 30 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 250
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 500 𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 130 = 𝑉𝑤1 = 433
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 500 𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 30° 𝑈 = 285 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽2 = 35°
𝑚
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑉𝑓1 = 250
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑠
𝑉𝑟1
𝑚
𝑉2 𝑉𝑤1 = 433
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2 𝑠
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
𝐵𝐸 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐸 𝑉𝑤1 = 𝑈 + 𝐴𝐸 433 = 285 + 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 = 148
∆𝐴𝐶𝐸
2 𝑚
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐸 2 + 𝐴𝐸 2 2
𝑉𝑟1 = 2
𝑉𝑓1 + 𝐴𝐸 2 𝑉𝑟1 = 2502 + 1482 𝑉𝑟1 = 290.52
𝑠
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝛽1 = 59.37°
𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝑟1 290.52
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 30° 𝑈 = 285 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽2 = 35°
𝑚
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑉𝑓1 = 250
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛽1 = 59.37° 𝑠
𝑉𝑟1
𝑚
𝑉2 𝑉𝑤1 = 433
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2 𝑠
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2 𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 = 290.52
𝑠
𝐶 𝐷
Vr2 Vr2
𝐾= = 0.88 = 0.88 Vr2 = 255.65 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 290.52
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 35 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 146.64
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 255.65 𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 35 = 𝐴𝐹 = 209.41
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 255.65
𝑉𝑊
𝛼1 = 30° 𝑈 = 285 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊1
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝛽2 = 35°
𝑚
𝑉𝑊2 𝑉𝑓1 = 250
𝐸 𝐴 𝐹 𝑠
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝐵 𝛽1 = 59.37°
𝛽1
𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑤1 = 433
𝑉𝑟2 𝑉2 𝑠
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉1
𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 = 290.52
𝐴𝐹 = 209.41 𝑠
Vr2 = 255.65 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶 𝐷 𝑚
𝑉𝑓2 = 146.64
𝑠
𝐴𝐹 = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐹 𝐴𝐹 = 𝑈 − 𝑉𝑤2 209.41 = 285 − 𝑉𝑤2 𝑉𝑤2 = 75.58 𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑤1 = 433 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = 75.58 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 433 − 75.58
𝑉𝑊 = 357.42 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 285
𝑠
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 357.42 × 285 𝑊 = 101864.7
𝑘𝑔 𝑊 = 101.864
𝑘𝑔
Answer
Work done per kg of steam 𝑊 = 101.864 kJ
1 2
2
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
1
KE1 = × 5002
2
𝐽
KE1 = 125000
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
KE1 = 125
𝑘𝑔
P
KE1
𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 101.864
101.864 𝑘𝑔
ηblade =
125 𝑘𝐽
KE1 = 125
𝑘𝑔
ηblade = 81.49 %
Answer

𝑉𝑓1 = 250 𝑚/𝑠
Axial Thrust F = (Vf1 − Vf2 )
𝑉𝑓2 = 146.64 𝑚/𝑠
𝐹 = (250 − 146.64)
𝑘𝑔
𝐹 = 103.36 𝑁/
𝑠
Answer
Axial thrust produced per kg of steam / second 𝐹 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑. 𝟑𝟔 𝐍/𝐤𝐠/𝐬

PROBLEM 13:
Steam enters the blade row of an impulse turbine with a velocity of 500 m/sec at an
angle of 30° to the plane of rotation of the blades. The mean blade speed is 285 m/sec.
The blade angle on the exit side is 35° The blade friction co-efficient is 12%. Determine
the
(i) angle of the blade on the entry side.
(ii) work done per kg of steam.
(iii) diagram efficiency
(iv) axial thrust produced per kg of steam / second
Given Data:
Vr2
𝛼1 = 30° 𝛽2 = 35° 𝐾= = 0.88
Vr1
To find:

Formula
W 2 × Vw × U
KE1 V12
1 2
2
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐴 𝐵
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
𝑉𝑊
𝛼1 = 30° 𝑈 = 285 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊1
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝑉𝑊2 𝛽1 = 59°
𝐴 𝐹 𝑉2 = 165 𝑚/𝑠
𝐸
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝐵
𝛽1 𝑉𝑤1 = 433 𝑚/𝑠
𝛽2 = 35°
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑟2 𝑉2 𝑉𝑤2 = 76 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1
𝑉𝑓1 = 250 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓2 = 147 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶 𝐷
Vr2 𝑉𝑟1 = 291 𝑚/𝑠
Vr2
𝐾= = 0.88 = 0.88 Vr2 = 255.66 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 291
Answer
Angle of the blade on the entry side 𝛽1 = 59°
𝑉𝑤1 = 433 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = 76 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 433 − 76
𝑉𝑊 = 357 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 285
𝑠
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 357 × 285 𝑊 = 101745
𝑘𝑔 𝑊 = 101.745
𝑘𝑔
Answer
1 2
2
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
1
KE1 = × 5002
2
𝐽
KE1 = 125000
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
KE1 = 125
𝑘𝑔
P
KE1
𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 101.745
101.745 𝑘𝑔
ηblade =
125 𝑘𝐽
KE1 = 125
𝑘𝑔
ηblade = 81.39 %
Answer

𝑉𝑓1 = 250 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓2 = 147 𝑚/𝑠
𝐹 = (250 − 147)
𝑘𝑔
𝐹 = 103 𝑁/
𝑠
Answer
Axial thrust produced per kg of steam / second 𝐹 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝐍/𝐤𝐠/𝐬

PROBLEM 14:
Steam enters the blade row of an impulse turbine with a velocity of 600m/s at an
angle of 25° to the plane of rotation of the blades. The mean blade speed is 255 m/s.
The blade angle on the exit side is 30°. The blade friction co-efficient is 10%.
Determine
(1) the angle of blade on the entry side
(2) the work done per kg of steam
(3) the diagram efficiency
(4) the axial thrust per kg of steam/second
Given Data:
Vr2
𝛼1 = 25° 𝛽2 = 30° 𝐾= = 0.9
Vr1
To find:

Formula
W 2 × Vw × U
KE1 V12
1 2
2
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐴 𝐵
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 15° 𝑈 = 255 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝛽2 = 30°
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 15 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 155.29
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 600 𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 15 = 𝑉𝑤1 = 579.55
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 600 𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 15° 𝑈 = 255 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝛽2 = 30°
𝑚
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑉𝑓1 = 155.29
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝑠
𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑤1 = 579.55
𝑉2 𝑠
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
∆𝐴𝐶𝐸
2 𝑚
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐸 2 + 𝐴𝐸 2 2
𝑉𝑟1 = 2
𝑉𝑓1 + 𝐴𝐸 2 𝑉𝑟1 = 155.292 + 324.552 𝑉𝑟1 = 359.79
𝑠
𝐶𝐸 𝑉𝑓1 155.29
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝛽1 = 25.57°
𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝑟1 359.79
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 15° 𝑈 = 255 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝛽2 = 30°
𝑚
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑉𝑓1 = 155.29
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛽1 = 25.57° 𝑠
𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑤1 = 579.55
𝑉2 𝑠
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2 𝑉𝑟1 = 359.79
𝑠
𝐶 𝐷
Vr2 Vr2
𝐾= = 0.9 = 0.9 Vr2 = 323.8 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 359.79
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 30 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 161.9
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 323.8 𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 30 = 𝐴𝐹 = 280.42
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 323.8
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 15° 𝑈 = 255 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝛽2 = 30°
𝑚
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑉𝑓1 = 155.29
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛽1 = 25.57° 𝑠
𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑤1 = 579.55
𝑉2 𝑠
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2 𝑉𝑟1 = 359.79
𝑠
𝐴𝐹 = 280.42
Vr2 = 323.8 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶 𝐷 𝑚
𝑉𝑓2 = 161.9
𝑠
Answer
Angle of the blade on the entry side 𝛽1 = 25.57°
𝑉𝑤1 = 579.55 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = 25.42 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 579.55 + 25.42
𝑉𝑊 = 604.97 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 255
𝑠
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 604.97 × 255 𝑊 = 154267.3
𝑘𝑔 𝑊 = 154.267
𝑘𝑔
Answer
1 2
2
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
1
KE1 = × 6002
2
𝐽
KE1 = 180000
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
KE1 = 180
𝑘𝑔
P
KE1
𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 154.267
154.267 𝑘𝑔
ηblade =
180 𝑘𝐽
KE1 = 180
𝑘𝑔
ηblade = 85.7 %
Answer

𝑉𝑓1 = 155.29 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓2 = 161.9 𝑚/𝑠
𝐹 = (155.29 − 161.9)
𝑘𝑔
𝐹 = −6.61 𝑁/
𝑠
Answer
Axial thrust produced per kg of steam / second 𝐹 = −𝟔. 𝟔𝟏 𝐍/𝐤𝐠/𝐬
Negative axial thrust means, steam getting condensed, due to which rotor tends
to shift toward front side, i.e., the non active side thrust pads are actively
stopping the rotor.
PROBLEM 14:
Steam enters the blade row of an impulse turbine with a velocity of 600m/s at an
angle of 25° to the plane of rotation of the blades. The mean blade speed is 255 m/s.
The blade angle on the exit side is 30°. The blade friction co-efficient is 10%.
Determine
(1) the angle of blade on the entry side
(2) the work done per kg of steam
(3) the diagram efficiency
(4) the axial thrust per kg of steam/second
Given Data:
Vr2
𝛼1 = 25° 𝛽2 = 30° 𝐾= = 0.9
Vr1
To find:

Formula
W 2 × Vw × U
KE1 V12
1 2
2
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐴 𝐵
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 15° 𝑈 = 255 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽1 = 26°
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝑉2 = 164 𝑚/𝑠
𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛽2 = 30°
𝑉𝑤1 = 578 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2 𝛼2 = 76° 𝑉𝑤2 = 26 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝑉𝑓1 = 155 𝑚/𝑠
𝐷 𝑉𝑓2 = 162 𝑚/𝑠

𝐶
𝑉𝑟1 = 360 𝑚/𝑠
Vr2 Vr2
𝐾= = 0.9 = 0.9 Vr2 = 324 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 360
Answer
𝑉𝑤1 = 578 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = 26 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 578 + 26
𝑉𝑊 = 604 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 255
𝑠
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 604 × 255 𝑊 = 154020
𝑘𝑔 𝑊 = 154.02
𝑘𝑔
Answer
1 2
2
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
1
KE1 = × 6002
2
𝐽
KE1 = 180000
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
KE1 = 180
𝑘𝑔
P
KE1
𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 154.02
154.02 𝑘𝑔
ηblade =
180 𝑘𝐽
KE1 = 180
𝑘𝑔
ηblade = 85.56 %
Answer

𝑉𝑓1 = 155 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓2 = 162 𝑚/𝑠
𝐹 = (155 − 162)
𝑘𝑔
𝐹 = −7 𝑁/
𝑠
Answer
Axial thrust produced per kg of steam / second 𝐹 = −𝟕 𝐍/𝐤𝐠/𝐬
Negative axial shift means, steam getting condensed, due to which rotor tends to
shift toward front side, i.e., the non active side thrust pads are actively stopping
the rotor.
PROBLEM 15:
In a de-level turbine, the steam enters the wheel through a nozzle with a velocity of
500m/s and an angle of 20°C to the direction of motion of the blades. The blade speed
is 200m/s and the exit angle of the moving blade is 25°. Find the inlet angle of the
moving blade, exit velocity of steam and its direction and work done per kg of steam.
Vr2
𝛼1 = 20° 𝛽2 = 25° 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐾 = =1
Vr1
To find:
Inlet angle of the moving blade 𝛽1 =?
Exit velocity of steam and its direction 𝑉2 =?
Formula

𝑉𝑊
Whirl velocity Vw = Vw1 ± Vw2 𝑉𝑊1

𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐴 𝐵
𝐸 𝛼1 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 200 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝛽2 = 25°
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 20 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 171
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 500 𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 20 = 𝑉𝑤1 = 469.84
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 500 𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 200 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝛽2 = 25°
𝑚
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑉𝑓1 = 171
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝑠
𝛽1 𝛼2 𝑚
𝑉𝑤1 = 469.84
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑠
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
∆𝐴𝐶𝐸
2 𝑚
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐸 2 + 𝐴𝐸 2 2
𝑉𝑟1 = 2
𝑉𝑓1 + 𝐴𝐸 2 𝑉𝑟1 = 1712 + 269.842 𝑉𝑟1 = 319.46
𝑠
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝛽1 = 32.36°
𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝑟1 319.46
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 200 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝛽2 = 25°
𝑚
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑉𝑓1 = 171
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝑠
𝛽1 𝛼2 𝛽1 = 32.36° 𝑚
𝑉𝑤1 = 469.84
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑠
𝑉1 𝑉𝑟1 = 319.46
𝑉𝑟2 𝑠
𝐶 𝐷
Vr2 Vr2
𝐾= =1 =1 Vr2 = 319.46 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 319.46
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 25 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 135
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 319.46 𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 25 = 𝐴𝐹 = 289.53
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 319.46
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 200 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2 𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝛽2 = 25°
𝑚
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑉𝑓1 = 171
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝑠
𝛽1 = 32.36° 𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑤1 = 469.84
𝑉2 𝑚 𝑠
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉1 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉𝑓2 = 135 𝑚
𝑉𝑟2 𝑠 𝑉𝑟1 = 319.46
𝑠
𝐴𝐹 = 289.53 V = 319.46 𝑚/𝑠
r2
𝐶 𝐷

𝐷𝐹 𝑉𝑓2 135
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼2 = 𝛼2 = 56.44°
𝐵𝐹 𝑉𝑤2 89.53
𝐵𝐹 𝑉𝑤2 89.53 𝑚
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 56.44 = 𝑉2 = 161.98
𝐵𝐷 𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 200 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2 𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝛽2 = 25°
𝑚
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑉𝑓1 = 171
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝑠
𝛽1 = 32.36° 𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑤1 = 469.84
𝑉2 𝑚 𝑠
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉1 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉𝑓2 = 135 𝑚
𝑉𝑟2 𝑠 𝑉𝑟1 = 319.46
𝑠
𝐴𝐹 = 289.53 V = 319.46 𝑚/𝑠
r2
𝐶 𝐷
𝛼2 = 56.44°
𝑉𝑤2 = 89.53 𝑚/𝑠
Answer 𝑉2 = 161.98
𝑚
𝑠
Exit velocity of steam 𝑉2 = 𝟏𝟔𝟏. 𝟗𝟖 𝐦/𝐬
𝑉𝑤1 = 469.84 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = 89.53 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 469.84 + 89.53
𝑉𝑊 = 559.37 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 200
𝑠
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 559.37 × 200 𝑊 = 111874
𝑘𝑔 𝑊 = 111.874
𝑘𝑔
Answer
PROBLEM 15:
In a de-level turbine, the steam enters the wheel through a nozzle with a velocity of
500m/s and an angle of 20°C to the direction of motion of the blades. The blade speed
is 200m/s and the exit angle of the moving blade is 25°. Find the inlet angle of the
moving blade, exit velocity of steam and its direction and work done per kg of steam.
Vr2
𝛼1 = 20° 𝛽2 = 25° 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐾 = =1
Vr1
To find:
Inlet angle of the moving blade 𝛽1 =?
Exit velocity of steam and its direction 𝑉2 =?
Formula

𝑉𝑊
Whirl velocity Vw = Vw1 ± Vw2 𝑉𝑊1

𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐴 𝐵
𝐸 𝛼1 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 200 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽1 = 32°
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝑉2 = 162 𝑚/𝑠
𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛽2 = 25°
𝑉𝑤1 = 470 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2 𝛼2 = 56° 𝑉𝑤2 = 90 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝑉𝑓1 = 171 𝑚/𝑠
𝐷 𝑉𝑓2 = 135 𝑚/𝑠

𝐶
𝑉𝑟1 = 319 𝑚/𝑠
Vr2 Vr2
𝐾= =1 =1 Vr2 = 319 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 319
Answer Angle of the blade on the entry side 𝛽1 = 32°

Exit velocity of steam 𝑉2 = 𝟏𝟔𝟐 𝐦/𝐬
𝑉𝑤1 = 470 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = 90 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 470 + 90
𝑉𝑊 = 560 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 200
𝑠
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 560 × 200 𝑊 = 112000
𝑘𝑔 𝑊 = 112
𝑘𝑔
Answer
Work done per kg of steam 𝑊 = 112 kJ
PROBLEM 16:
A simple impulse turbine has a mean blade speed of 200 m/s. The nozzles are
inclined at 20° to the plane of rotation of the blades. The steam velocity from nozzles
is 600 m/s. The turbine uses 3500 kg/h of steam. The absolutes velocity at exit is
along the axis of the turbine. Determine:
(i) The inlet and exit angles of the blades.
(ii) The power output of the turbine.
(iii) Diagram efficiency

Given Data:
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 Vr2
𝛼1 = 20° 𝑚ሶ = 3500 = 0.97 𝐾= =1
ℎ 𝑠 Vr1
The absolutes velocity at exit is along the axis of the turbine Vw2 = 0 V2 = Vf2
To find: α2 = 90°
Inlet and exit Blade angles 𝛽1 & 𝛽1 =?
Power output of the turbine (𝑃) =?

Formula
W 2 × Vw × U
KE1 V12
1
2 𝑉 𝑊
𝑈
Work done per kg of steam W = Vw × U 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝐸
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝐷
𝐶
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 200 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝑉𝑤2 = 0 𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽2 𝛼1
𝛽1 α2 = 90°
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉1 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2 V2 = Vf2
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶
𝐷
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 20 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 205.21
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 600 𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 20 = 𝑉𝑤1 = 563.81
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 600 𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 200 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝑉𝑤2 = 0 𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝑉𝑓1 = 205.21
𝛽1 α2 = 90° 𝑠
𝑉𝑟1 𝑚
𝑉𝑓1 V2 = Vf2 𝑉𝑤1 = 563.81
𝑉1 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2 𝑠
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶
𝐵𝐸 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐸 𝑉𝑤1 = 𝑈 + 𝐴𝐸 𝐷
563.81 = 200 + 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 = 363.81
∆𝐴𝐶𝐸
2 𝑚
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐸 2 + 𝐴𝐸 2 2
𝑉𝑟1 = 2
𝑉𝑓1 + 𝐴𝐸 2 𝑉𝑟1 = 205.212 + 363.812 𝑉𝑟1 = 417.7
𝑠
𝐶𝐸 𝑉𝑓1 205.21
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝛽1 = 29.42°
𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝑟1 417.7
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 200 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝑉𝑤2 = 0 𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝑉𝑓1 = 205.21
𝛽1 α2 = 90° 𝑠
𝑉𝑟1 𝑚
𝑉𝑓1 V2 = Vf2 𝑉𝑤1 = 563.81
𝑉1 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2 𝑠
𝑉𝑟2 𝑚
𝛽1 = 29.42° 𝑉𝑟1 = 417.7
𝑠
𝐶
Vr2 Vr2 𝐷
𝐾= =1 =1 Vr2 = 417.7 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 417.7
∆𝐴𝐷𝐹
𝐴𝐹 𝑈 200
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝛽2 = 61.39°
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 417.7
𝐷𝐹 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉𝑓2 𝑚
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 61.39 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 366.7
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 417.7 𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 200 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝑉𝑤2 = 0 𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝛽2 𝛼1
𝛽1
α2 = 90° 𝑉𝑓1 = 205.21
𝑠
𝑉𝑟1 𝑚
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2 V2 = Vf2 𝑉𝑤1 = 563.81
𝑉1 𝑠
𝑉𝑟2 𝑚
𝛽1 = 29.42° 𝑉𝑟1 = 417.7
𝑠
𝐶 𝛽2 = 61.39° Vr2 = 417.7 𝑚/𝑠
𝐷
𝑚
V2 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 366.7
𝑠
Answer
𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝛽1 = 29.42°
𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝛽2 = 61.39°

𝑉𝑤1 = 563.81 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = 0
𝑉𝑊 = 563.81 + 0
𝑉𝑊 = 563.81 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 200
𝑠
𝑊 = 563.81 × 200
𝐽
𝑊 = 112762
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
𝑊 = 112762
𝑃 = 0.97 × 112762 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 109379.1 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 0.97
𝑠
𝑃 = 109.379 𝑘𝑊
Answer
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑃 = 109.379 𝑘𝑊

1
2 𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 0.97
𝑠
1
KE1 = × 0.97 × 6002
2 𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
KE1 = 174600 𝑊
KE1 = 174.6 𝑘𝑊
P
KE1
109.379 P = 109.379 𝑘𝑊
ηblade =
174.6
KE1 = 174.6 𝑘𝑊
ηblade = 62.64 %
Answer

PROBLEM 16:
A simple impulse turbine has a mean blade speed of 200 m/s. The nozzles are
inclined at 20° to the plane of rotation of the blades. The steam velocity from nozzles
is 600 m/s. The turbine uses 3500 kg/h of steam. The absolutes velocity at exit is
along the axis of the turbine. Determine:
(i) The inlet and exit angles of the blades.
(ii) The power output of the turbine.
(iii) Diagram efficiency

Given Data:
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 Vr2
𝛼1 = 20° 𝑚ሶ = 3500 = 0.97 𝐾= =1
ℎ 𝑠 Vr1
The absolutes velocity at exit is along the axis of the turbine Vw2 = 0 V2 = Vf2
To find: α2 = 90°

Formula
W 2 × Vw × U
KE1 V12
1
2 𝑉 𝑊
𝑈
Work done per kg of steam W = Vw × U 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝐸
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝐷
𝐶
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 200 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝑉𝑤2 = 0 𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝑚
𝛽1
α2 = 90° 𝑉𝑤1 = 𝑉𝑤 = 564
𝑠
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2 V2 = Vf2 Vr2
𝑉1
𝐾= =1
𝑉𝑟2 Vr1
𝑉𝑟1 = 418 𝑚/𝑠 Vr2

𝐶 =1
𝐷 418
𝑚
𝑉𝑓1 = 205 𝑚/𝑠 V2 = Vf2 = 364
𝑠 𝛽1 = 29° 𝛽2 = 61° Vr2 = 418 𝑚/𝑠
Answer
𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝛽1 = 29°
𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝛽2 = 61°

𝑉𝑤1 = 564 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = 0
𝑉𝑊 = 564 + 0
𝑉𝑊 = 564 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 200
𝑠
𝑊 = 564 × 200
𝐽
𝑊 = 112800
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
𝑊 = 112800
𝑃 = 0.97 × 112800 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 109416 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 0.97
𝑠
𝑃 = 109.416 𝑘𝑊
Answer
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑃 = 109.416 𝑘𝑊

1
2 𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 0.97
𝑠
1
KE1 = × 0.97 × 6002
2 𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
KE1 = 174600 𝑊
KE1 = 174.6 𝑘𝑊
P
KE1
109.416 P = 109.416 𝑘𝑊
ηblade =
174.6
KE1 = 174.6 𝑘𝑊
ηblade = 62.66 %
Answer

PROBLEM 17:
The velocity of steam leaving the nozzle of an impulse turbine is 1000 m/s and the
nozzle angle is 200. The blade velocity is 350 m/s and the blade velocity coefficient is
0.85. Assuming no losses due to shock at inlet. Calculate for a mass flow of 1.5 kg/s
and symmetrical blading.
(a) blade inlet angle
(b) driving force on the wheel
(c) axial thrust in the wheel
(d) Power developed by the turbine.
Given Data:
𝑘𝑔 Vr2
𝛼1 = 20° 𝑚ሶ = 1.5 𝐾= = 0.85
𝑠 Vr1
𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 β1 = β2
To find:

Formula 𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
Driving Force FT = mሶ (Vw ) 𝐴 𝐵
𝐸 𝛼1 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 350 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝑉1 = 1000 𝑚/𝑠

𝛽2 = 𝛽1
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷

𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 20 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 342
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 1000 𝑠
𝐵𝐸 𝑉𝑤1 𝑉𝑤1 𝑉 = 939.69 𝑚

𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 20 = 𝑤1
𝑠
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 1000
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 350 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝑉1 = 1000 𝑚/𝑠

𝛽2 = 𝛽1
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑓1 = 342
𝑠
𝑉𝑟1 𝑚
𝑉2 𝑉𝑤1 = 939.69
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉1 𝑉𝑓2 𝑠
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷

∆𝐴𝐶𝐸
2 𝑚
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐸 2 + 𝐴𝐸 2 2
𝑉𝑟1 = 2
𝑉𝑓1 + 𝐴𝐸 2 𝑉𝑟1 = 3422 + 589.692 𝑉𝑟1 = 681.68
𝑠
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝛽1 = 30.1°
𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝑟1 681.68
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 350 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝑉1 = 1000 𝑚/𝑠

𝛽2 = 𝛽1
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛽1 = 30.1° 𝑉𝑓1 = 342
𝑠
𝑉𝑟1 𝑚
𝑉2 𝛽2 = 𝛽1 𝑉𝑤1 = 939.69
𝑉𝑟2 𝑚
𝛽2 = 30.1° 𝑉𝑟1 = 681.68
𝑠
𝐶 𝐷
Vr2 Vr2
𝐾= = 0.85 = 0.85 Vr2 = 579.43 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 681.68

𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 30.1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 290.59
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 579.43 𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 30.1 = 𝐴𝐹 = 501.29
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 579.43
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 350 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝑉1 = 1000 𝑚/𝑠

𝛽2 = 𝛽1
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛽1 = 30.1° 𝑉𝑓1 = 342
𝑠
𝑉𝑟1 𝑚
𝑉2 𝛽2 = 𝛽1 𝑉𝑤1 = 939.69
𝑉𝑟2 𝑚
𝛽2 = 30.1° 𝑉𝑟1 = 681.68
𝑠
𝐶 𝐷 𝐴𝐹 = 501.29 Vr2 = 579.43 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑉𝑓2 = 290.59
𝑠
Answer

Vw = Vw1 + Vw2 𝑉𝑤1 = 939.69 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 939.69 + 151.29 𝑉𝑤2 = 151.29 𝑚/𝑠
Vw = 1090.98 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 = 350
𝑠
W = 1090.98 × 350
𝐽
W = 381843
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
𝑊 = 381843
𝑃 = 1.5 × 381843 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 572764.5 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 1.5
𝑠
𝑃 = 572.764 𝑘𝑊
Answer
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑃 = 572.764 𝑘𝑊
𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 FT = mሶ × Vw
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 1.5
𝑠
FT = 1.5 × 1092
Vw = 1090.98 𝑚/𝑠
FT = 1636.47 𝑁
Answer
𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝐹𝑇 = 1636.47 𝑁
Axial Thrust in the wheel F = mሶ × (Vf1 − Vf2 )
𝑉𝑓1 = 342 𝑚/𝑠

𝐹 = 1.5 × (342 − 290.59)
𝑉𝑓2 = 290.59 𝑚/𝑠
𝐹 = 77.115 𝑁 𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 1.5
𝑠
Answer
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐹 = 77.115 𝑁
PROBLEM 17:
The velocity of steam leaving the nozzle of an impulse turbine is 1000 m/s and the
nozzle angle is 200. The blade velocity is 350 m/s and the blade velocity coefficient is
0.85. Assuming no losses due to shock at inlet. Calculate for a mass flow of 1.5 kg/s
and symmetrical blading.
(a) blade inlet angle
(b) driving force on the wheel
(c) axial thrust in the wheel
(d) Power developed by the turbine.
Given Data:
𝑘𝑔 Vr2
𝛼1 = 20° 𝑚ሶ = 1.5 𝐾= = 0.85
𝑠 Vr1
𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 β1 = β2
To find:

Formula 𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
Driving Force FT = mሶ (Vw ) 𝐴 𝐵
𝐸 𝛼1 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝑈 = 350 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 1000 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽1 = 30°
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝑉2 = 327 𝑚/𝑠
𝐹 𝛽2 = 𝛽1
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑤1 = 940 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝛽2 = 30
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉𝑤2 = 152 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝑉𝑓1 = 342 𝑚/𝑠
𝐷 𝑉𝑓2 = 290 𝑚/𝑠

𝐶 Vr2 Vr2
𝐾= = 0.85 = 0.85 Vr2 = 579.7 𝑚/𝑠 𝑉𝑟1 = 682 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 682
𝛼2 = 62°
Answer
𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝛽2 = 30°

Vw = Vw1 + Vw2 𝑉𝑤1 = 940 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 940 + 152 𝑉𝑤2 = 152 𝑚/𝑠
Vw = 1092 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 = 350
𝑠
W = 1092 × 350
𝐽
W = 382200
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
𝑊 = 382200
𝑃 = 1.5 × 382200 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 573300 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 1.5
𝑠
𝑃 = 573.3 𝑘𝑊
Answer
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑃 = 573.3 𝑘𝑊
𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 FT = mሶ × Vw
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 1.5
𝑠
FT = 1.5 × 1092
Vw = 1092 𝑚/𝑠
FT = 1638 𝑁
Answer
𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝐹𝑇 = 1638 𝑁
Axial Thrust in the wheel F = mሶ × (Vf1 − Vf2 )
𝑉𝑓1 = 342 𝑚/𝑠

𝐹 = 1.5 × (342 − 290)
𝑉𝑓2 = 290 𝑚/𝑠
𝐹 = 78 𝑁 𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 1.5
𝑠
Answer
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐹 = 78 𝑁
PROBLEM 18:
A single row impulse turbine develops 132.4 kW at a blade speed of 175 m/s using
2kg of steam per sec. Steam leaves the nozzle at 400m/s. Velocity coefficient of the
blade is 0.9. Steam leaves the turbine blades axially. Assuming no shock, determine the
nozzle angle, blade angles at entry and exit.
𝑘𝑔
Given Data: 𝑃 = 132.4 𝑘𝑊 𝑈 = 175 𝑚/𝑠 𝑚ሶ = 2 𝑉1 = 400 𝑚/𝑠
𝑆
Vr2 V2 = Vf2 α2 = 90°
𝐾= = 0.9 Vw2 = 0
Impulse Turbine Vr1
To find:
Nozzle angle α1 =?
Formula
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝐸
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉1
𝐷
𝐶
𝑃 = 132.4 𝑘𝑊 = 132.4 × 103 𝑊

132.4 × 103 = 2 × W
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 2
𝑠
W = 66.2 × 103 𝑊
𝑈 = 175 𝑚/𝑠
66.2 × 103 = Vw × 175

W = 66.2 × 103 𝑊
𝑚
Vw = 378.28
𝑠
Vw = Vw1 + Vw2 Vw2 = 0
378.28 = Vw1 + 0
𝑚
Vw1 = 378.28
𝑠
𝑉𝑊 α2 = 90° 𝑉1 = 400 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊1
V2 = Vf2
𝑈
𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑉𝑤2 = 0
𝐸
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1
𝑈 = 175 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉1 𝑚
Vw1 = 378.28
𝑉𝑟2 𝑠
𝐷
𝐶
𝐵𝐸 𝑉𝑤1 378.28
∆𝐵𝐶𝐸 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝛼1 = 18.96°
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 400
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 18.96 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 130
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 400 𝑠
𝑉𝑊 α2 = 90° 𝑉1 = 400 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊1
𝛼1 = 18.96° V2 = Vf2
𝑈
𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑚 𝑉𝑤2 = 0
𝐸 𝑉𝑓1 = 130
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝑠
𝑉𝑟1 𝑈 = 175 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉1 𝑚
𝑉𝑟2 Vw1 = 378.28
𝑠
𝐷
𝐶
∆𝐴𝐶𝐸
2 𝑚
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐸 2 + 𝐴𝐸 2 2
𝑉𝑟1 = 2
𝑉𝑓1 + 𝐴𝐸 2 𝑉𝑟1 = 1302 + 203.282 𝑉𝑟1 = 241.29
𝑠
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝛽1 = 32.6°
𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝑟1 241.29
𝑉𝑊 α2 = 90° 𝑉1 = 400 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊1
𝛼1 = 18.96° V2 = Vf2
𝑈
𝐸 𝑉𝑓1 = 130
𝑉𝑟1
𝑚 𝑈 = 175 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉𝑟1 = 241.29
𝑉𝑓1 𝑠
𝑉1 𝑚
𝑉𝑟2 𝛽1 = 32.6° Vw1 = 378.28
𝑠
𝐷
𝐶
Vr2 Vr2
𝐾= = 0.9 = 0.9 Vr2 = 217.16 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 241.29
∆𝐴𝐷𝐹
𝐴𝐹 𝑈 175
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝛽2 = 36.3°
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 217.16
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 36.3 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 128.58
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 217.16 𝑠
𝑉𝑊 α2 = 90° 𝑉1 = 400 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊1
𝛼1 = 18.96° V2 = Vf2
𝑈
𝐸 𝑉𝑓1 = 130
𝑉𝑟1
𝑚 𝑈 = 175 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉𝑟1 = 241.29
𝑉𝑓1 𝑠
𝑉1 𝑚
𝑉𝑟2 𝛽1 = 32.6° Vw1 = 378.28
𝑠
𝐷 𝛽2 = 36.3° Vr2 = 217.16 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶 𝑚
𝑉𝑓2 = 128.58
Answer 𝑠
𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝛼1 = 18.96°
PROBLEM 18:
A single row impulse turbine develops 132.4 kW at a blade speed of 175 m/s using
2kg of steam per sec. Steam leaves the nozzle at 400m/s. Velocity coefficient of the
blade is 0.9. Steam leaves the turbine blades axially. Assuming no shock, determine the
nozzle angle, blade angles at entry and exit.
𝑘𝑔
Given Data: 𝑃 = 132.4 𝑘𝑊 𝑈 = 175 𝑚/𝑠 𝑚ሶ = 2 𝑉1 = 400 𝑚/𝑠
𝑆
Vr2 V2 = Vf2 α2 = 90°
𝐾= = 0.9 Vw2 = 0
Impulse Turbine Vr1
To find:
Nozzle angle α1 =?
Formula
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝐸
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉1
𝐷
𝐶
𝑃 = 132.4 𝑘𝑊 = 132.4 × 103 𝑊

132.4 × 103 = 2 × W
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 2
𝑠
W = 66.2 × 103 𝑊
𝑈 = 175 𝑚/𝑠
66.2 × 103 = Vw × 175

W = 66.2 × 103 𝑊
𝑚
Vw = 378.28
𝑠
Vw = Vw1 + Vw2 Vw2 = 0
378.28 = Vw1 + 0
𝑚
Vw1 = 378.28
𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 α2 = 90° 𝑉1 = 400 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝛼1 = 19° V2 = Vf2
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑉𝑤2 = 0
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1
𝛽1 = 33°
𝑉𝑟1 𝑈 = 175 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 𝛽2 = 36° 𝑚
𝑉𝑟2 Vw1 = 378.28
𝑠
𝐶 Vr2
𝐷 𝐾= = 0.9
Vr1
Vr2
= 0.9 Vr2 = 216.9 𝑚/𝑠
242 𝑉𝑟1 = 241 𝑚/𝑠
Answer
𝑁𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝛼1 = 19°
PROBLEM 19:
Steam enters the blade row of an impulse turbine with a velocity of 600 m/s at an
angle of 25°C to the plane of rotation of the blades. The mean blade speed is 250 m/s.
The blade angle at the exit side is 30°. The blade friction loss is 10%. Determine the:
(a) blade angle at inlet
(b) work done per kg of steam
(c) diagram efficiency
(d) axial thrust per kg of steam per sec.
Given Data:
Vr2
𝛼1 = 25° 𝛽2 = 30° 𝐾= = 0.9
Vr1
To find:
Blade angle at inlet 𝛽1 =?

Formula
W 2 × Vw × U
KE1 V12
1 2
2
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐴 𝐵
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 25° 𝑈 = 250 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝛽2 = 30°
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 25 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 253.57
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 600 𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 25 = 𝑉𝑤1 = 543.78
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 600 𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 25° 𝑈 = 250 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝛽2 = 30°
𝑚
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑉𝑓1 = 253.57
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝑠
𝛽1 𝛼2
𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑤1 = 543.78
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉2 𝑠
𝑉1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
∆𝐴𝐶𝐸
2 𝑚
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐸 2 + 𝐴𝐸 2 2
𝑉𝑟1 = 2
𝑉𝑓1 + 𝐴𝐸 2 𝑉𝑟1 = 253.572 + 293.782 𝑉𝑟1 = 388.08
𝑠
𝐶𝐸 𝑉𝑓1 253.57
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝛽1 = 40.79°
𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝑟1 388.08
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 25° 𝑈 = 250 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝛽2 = 30°
𝑚
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑉𝑓1 = 253.57
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝑠
𝛽1 𝛼2 𝛽1 = 40.79° 𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑤1 = 543.78
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉2 𝑠
𝑉𝑟2 𝑉𝑟1 = 388.08
𝑠
𝐶 𝐷
Vr2 Vr2
𝐾= = 0.9 = 0.9 Vr2 = 349.27 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 388.08
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 30 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 174.63
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 349.27 𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 30 = 𝐴𝐹 = 302.47
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 349.27
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 25° 𝑈 = 250 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝛽2 = 30°
𝑚
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹 𝑉𝑓1 = 253.57
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝑠
𝛽1 𝛼2 𝛽1 = 40.79° 𝑚
𝑉𝑟1 𝑉𝑤1 = 543.78
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉2 𝑠
𝑉𝑟2 𝑉𝑟1 = 388.08
𝐴𝐹 = 302.47 𝑠
𝑚
𝐶 𝐷 𝑉𝑓2 = 174.63
𝑠
Answer
𝑉𝑤1 = 543.78 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = 52.47 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 543.78 + 52.47
𝑉𝑊 = 596.25 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 250
𝑠
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 596.25 × 250 𝑊 = 149064
𝑘𝑔 𝑊 = 149.064
𝑘𝑔
Answer
1 2
2
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
1
KE1 = × 6002
2
𝐽
KE1 = 180000
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
KE1 = 180
𝑘𝑔
P
KE1
𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 149.064
149.064 𝑘𝑔
ηblade =
180 𝑘𝐽
KE1 = 180
𝑘𝑔
ηblade = 82.81 %
Answer

𝑉𝑓1 = 253.57 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓2 = 174.63 𝑚/𝑠
𝐹 = (253.57 − 174.63)
𝑘𝑔
𝐹 = 78.94 𝑁/
𝑠
Answer
Axial thrust produced per kg of steam / second 𝐹 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟗𝟒 𝐍/𝐤𝐠/𝐬

PROBLEM 19:
Steam enters the blade row of an impulse turbine with a velocity of 600 m/s at an
angle of 25°C to the plane of rotation of the blades. The mean blade speed is 250 m/s.
The blade angle at the exit side is 30°. The blade friction loss is 10%. Determine the:
(a) blade angle at inlet
(b) work done per kg of steam
(c) diagram efficiency
(d) axial thrust per kg of steam per sec.
Given Data:
Vr2
𝛼1 = 25° 𝛽2 = 30° 𝐾= = 0.9
Vr1
To find:
Blade angle at inlet 𝛽1 =?

Formula
W 2 × Vw × U
KE1 V12
1 2
2
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐴 𝐵
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝛼1 = 25° 𝑈 = 250 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2 𝛽1 = 41°
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝑉2 = 182 𝑚/𝑠
𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛽2 = 30°
𝑉𝑤1 = 544 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2 𝛼2 = 73° 𝑉𝑤2 = 52 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝑉𝑓1 = 254 𝑚/𝑠
𝐷 𝑉𝑓2 = 175 𝑚/𝑠

𝐶
𝑉𝑟1 = 388 𝑚/𝑠
Vr2 Vr2
𝐾= = 0.9 = 0.9 Vr2 = 349.2 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 388
Answer
𝑉𝑤1 = 544 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = 52 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 544 + 52
𝑉𝑊 = 596 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 250
𝑠
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 596 × 250 𝑊 = 149000
𝑘𝑔 𝑊 = 149
𝑘𝑔
Answer
Work done per kg of steam 𝑊 = 149 kJ
1 2
2
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚/𝑠
1
KE1 = × 6002
2
𝐽
KE1 = 180000
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
KE1 = 180
𝑘𝑔
P
KE1
𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 149
149 𝑘𝑔
ηblade =
180 𝑘𝐽
KE1 = 180
𝑘𝑔
ηblade = 82.77 %
Answer

𝑉𝑓1 = 254 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓2 = 175 𝑚/𝑠
𝐹 = (254 − 175)
𝑘𝑔
𝐹 = 79 𝑁/
𝑠
Answer
Axial thrust produced per kg of steam / second 𝐹 = 𝟕𝟗 𝐍/𝐤𝐠/𝐬

PROBLEM 20:
The following data refer to a single stage impulse turbine:
Isentropic nozzle enthalpy drop = 200 kJ/kg
Nozzle efficiency = 90%
Nozzle angle = 250
Ratio of blade to whirl component of steam speed = 0.5. Blade coefficient=0.9. The
velocity of steam entering the nozzle 30 m/s. Find
(i) the blade at the inlet and outlet if the steam enters the blade without shock and
leaves the blade in the axial direction,
(ii) blade efficiency,
(iii) power developed and
(iv) axial thrust if the steam flow rate is 10 kg/s.
Given Data:
𝑘𝐽
Single Stage (n) = 1 ℎ1 − ℎ2 = 200 ηNozzle = 90 % 𝛼1 = 25°
𝑘𝑔
Impulse Turbine
Steam leaves the blade axially Vw2 = 0 V2 = Vf2 α2 = 90°
𝑈
= 0.5
𝑉𝑤 To find:
Vr2
𝐾= = 0.9 Blade angles at inlet and outlet 𝛽1 & 𝛽2 =?
Vr1
𝑚
𝐶1 = 30
𝑠
Power developed P =?
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 10 Axial thrust 𝐹 =?
𝑆
Formula P 2 × Vw × U
KE1 V12
1
2
Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle C2 = V1 = 2000 h1 − h2 ɳ𝑁𝑂𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐸 + C1 2

𝑉𝑊
Work done W = Vw × U 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝐸
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1
𝑉𝑟1
Whirl velocity Vw = Vw1 ± Vw2 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝐷
𝐶
Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle 𝐶2 = V1 = 2000 ℎ1 − ℎ2 ɳ𝑁𝑂𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐸 + 𝐶1 2
ℎ1 − ℎ2 = 200 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
𝐶2 = V1 = 2000(200) × 0.9 + 302 𝐶1 = 30 𝑚/𝑠
ɳ𝑁𝑂𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐸 = 90%
𝐶2 = V1 = 600.75 𝑚Τ𝑠
V1 = 600.75 𝑚Τ𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝑈 𝑉1 = 600.75 𝑚/𝑠
= 0.5
𝑉𝑤 𝛼1 = 25°
𝑈
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝑈 α2 = 90°
𝛽1 = 0.5
544.46 V2 = Vf2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉1 𝑉𝑤2 = 0
𝑉𝑟2
𝑈 = 272.23 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶
𝐷
∆𝐵𝐶𝐸
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 25 = 𝑉𝑤1 = 544.46
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 600.75 𝑠
𝑚
Vw = Vw1 ± Vw2 Vw = Vw1 + Vw2 Vw = 544.46 + 0 𝑉𝑤 = 544.46
𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑉𝑤2 = 0 𝑈 = 272.23 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉1 = 600.75 𝑚/𝑠
α2 = 90°
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽2 𝛼1
𝛽1
V2 = Vf2 𝛼1 = 25°
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉𝑓1
𝑚
𝑉1 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉𝑤1 = 𝑉𝑤 = 544.46
𝑠
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶
𝐷
∆𝐵𝐶𝐸 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛼1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 25 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 253.88
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 600.75 𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑉𝑤2 = 0 𝑈 = 272.23 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 𝑉1 = 600.75 𝑚/𝑠
α2 = 90°
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽2 𝛼1
𝛽1
V2 = Vf2 𝛼1 = 25°
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉𝑓1
𝑚
𝑉1 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉𝑤1 = 𝑉𝑤 = 544.46
𝑉𝑟2 𝑚 𝑠
𝑉𝑓1 = 253.88
𝑠
𝐶
𝐷
∆𝐴𝐶𝐸
2 𝑚
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐸 2 + 𝐴𝐸 2 2
𝑉𝑟1 = 2
𝑉𝑓1 + 𝐴𝐸 2 𝑉𝑟1 = 253.882 + 272.232 𝑉𝑟1 = 372.24
𝑠
𝐶𝐸 𝑉𝑓1 253.88
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽1 = 𝛽1 = 43°
𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝑟1 372.24
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑤2 = 0
𝑉𝑊1 𝑈 = 272.23 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 α2 = 90°
𝑉1 = 600.75 𝑚/𝑠
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽2 𝛼1 V2 = Vf2
𝛽1 𝛼1 = 25°
𝑉𝑟1 𝛽1 = 43°
𝑉𝑓1
𝑚
𝑉1 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2 𝑚 𝑉𝑤1 = 𝑉𝑤 = 544.46
𝑉𝑟1 = 372.24 𝑚 𝑠
𝑉𝑟2 𝑠 𝑉𝑓1 = 253.88
𝑠
𝐶
Vr2 Vr2 𝐷
𝐾= = 0.9 = 0.9 Vr2 = 335 𝑚/𝑠
Vr1 372.24
∆𝐴𝐷𝐹
𝐴𝐹 𝑈 272.23
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽2 = 𝛽2 = 35.64°
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝛽2 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 35.64 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 195.2
𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑟2 335 𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑤2 = 0
𝑉𝑊1 𝑈 = 272.23 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 α2 = 90°
𝑉1 = 600.75 𝑚/𝑠
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽2 𝛼1 V2 = Vf2
𝛽1 𝛼1 = 25°
𝑉𝑟1 𝛽1 = 43°
𝑉𝑓1
𝑚
𝑉1 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2 𝑚 𝑉𝑤1 = 𝑉𝑤 = 544.46
𝑉𝑟1 = 372.24 𝑚 𝑠
𝑉𝑟2 𝑠 𝑉𝑓1 = 253.88
𝑠
𝐶 𝛽2 = 35.64°
𝐷 Vr2 = 335 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
Answer 𝑉𝑓2 = 195.2
𝑠

Work done W = Vw × U Vw = 544.46 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 272.23
𝑠
𝑊 = 544.46 × 272.23
𝐽
𝑊 = 148218.34
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
𝑊 = 148218.34
𝑃 = 10 × 148218.34 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 1482183.4 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 10
𝑠
𝑃 = 1482.18 𝑘𝑊
Answer

1
2 𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 10
𝑠
1
KE1 = × 10 × 600.752
2 𝑉1 = 600.75 𝑚/𝑠
KE1 = 1804502.8 𝑊
KE1 = 1804.5 𝑘𝑊
P
KE1
1482.18 P = 1482.18 𝑘𝑊
ηblade =
1804.5
KE1 = 1804.5 𝑘𝑊
ηblade = 82.13 %
Answer

Axial Thrust F = mሶ × (Vf1 − Vf2 ) 𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 10
𝑠
𝐹 = 10 × (253.88 − 195.2) 𝑉𝑓1 = 253.88 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓2 = 195.2 𝑚/𝑠

𝐹 = 586.8 𝑁
Answer
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝐹 = 586.8 𝑁

PROBLEM 20:
The following data refer to a single stage impulse turbine:
Isentropic nozzle enthalpy drop = 200 kJ/kg
Nozzle efficiency = 90%
Nozzle angle = 250
Ratio of blade to whirl component of steam speed = 0.5. Blade coefficient=0.9. The
velocity of steam entering the nozzle 30 m/s. Find
(i) the blade at the inlet and outlet if the steam enters the blade without shock and
leaves the blade in the axial direction,
(ii) blade efficiency,
(iii) power developed and
(iv) axial thrust if the steam flow rate is 10 kg/s.
Given Data:
𝑘𝐽
Single Stage (n) = 1 ℎ1 − ℎ2 = 200 ηNozzle = 90 % 𝛼1 = 25°
𝑘𝑔
Impulse Turbine
Steam leaves the blade axially Vw2 = 0 V2 = Vf2 α2 = 90°
𝑈
= 0.5
𝑉𝑤 To find:
Vr2
𝐾= = 0.9 Blade angles at inlet and outlet 𝛽1 & 𝛽2 =?
Vr1
𝑚
𝐶1 = 30
𝑠
Power developed P =?
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 10 Axial thrust 𝐹 =?
𝑆
Formula P 2 × Vw × U
KE1 V12
1
2
Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle C2 = V1 = 2000 h1 − h2 ɳ𝑁𝑂𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐸 + C1 2

𝑉𝑊
Work done W = Vw × U 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝐸
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1
𝑉𝑟1
Whirl velocity Vw = Vw1 ± Vw2 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝐷
𝐶
Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle 𝐶2 = V1 = 2000 ℎ1 − ℎ2 ɳ𝑁𝑂𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐸 + 𝐶1 2
ℎ1 − ℎ2 = 200 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
𝐶2 = V1 = 2000(200) × 0.9 + 302 𝐶1 = 30 𝑚/𝑠
ɳ𝑁𝑂𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐸 = 90%
𝐶2 = V1 = 600.75 𝑚Τ𝑠
V1 = 600.75 𝑚Τ𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝑈 𝑉1 = 600.75 𝑚/𝑠
= 0.5
𝑉𝑤 𝛼1 = 25°
𝑈
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽2 𝛼1 𝑈 α2 = 90°
𝛽1 = 0.5
544.46 V2 = Vf2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉1 𝑉𝑤2 = 0
𝑉𝑟2
𝑈 = 272.23 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶
𝐷
∆𝐵𝐶𝐸
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 25 = 𝑉𝑤1 = 544.46
𝐵𝐶 𝑉1 600.75 𝑠
𝑚
Vw = Vw1 ± Vw2 Vw = Vw1 + Vw2 Vw = 544.46 + 0 𝑉𝑤 = 544.46
𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1 𝑈 = 272.23 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝑉1 = 600.75 𝑚/𝑠
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽2 𝛼1
𝛽1 𝛼1 = 20°
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉𝑓1
𝑚
𝑉1 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉𝑤1 = 𝑉𝑤 = 544
𝑠
𝑉𝑟2
𝑉𝑤2 = 0
𝐶
Vr2 𝐷 α2 = 90°
𝑚
𝑉𝑓1 = 254 𝑚/𝑠 = 0.9 V2 = Vf2 = 195
372 𝑠
V2 = Vf2
𝑉𝑟1 = 372 𝑚/𝑠 Vr2 = 335 𝑚/𝑠 𝛽1 = 43° 𝛽2 = 36°
Vr2
Answer 𝐾=
Vr1
= 0.9
Work done W = Vw × U Vw = 544 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑈 = 272.23
𝑠
𝑊 = 544 × 272.23
𝐽
𝑊 = 148093.1
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
𝑊 = 148093.1
𝑃 = 10 × 148093.1 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 1480931 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 10
𝑠
𝑃 = 1480.9 𝑘𝑊
Answer

1
2 𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 10
𝑠
1
KE1 = × 10 × 600.752
2 𝑉1 = 600.75 𝑚/𝑠
KE1 = 1804502.8 𝑊
KE1 = 1804.5 𝑘𝑊
P
KE1
1480.9 P = 1480.9 𝑘𝑊
ηblade =
1804.5
KE1 = 1804.5 𝑘𝑊
ηblade = 82.06 %
Answer

Axial Thrust F = mሶ × (Vf1 − Vf2 ) 𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 10
𝑠
𝐹 = 10 × (254 − 195) 𝑉𝑓1 = 254 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓2 = 195 𝑚/𝑠

𝐹 = 590 𝑁
Answer

PROBLEM 21:
In one stage of a reaction steam turbine, both the fixed and moving blades have inlet
and outlet blade tip angles of 35° and 20° respectively. The mean blade speed is 80
m/s and the steam consumption is 22500 kg/hr. Determine the power developed and
stage efficiency if the isentropic heat drops in both fixed and moving rows is 23.5
kJ/kg in the pair.
Given Data: Single Stage (n) = 1 Reaction Turbine 𝛼2 = 𝛽1 = 35°
𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝛼1 = 𝛽2 = 20° 𝑈 = 80 𝑚ሶ = 22500 = 6.25 ∆ℎ = 23.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑆 ℎ 𝑠
To find: 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟2
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑟1
Stage efficiency (ηStage ) =?
Formula 𝑉𝑊
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
Work done W = Vw × U 𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
W
Stage efficiency ηStage = 𝐶 𝐷
∆ℎ
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 = 80 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟2 = 177 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝐴 𝐵 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 = 20°
𝐸 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝛼2 = 𝛽1 = 35°
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉1 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑟1 = 106 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟2
𝑉𝑤1 = 167 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶 𝐷 𝑉𝑤2 = 87 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 60 𝑚/𝑠
Vw = Vw1 + Vw2 𝑉𝑤1 = 167 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 167 + 87 𝑉𝑤2 = 87 𝑚/𝑠
Vw = 254 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 = 80
𝑠
W = 254 × 80
𝐽
W = 20320
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
𝑊 = 20320
𝑃 = 6.25 × 20320 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 127000 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 6.25
𝑠
𝑃 = 127 𝑘𝑊
Answer
W
Stage efficiency ηStage =
∆ℎ
𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 20320 = 20.32
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
20.32
ηStage = ∆ℎ = 23.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
23.5
ηStage = 86.46 %
Answer

PROBLEM 23:
In a reaction turbine, the blade tip angles at inlet and exit are 35° and 20° respectively.
At a certain place in the turbine, the drum diameter is 0.9 m and the blades are 0.08 m
high. At this place, steam has a pressure of 1.7 bar and dryness fraction 0.935. If the
speed of the turbine is 280 rpm and the steam passes through the blades without
shock, find the mass of steam flow and the power developed in the ring of the moving
blades.
Given Data: Single Stage (n) = 1 Reaction Turbine 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟2
𝛼1 = 𝛽2 = 20° 𝐷 = 0.9 𝑚 ℎ = 0.08 𝑚 𝑝1 = 1.7 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑥 = 0.935 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑟1

𝛼2 = 𝛽1 = 35° 𝑁 = 280 𝑟𝑝𝑚
To find:
Mass of steam flow (𝑚)
ሶ =?
Formula 𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
A × 𝑉𝑓
Mass flow rate 𝑚ሶ = 𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝑣
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
Area of steam flow 𝐴 = 𝜋 × 𝐷𝑚 × ℎ
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
Mean diameter 𝐷𝑚 = 𝐷 + ℎ 𝑉𝑟2
Specific volume 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑓 + 𝑥 𝑣𝑓𝑔 𝐶 𝐷
π × Dm × N
Blade velocity (U) =
60
Mean diameter 𝐷𝑚 = 𝐷 + ℎ
𝐷 = 0.9 𝑚
𝐷𝑚 = 0.9 + 0.08
ℎ = 0.08 𝑚
𝐷𝑚 = 0.98 𝑚
π × Dm × N
Blade velocity (U) = 𝑁 = 280 𝑟𝑝𝑚
60
π × 0.98 × 280
U=
60
𝑚
U = 14.36
𝑠
𝐷𝑚 = 0.98 𝑚
𝐴 = 𝜋 × 0.98 × 0.08
ℎ = 0.08 𝑚
𝐴 = 0.2463 𝑚2
𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟕 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟓; 𝐰𝐞𝐭
Source : Steam Tables with Mollier Diagram by R.S.Khurmi
𝒗 = 𝝑𝒇 + 𝒙 𝝑𝒇𝒈 𝜗𝑓 = 1.056 × 10−3 𝑚3 Τ𝑘 𝑔

𝒗 = 𝝑𝒇 + 𝒙. (𝝑𝒈 −𝝑𝒇 )
𝜗𝑔 = 1.0309 𝑚3 Τ𝑘 𝑔
𝒗 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟓 × (𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟗 - 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )
𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟒 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 = 14.36 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟2 = 32 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝐴 𝐵 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 = 20°
𝐸 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝛼2 = 𝛽1 = 35°
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉1 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑟1 = 19 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟2
𝑉𝑤1 = 30 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶 𝐷 𝑉𝑤2 = 16 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 11 𝑚/𝑠
Vw = Vw1 + Vw2 𝑉𝑤1 = 30 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 30 + 16 𝑉𝑤2 = 16 𝑚/𝑠
Vw = 46 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 = 14.36
𝑠
W = 46 × 14.36
𝐽
W = 660.56
𝑘𝑔
A × 𝑉𝑓 𝐴 = 0.2463 𝑚2
Mass flow rate 𝑚ሶ =
𝑣
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 11 𝑚/𝑠
0.2463 × 11
𝑚ሶ =
0.964 𝑣 = 0.964 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 2.81
𝑠
Answer
Mass of steam flow (m)

ሶ = 2.81 kg/s
𝐽
𝑊 = 660.56
𝑃 = 2.81 × 660.56 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 1856.488 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 2.81
𝑠
𝑃 = 1.856 𝑘𝑊
Answer
PROBLEM 24:
In a Parson’s reaction turbine, mean blade speed is 60 m/s. Inlet conditions of steam
are 3 bar and
200° C. For the fixed and moving blades, the inlet angle is 20°. Axial flow velocity is 0.8
times the blade velocity. Determine
(a) Blade height if blade height is1/10 of mean blade ring diameter.
(b) Power developed by pair of fixed and moving blade rings.
(c) Heat drop required by the pair if steam expands with an efficiency of 0.8. Steam
flow rate is 8 kg/s
Given Data:
Single Stage (n) = 1 Reaction Turbine 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟2 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑟1
𝑚
𝑈 = 60 𝑝1 = 3 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑇1 = 200° 𝛼2 = 𝛽1 = 20°
𝑠
1 ηStage = 0.8 𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 0.8 𝑈 ℎ= 𝐷𝑚 𝑚ሶ = 8
10 𝑠
To find:
Blade height (ℎ) =?
Heat drop required (∆ℎ) =?

Formula 𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
Mean diameter 𝐷𝑚 = 𝐷 + ℎ 𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽2 𝛼1
Area of steam flow 𝐴 = 𝜋 × 𝐷𝑚 × ℎ 𝛽1 𝛼2
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
A × 𝑉𝑓 𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2
𝑣
𝐶 𝐷
W
∆ℎ
𝑉𝑓1 = 0.8 𝑈
𝑚
𝑈 = 60
𝑠
𝑉𝑓1 = 0.8 × 60
𝑚
𝑉𝑓1 = 48
𝑠
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 48 𝑚/𝑠

Solution: 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟑 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 200°C
𝑻𝑺𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟓°𝑪 𝑻𝑺𝟏 < 𝑻𝟏 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝐏𝟏 = 𝟑 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂, 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝
𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟔𝟒 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 = 60 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟2 = 2 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝐴 𝐵 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 = 14°
𝐸 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝛼2 = 𝛽1 = 20°
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉1 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑟1 = 142 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟2
𝑉𝑤1 = 193 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶 𝐷 𝑉𝑤2 = 130 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 48 𝑚/𝑠
𝑘𝑔
A × 𝑉𝑓 𝑚ሶ = 8
Mass flow rate 𝑚ሶ = 𝑠
𝑣
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 48 𝑚/𝑠
A × 48
8=
0.7164 𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟔𝟒 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈
𝐴 = 0.1194 𝑚2
1
Area of steam flow 𝐴 = 𝜋 × 𝐷𝑚 × ℎ ℎ= 𝐷𝑚
10
1
0.1194 = 𝜋 × 𝐷𝑚 × 𝐷𝑚
10
𝐷𝑚 = 0.616 𝑚
1
ℎ= 𝐷𝑚 𝐷𝑚 = 0.616 𝑚
10
1
ℎ= × 0.616
10
ℎ = 0.0616 𝑚
ℎ = 61.6 𝑚𝑚
Answer
Blade height ℎ = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟔 𝐦𝐦

Vw = Vw1 + Vw2 𝑉𝑤1 = 193 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 193 + 130 𝑉𝑤2 = 130 𝑚/𝑠
Vw = 323 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 = 60
𝑠
W = 323 × 60
𝐽
W = 19380
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
𝑊 = 19380
𝑃 = 8 × 19380 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 155040 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 8
𝑠
𝑃 = 155.04 𝑘𝑊
Answer
W
Stage efficiency ηStage = 𝐽
∆ℎ 𝑊 = 19380
𝑘𝑔
19380 ηStage = 0.8

0.8 =
∆ℎ
∆ℎ = 24225 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
∆ℎ = 24.225 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Answer
Heat drop required ∆ℎ = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

PROBLEM 25:
The following particulars refer to a stage of a Parson’s reaction turbine comprising one
ring of fixed blades and one ring of moving blades. Mean diameter of the blade ring is
90 cm and its speed is 3000 rpm. The inlet absolute velocity of the steam to the blades
is 300 m/s. The blade outlet angle is 20°. The rate of steam flow is 10 kg/s. Determine
the following:
(a) blade inlet angle,
(b) tangential force and
(c) Power developed in the stage.
Given Data:
Single Stage (n) = 1 Reaction Turbine 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟2 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑟1
𝑚 𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝑚 = 90 𝑐𝑚 𝑉1 = 300 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 = 20° 𝑚ሶ = 10
𝑁 = 3000 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑠
𝑠
To find:
Blade inlet angle (𝛽1 ) =?
Tangential force (𝐹𝑇 ) =?
Power developed in the stage P =?

Formula 𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
π × Dm × N 𝐶 𝐷
60
Tangential Force FT = mሶ × Vw
π × Dm × N
Blade velocity (U) = 𝐷𝑚 = 90 𝑐𝑚 = 0.9 m
60
𝑁 = 3000 𝑟𝑝𝑚
π × 0.9 × 3000
U=
60
U = 141.37 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 𝑈 = 141.37 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊1 𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟2 = 300 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑈 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 = 20°
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝛼2 = 𝛽1 = 36°
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑟1 = 174 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2 𝑉𝑤1 = 282 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = 141 𝑚/𝑠

𝐶 𝐷
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 103 𝑚/𝑠
Answer
Blade inlet angle 𝛽1 = 𝟑𝟔°

Vw = Vw1 + Vw2 𝑉𝑤1 = 282 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 282 + 141 𝑉𝑤2 = 141 𝑚/𝑠
Vw = 423 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 = 141.37
𝑠
W = 423 × 141.37
𝐽
W = 59799.51
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
𝑊 = 59799.51
𝑃 = 10 × 59799.51 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 597995.1 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 10
𝑠
𝑃 = 597.99 𝑘𝑊
Answer
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 10
𝑠
FT = 10 × 423
Vw = 423 𝑚/𝑠
FT = 4230 𝑁
FT = 4.23 𝑘𝑁
Answer
Tangential force 𝐹𝑇 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟑 𝐤𝐍
PROBLEM 26:
A 50% reaction turbine stage running at 3000 rpm, the exit angles are 30° and the
inlet angles are 50°. The mean diameter is 1 m. The steam flow rate is 10,000 kg/min,
stage efficiency is 85%. Find the power developed and enthalpy drop in a stage.
Given Data:
Single Stage (n) = 1 50% Reaction Turbine 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟2 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑟1
𝑁 = 3000 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 = 30° 𝛼2 = 𝛽1 = 50° 𝐷𝑚 = 1 𝑚

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 10000 = 166.67 ηStage = 0.85
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑠
To find:
Heat drop required (∆ℎ) =?

Formula 𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
W 𝐶 𝐷
∆ℎ
π × Dm × N
Blade velocity (U) = 𝐷𝑚 = 1 m
60
𝑁 = 3000 𝑟𝑝𝑚
π × 1 × 3000
U=
60
U = 157.07 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 = 157.07 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟2 = 352 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝐴 𝐵 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 = 30°
𝐸 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝛼2 = 𝛽1 = 50°
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉1 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑟1 = 230 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟2
𝑉𝑤1 = 305 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶 𝐷 𝑉𝑤2 = 148 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 176 𝑚/𝑠
Vw = Vw1 + Vw2 𝑉𝑤1 = 305 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 305 + 148 𝑉𝑤2 = 148 𝑚/𝑠
Vw = 453 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 = 157.07
𝑠
W = 453 × 157.07
𝐽
W = 71152.71
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
𝑊 = 71152.71
𝑃 = 166.67 × 71152.71 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 11859022.18 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 166.67
𝑠
𝑃 = 11859.02 𝑘𝑊
Answer
W
Stage efficiency ηStage = 𝐽
∆ℎ 𝑊 = 71152.71
𝑘𝑔
71152.71 ηStage = 0.85

0.85 =
∆ℎ
∆ℎ = 83709.07 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
∆ℎ = 83.7 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Answer
Heat drop required ∆ℎ = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟕 𝐤𝐉/𝐤𝐠

PROBLEM 27:
In a stage of impulse reaction turbine operating with a 50% degree of reaction. The
outlet of moving blades is 17° and the absolute discharge velocity of the steam is 50
m/s in the direction at 110° to the motion of the blades. Draw the velocity diagram and
determine the power developed for a mass flow rate of 8 kg / s.
Given Data:
𝑉2 = 50 𝑚/𝑠 𝑘𝑔
𝛼1 = 𝛽2 = 17° 𝛼2 = 𝛽1 = 180 − 110 = 70° 𝑚ሶ = 8
𝑠
To find:
Draw the velocity diagram
Formula 𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝐶 𝐷
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 = 137 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟2 = 161 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝐴 𝐵 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 = 17°
𝐸 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝛼2 = 𝛽1 = 70°
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉1 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑟1 = 50 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟2
𝑉𝑤1 = 154 𝑚/𝑠
𝛽2
𝐶 𝐷 𝑉𝑤2 = 17 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 47 𝑚/𝑠
Vw = Vw1 + Vw2 𝑉𝑤1 = 154 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 154 + 17 𝑉𝑤2 = 17 𝑚/𝑠
Vw = 171 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 = 137
𝑠
W = 171 × 137
𝐽
W = 23427
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
𝑊 = 23427
𝑃 = 8 × 23427 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 187416 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 8
𝑠
𝑃 = 187.416 𝑘𝑊
Answer
PROBLEM 28:
In a stage of impulse reaction turbine operating with a 50% degree of reaction, the
blades are identical in shape. The outlet angle of moving blades is 19° and the absolute
discharge velocity of steam is 300 m/s in direction at 100° to the motion of blades. If
the rate of flow of steam through the turbine is 15000 kg/hr, calculate the power
developed by the turbine.
Given Data:
𝑉2 = 300 𝑚/𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 = 19° 𝛼2 = 𝛽1 = 180 − 100 = 80° 𝑚ሶ = 15000 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔

= 4.167
ℎ 𝑠
To find:
Formula 𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝐶 𝐷
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 = 806 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟2 = 907 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝐴 𝐵 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 = 19°
𝐸 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝛼2 = 𝛽1 = 80°
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉1 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑟1 = 300 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟2
𝑉𝑤1 = 858 𝑚/𝑠
𝛽2
𝐶 𝐷 𝑉𝑤2 = 52 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 295 𝑚/𝑠
Vw = Vw1 + Vw2 𝑉𝑤1 = 858 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 858 + 52 𝑉𝑤2 = 52 𝑚/𝑠
Vw = 910 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 = 806
𝑠
W = 910 × 806
𝐽
W = 733460
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
𝑊 = 733460
𝑃 = 4.167 × 733460 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 3056327.82 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 4.167
𝑠
𝑃 = 3056.32 𝑘𝑊
Answer
PROBLEM 29:
The total tangential force on one ring of Parson’s turbine is 1200 N when the blade
speed is 100 m/s. The mass flow rate is 8 kg/s. The blade outlet angle is 20°.
Determine the steam velocity at the outlet from the blades. If the friction losses which
occur with pure impulse are 30% of the kinetic energy, and if the expansion losses are
15% of the heat drop in the blades, determine the heat drop per stage and stage
efficiency.
𝑚 𝑘𝑔
Given Data: 𝐹 𝑇 = 1200 𝑁 𝑈 = 100 𝑚ሶ = 8 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 = 20°
𝑠 𝑠
1
𝐾𝐸2 = 0.7 × 𝑚𝑉 ሶ 22 𝜂𝑒𝑥𝑝 = 85%
2
To find: Determine the steam velocity at the outlet from the blades (𝑉2 ) =?
Heat drop per stage (∆ℎ′) =? Stage efficiency 𝜂𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 =?

Formula
W
∆ℎ
′ ′
Total Heat 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 ∆ℎ′ = ∆ℎ𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 + ∆ℎ𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 ∆ℎ𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 = ∆ℎ𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾𝐸1 − 𝐾𝐸2

1
2
𝑉𝑊
𝑈 𝑉𝑊2
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝑉2
𝑉𝑟2
𝐶 𝐷
Tangential Force FT = mሶ × Vw 𝐹𝑇 = 1200 𝑁
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ = 8
1200 = 8 × Vw 𝑠
Vw = 150 𝑚/𝑠
𝑌
𝑉𝑊 𝑈 = 100 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊1 𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟2 = 133 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑈 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 = 20°
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝛼2 = 𝛽1 = 61°
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑟1 = 52 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓2
𝑉1
𝑉𝑟2 𝑉𝑤1 = 125 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑤2 = 25 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶 𝐷
𝑌
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 46 𝑚/𝑠
Vw = 150 𝑚/𝑠
Answer
Determine the steam velocity at the outlet from the blades (𝑉2 ) = 𝟓𝟐 𝐦/𝐬
𝑚
𝑈 = 100
𝑠
𝑊 = 150 × 100
Vw = 150 𝑚/𝑠
𝐽
𝑊 = 15000
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
𝑊 = 15000
𝑃 = 8 × 15000 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 120000 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 8
𝑠
𝑃 = 120 𝑘𝑊
Answer
1
2
1
KE1 = × 1332
2 𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟2 = 133 𝑚/𝑠
KE1 = 8844.5 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
KE1 = 8.8445 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

1 2
Kinetic energy leaving turbine blades KE2 = 0.7 × V2
2
1
KE2 = 0.7 × × 522 𝑉2 = 52 𝑚/𝑠
2
KE2 = 946.4 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
KE2 = 0.946 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 ∆ℎ𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 = ∆ℎ𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾𝐸1 − 𝐾𝐸2
KE1 = 8.8445 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

∆ℎ𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 = ∆ℎ𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 8.8445 − 0.946
KE2 = 0.946 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
∆ℎ𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 = ∆ℎ𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 7.8985 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

∆ℎ𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑
Expansion efficiency (ηexp ) = ′
∆ℎ𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 = 7.8985 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
7.8985
0.85 = ′ 𝜂𝑒𝑥𝑝 = 85%
′
∆ℎ𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 = 9.29 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
′ ′
′ ′
Total Heat 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 ∆ℎ′ = ∆ℎ𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 + ∆ℎ𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔
′ ′
∆ℎ′ = 9.29 + 9.29
∆ℎ′ = 18.58 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Answer
Heat drop per stage ∆ℎ′ = 18.58 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝐽 𝑘𝐽
W W = 15000 = 15
Stage efficiency ηStage = 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
∆ℎ′
15 ∆ℎ′ = 18.58 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

ηStage =
18.58
ηStage = 0.8073
ηStage = 80.73 %
Answer
Stage efficiency 𝜂𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 80.73 %

PROBLEM 30:
The outlet angle of the blade of a Parson’s turbine is 20° and the axial velocity of flow
of steam is 0.5 times the mean blade velocity. If the diameter of the ring is 1.274 m and
the rotational speed is 3000 rpm, determine the inlet angles of the blades. Determine
also the power developed, if dry saturated steam at 5 bar passes through the blades,
where height may be assumed as 6 cm. Neglect effect of the blade thickness.
Given Data:
Single Stage (n) = 1 Reaction Turbine 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟2 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑟1
𝛼1 = 𝛽2 = 20° 𝑉𝑓 = 0.5 𝑈 𝐷 = 1.274 𝑚 𝑁 = 3000 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
To find: 𝑃 = 5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ℎ = 6 𝑐𝑚
𝐼𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝛽1 ) =
Formula 𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
A × 𝑉𝑓 𝐶 𝐷
𝑣
Mean diameter of blade 𝐷𝑚 = 𝐷 + ℎ
π × Dm × N
60
Mean diameter of blade 𝐷𝑚 = 𝐷 + ℎ 𝐷 = 1.274 𝑚
ℎ = 6 𝑐𝑚 = 0.06 𝑚
𝐷𝑚 = 1.274 + 0.06
𝐷𝑚 = 1.334 𝑚
π × Dm × N
60
𝐷𝑚 = 1.334 m
π × 1.334 × 3000
U=
60 𝑁 = 3000 𝑟𝑝𝑚
U = 209.54 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓 = 0.5 𝑈 U = 209.54 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓 = 0.5 × 209.54
𝑉𝑓 = 104.77 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 104.77 𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 = 209.54 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟2 = 306 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝐴 𝐵 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 = 20°
𝐸 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝛼2 = 𝛽1 = 53°
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉1 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑟1 = 131 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟2
𝑉𝑤1 = 288 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶 𝐷 𝑉𝑤2 = 78 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 104.77 𝑚/𝑠
Answer
𝐼𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝛽1 = 53°

Vw = Vw1 + Vw2 𝑉𝑤1 = 288 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 288 + 78 𝑉𝑤2 = 78 𝑚/𝑠
Vw = 366 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 = 209.54
𝑠
W = 366 × 209.54
𝐽
W = 76691.64
𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝑚 = 1.334 m
𝐴 = 𝜋 × 1.334 × 0.06
ℎ = 0.06 𝑚
𝐴 = 𝜋 × 1.334 × 0.06
𝐴 = 0.2514 𝑚2
𝐏𝟏 = 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝑫𝒓𝒚 𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅
𝒗 = 𝒗𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟒𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈
A × 𝑉𝑓
𝑣
𝐴 = 0.2514 𝑚2
𝑣 = 0.37466 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
0.2514 × 104.77
𝑚ሶ =
0.37466
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 104.77 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚ሶ = 70.3 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝐽
𝑊 = 76691.64
𝑃 = 70.3 × 76691.64 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 5391422.29 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 70.3
𝑠
𝑃 = 5391.4 𝑘𝑊
Answer
PROBLEM 31:
The following particulars refer to a stage of a Parson’s steam turbine, comprising one
ring of fixed blades and one ring of moving blades:
Mean diameter of blade ring = 70 cm
RPM = 3000
Steam velocity at exit of blades = 160 m / s
Steam flow through blades = 7 kg /s
Draw a neat velocity diagram and find the following:
(i) Blade inlet angle,
(ii) Tangential force on the ring of moving blades and
(iii) Power developed in the stage.
Given Data:
𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝑚 = 70 𝑐𝑚 𝑁 = 3000 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑉2 = 160 𝑚/𝑠 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 = 20° 𝑚ሶ = 7
𝑠
To find:
Draw the velocity diagram
Blade inlet angle (β1 ) =?
Tangential force on the ring of moving blades FT =?

Formula 𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵 𝐹
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝐶 𝐷
π × Dm × N
60
π × Dm × N
60 𝐷𝑚 = 70 𝑐𝑚 = 0.70 𝑚
π × 0.7 × 3000 𝑁 = 3000 𝑟𝑝𝑚

U=
60
U = 109.9 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊
𝑉𝑊1
𝑈 = 109.9 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊2
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑟2 = 259 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
𝐴 𝐵 𝛼1 = 𝛽2 = 20°
𝐸 𝐹
𝛽1 𝛽2 𝛼1 𝛼2
𝛼2 = 𝛽1 = 34°
𝑉𝑟1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑓1
𝑉1 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑟1 = 160 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑟2
𝑉𝑤1 = 243 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶 𝐷 𝑉𝑤2 = 133 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 89 𝑚/𝑠
Answer
Blade inlet angle β1 = 34°

Vw = Vw1 + Vw2 𝑉𝑤1 = 243 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑊 = 243 + 133 𝑉𝑤2 = 133 𝑚/𝑠
Vw = 376 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈 = 109.9
𝑠
W = 376 × 109.9
𝐽
W = 41322.4
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
𝑊 = 41322.4
𝑃 = 7 × 41322.4 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑃 = 289256.8 𝑊 𝑚ሶ = 7
𝑠
𝑃 = 289.256 𝑘𝑊
Answer
Vw = 376 𝑚/𝑠
FT = 7 × 376
𝑘𝑔
FT = 2632 𝑁 𝑚ሶ = 7
𝑠
Answer
Tangential force on the ring of moving blades FT = 2632 N

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PROBLEM

𝑃 = 150 𝑘𝑊 = 150 × 103 𝑊

Whirl velocity Vw = Vw1 ± Vw2

𝑃 = 150 𝑘𝑊 = 150 × 103 𝑊

Whirl velocity Vw = Vw1 ± Vw2

Vw = Vw1 + Vw2 Vw2 = 0

Power developed in the blades P =?

∆𝐴𝐷𝐹 𝐷𝐹 𝑉𝑓2 253.57 𝛽2 = 55.44°

𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐹 + 𝐵𝐹 𝑈 = 𝐴𝐹 + 𝑉𝑤2 314.16 = 174.6 + 𝑉𝑤2 𝑉𝑤2 = 139.56 𝑚/𝑠

Power developed in the blades P =?

𝐶 𝑉𝑓2 = 253 𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑊 = Vw1 − Vw2 𝑉𝑤1 = 544 𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑊 = 544 − 139 𝑉𝑤2 = 139 𝑚/𝑠

Power developed in the blades P =?

Whirl velocity Vw = Vw1 ± Vw2

Axial Thrust F = mሶ × (Vf1 − Vf2 )

𝑉𝑓1 = 171 𝑚/𝑠

Power developed in the blades P =?

Whirl velocity Vw = Vw1 ± Vw2 𝑉𝑟2

Axial Thrust F = mሶ × (Vf1 − Vf2 )

𝐶 𝑉𝑓2 = 139 𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑓1 = 171 𝑚/𝑠

(i) the inlet angle of moving blade,

(ii) the power developed,

(iii) the axial thrust and

(iv) The diagram efficiency.

Single Stage (n) = 1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝛽2 = 25°

Axial Thrust F = mሶ × (Vf1 − Vf2 ) 𝐶 𝐷

∆𝐴𝐷𝐹 𝐷𝐹 𝑉𝑓2 𝑉𝑓2 𝑚

𝐴𝐹 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐹 𝐴𝐹 = 𝑈 + 𝑉𝑤2 289.53 = 200 + 𝑉𝑤2 𝑉𝑤2 = 89.53 𝑚/𝑠

Blade efficiency or diagram efficiency ηblade = 89.49 %

(i) the inlet angle of moving blade,

(ii) the power developed,

(iii) the axial thrust and

(iv) The diagram efficiency.

Single Stage (n) = 1 𝛼1 = 20° 𝛽2 = 25°

Axial Thrust F = mሶ × (Vf1 − Vf2 ) 𝐶 𝐷

Blade efficiency or diagram efficiency ηblade = 89.44 %

𝑈 = 165 𝑚/𝑠 Vf1 = Vf2 Vr2

Power developed by the turbine per kg of steam or Work done W =?

∆𝐵𝐶𝐸 𝐶𝐸 𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓1 𝑚

𝐵𝐸 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐸 𝑉𝑤1 = 𝑈 + 𝐴𝐸 352.38 = 165 + 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 = 187.38

∆𝐴𝐷𝐹 𝐷𝐹 𝑉𝑓2 128.25 𝛽2 = 41.64°

𝐴𝐹 = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐹 𝐴𝐹 = 𝑈 − 𝑉𝑤2 144.22 = 165 − 𝑉𝑤2 𝑉𝑤2 = 20.78 𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑊 = Vw1 − Vw2 𝑉𝑤1 = 352.38 𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑊 = 352.38 − 20.78 𝑉𝑤2 = 20.78 𝑚/𝑠

𝑈 = 165 𝑚/𝑠 Vf1 = Vf2 Vr2

Power developed by the turbine per kg of steam or Work done W =?

Answer Inlet blade angle β1 =34° Outlet blade angle β2 =42°

𝑉𝑊 = Vw1 − Vw2 𝑉𝑤1 = 353 𝑚/𝑠

𝑉𝑊 = 353 − 21 𝑉𝑤2 = 21 𝑚/𝑠

Given Data: p1 = 5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑇1 = 200° Single Stage (n) = 1 Impulse Turbine

p2 = 0.2 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑈 = 300 𝑚/𝑠 𝛼1 = 25° Vr2

Theoretical power developed by the turbine or Workdone W =?

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle C2 = V1 = 2000 h1 − h2

Given Data: p1 = 5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑇1 = 200° Single Stage (n) = 1 Impulse Turbine

p2 = 0.2 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑈 = 300 𝑚/𝑠 𝛼1 = 25° Vr2

Theoretical power developed by the turbine or Workdone W =?

Velocity of Steam leaving the Nozzle C2 = V1 = 2000 h1 − h2