Protiens: Yeshewas Abaynew (BSC, MPH)

PROTIENS
YESHEWAS ABAYNEW (BSC, MPH)

Objectives 2
 Understand why protein is important and how proteins are

comprised of essential and nonessential amino acids
 Discuss the functions of body proteins and their effect on enzymes,
hormones, immune function, and other related body functions
 Explain how proteins are digested and absorbed and what effect
they have on the body after absorption
 Discuss the various aspects of protein quality and means to
achieve adequate protein consumption within the diet for
vegetarians and non-vegetarians
 Describe the health effects of too much or too little protein within
the diet
By YAG 04/11/23
Q&A
3
What is protein?
Has an important role in allowing growth, repair, and
maintenance of the body
Building blocks of protein are called _______.

 Triglycerides
 Amino acids
 Simple sugars
By YAG 04/11/23
Proteins
4
Proteins are macromolecules composed of amino acids

linked together through peptide bonds.
The most abundant biomolecules (45% of human body)
Protein is needed for growth, development and repair of
the body.
Excess protein can be broken down and used as a source of
energy.
By YAG 04/11/23
Protein
5
 Proteins contain C, H, O, and Nitrogen

 The average nitrogen content in proteins is about 16%,
and proteins are the major source of N in biological
systems.
 The protein quantity can be estimated.
protein in 100g sample = N per gram x 6.25 x 100
By YAG 04/11/23
Components of proteins
6
Major elements
C (50~55%), H (~7%), O (19~20%), N (13~19%),
S (~4%)
Trace elements
 P, Fe, Cu, Zn, I …
The average nitrogen content in proteins is about 16%, and

proteins are the major source of N in biological systems.
• 16g nitrogen per 100g protein.
By YAG 04/11/23
Proteins…
7
Proteins are:
 Polypeptides + (cofactors, coenzymes, prosthetic groups,
other modifications)
 Polypeptides are covalently linked α-amino acids
 Cofactors are non-amino acid components e.g. metal ions

like Zn2+ in carboxypeptidase
 Coenzymes are organic cofactors e.g. nucleotides in
lactate dehydrogenase
 Prosthetic groups are covalently attached cofactors e.g.
heme in myoglobin
By YAG 04/11/23
Peptide bond, Dipeptide & polypeptide formation
8
A peptide bond is the bond that is created when two amino

acids are covalently bonded together. The carboxyl group
of the first is bonded to the amine group of the second.
This is carried out by a dehydration synthesis reaction with
the loss of a water molecule. This forms a dipeptide. If the
process is repeated many times a polypeptide is formed
By YAG 04/11/23
Amino Acids 9
The basic building blocks of proteins
About 300 types of AAs in nature, but only 20 types are

used for protein synthesis in biological systems.
All Amino acids have amino group(NH2) and Carboxylic
Group(COOH)
But, they are differentiated by the remainder of the
molecule (R) as shown in the figure.
The C atom is an optically active center.
By YAG 04/11/23
Aminoacids…
10
Structure
By YAG 04/11/23
Aminoacids…
11
 The R groups, also called side chains, make each AA unique
and distinctive.
 R groups are different in their size, charge, hydrogen bonding
capability and chemical reactivity.

• Aas are grouped as (1) non-polar, hydrophobic; (2) polar,
neutral; (3) basic; and (4) acidic.
• Amine group acts like a base, tends to be positive.
• Carboxyl group acts like an acid, tends to be negative.
By YAG 04/11/23
Classification of aminoacids
12
Those amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the

body and need to be taken from food are essential
(indispensable) amino acids.
Absence Essential a.a. from the diet leads to poor

growth performance
By YAG 04/11/23
Classification of aminoacids…
13
The human body is able to make most amino acids itself

and these are known as non-essential or dispensable amino
acids.
Body needs
 Adults only need 8 indispensable amino acids for growth and
repair.
 Acronym for essential amino acids -TV TILL PM
 Children need to obtain 9 indispensable amino acids.
 Acronym for essential amino acids – PVT TIM HLL
By YAG 04/11/23
Classification of aminoacids…
14
Amino Acids:
 Essential amino acids
Histidine Isoleucine Leucine
Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine
Threonine Tryptophan Valine
 Non Essential amino acids
Alanine Arginine Asparagine
Aspartic acid Cystine Cysteine
Glycine Glutamic acid Glutamine
Hydroxyproline Proline Serine
Tyrosine
By YAG 04/11/23
15
By YAG 04/11/23
Biological Value
16
It is not just the amount of protein, but the quality or

biological value of the protein that needs to be considered.
If a protein contains all the indispensable amino acids it is
said to have a high biological value.
If a protein does not contain all the indispensable amino
acids it is said to have a low biological value.
By YAG 04/11/23
High and low biological value
17
High biological value (HBV) proteins include: meat, fish,

eggs, cheese, and milk.
Low biological value (LBV) proteins include: cereals, pulses,
some nuts and vegetables.
In general, animal protein sources have a higher biological
value, than vegetable sources.
By YAG 04/11/23
Classification18 of proteins
I. Based on chemical composition.
a. Simple protein - yield amino-acids upon complete
hydrolysis
E.g.: - albumin - in eggs, zein of corn
b. Compound/conjugated proteins
Protein + Non protein
E.g.: - Hgb (Protein + hem) - Blood
Conjugated protein = protein + prosthetic groups
Prosthetic group is non-protein part, binding to protein by
covalent bond. This group can be carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic
acids, phosphates, pigments, or metal ions.
By YAG 04/11/23
Cont..
II. Based on Nutritional Value:- This classification depends on the essential amino
acids content of the protein. 19
a. Complete proteins: Contain all the essential amino acids in the proportion that is
required to support growth and maintain tissues. E.g. Almost all animal proteins
except gelatine (lack two essential A.As.). They are denoted as complete because
they resemble body protein (Egg & Milk).
b.Incomplete Proteins: This refers to proteins that do not contain all

essential amino acids in the proportion that is required to maintain
growth and tissue repair.
By YAG 04/11/23
Proteins in the Diet 20
Protein quality
 Complete proteins
 supply all essential amino acids
 animal proteins, soy proteins
 Incomplete proteins
 low in one or more essential amino acids

 most plant proteins
 Complementary proteins
 2 incomplete proteins = complete protein
By YAG 04/11/23
Protein quality…
21
Quality of a protein is measured by comparing the

proportions of essential amino acids in the protein with the
proportions in a standard or reference protein, such as Egg or
Milk protein.
The closer the proportions are the higher the protein quality.
Why is the biological value of plant proteins said to be zero?
 Meat proteins are of high protein quality,
 Plant proteins are of low protein quality,
Eg. Maize (corn) is deficient in Tryptophan and Lysine
By YAG 04/11/23
Cont..
22
III. Based on Conformation of the Protein: This refers to the three

dimensional shape of the protein in its natural state. Based on this
proteins are classified as:
a. Globular proteins
-Tightly folded poly peptide chain - spherical or globular shape
-Mostly soluble in water & salt solution
E.g.: Enzymes, antibodies, and many hormones, Hgb
b. Fibrous proteins
-Polypeptide chains arranged in parallel manner along an axis
-Tough & insoluble in water
E.g.: Collagen of tendons & bone matrix, keratin of hair, skin, nails
By YAG 04/11/23
By YAG 23 04/11/23
Nitrogen Balance 24
Definition: Nitrogen balance refers to the situation where

nitrogen intake from food is equal to nitrogen excretion.
This occurs in a healthy non-growing adult person taking
adequate amount of energy from carbohydrates.
In some situations Nitrogen excretion may be greater than
nitrogen intake, this is called negative nitrogen balance.
Other situations where nitrogen excretion is less than
nitrogen intake from food are called positive nitrogen
balance.
By YAG 04/11/23
Factors affecting nitrogen equilibrium
25
Positive Nitrogen balance

-Pregnancy
-Lactation
-Growth
-Recovery from Illness (Convalescent stage)
Nitrogen intake = Nitrogen Excretion (nitrogen balance)

?
Negative Nitrogen balance

1. Starvation
2. Devastating illness
3. Protein energy malnutrition
By YAG 04/11/23
Protein Functions
26
 Structure: Building structural components of organisms

(collagen, elastin, keratin, microtubules, microfilaments)
 Regulation of metabolic processes: Hormones (insulin)
 Carrying out of metabolic processes: Enzymes
 Membrane component: Carrier proteins, Protein pumps,
Transport of materials through membrane phospholipid layers
By YAG 04/11/23
Function of protein…
27
 Proteins also have an energy – providing role (1g protein

releases 4 kcal).
 This energy is only utilised if the carbohydrate and fat
intake is inadequate or if the protein quality is poor.
 Maintaining acid base balance
- Prevent large changes in acidity and alkalinity of the body
By YAG 04/11/23
Source of Protein
28
 Animal (complete)
 meats, dairy
 Vegetable (incomplete)
 beans, nuts, legumes, grains
By YAG 04/11/23
Protein Digestion
29
Mouth
 crushed and moistened
Stomach
 Proteins
are denatured by hydrochloric acid
 Pepsin begins digestion
Small intestine
 Pancreatic and intestinal proteases and petidases complete
digestion
By YAG 04/11/23
Recommendation
30
Daily Protein Intake

 Nutritionists recommend that 10 to 35 percent of your
calories come from proteins.
Protein Requirements
 RDA average = .8 g/kg/day
 RDA athlete = 1.2-1.6 g/kg/day
High levels of protein intake above 2 g/kg/day can be
harmful to the body
By YAG 04/11/23
Protein intake…
31
Increased protein needs

 Physical stress
 Injury
 Intense weight training
By YAG 04/11/23
Protein Deficiency
32
Protein deficiency is rare, but there is a condition called

PEM – protein energy malnutrition. This can be seen in
infants with stunted growth or thin arms and legs, and
large distended abdomens.
Marasmus - this condition mainly affects infants causing
them to become thin and weak. The body adapts to the
shortage of energy and nutrients. All energy stores are
depleted as it is used to supply vital organs.
Kwashiorkor - this condition is known to be the body’s
adaption to shortage of energy and nutrients.
By YAG 04/11/23
Protein Deficiency…
33
Protein energy malnutrition

- associated with poor growth, weight loss and wasting
By YAG 04/11/23
Kwashiorkor
34
By YAG 04/11/23
Marasmus
35
By YAG 04/11/23
Excess Protein ( toxicity)
36
Exceeding recommended intake adds burden to the kidneys

and converted to body fats
Heart disease
- Foods rich in animal protein are rich also in saturated fat
and cholesterol
Obesity
Cancer
- according to studies:
High meat = High risk for colon cancer
By YAG 04/11/23
37
By YAG 04/11/23
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PROTIENS

YESHEWAS ABAYNEW (BSC, MPH)

 Understand why protein is important and how proteins are

Building blocks of protein are called _______.

Proteins are macromolecules composed of amino acids

 Proteins contain C, H, O, and Nitrogen

protein in 100g sample = N per gram x 6.25 x 100

The average nitrogen content in proteins is about 16%, and

 Cofactors are non-amino acid components e.g. metal ions

A peptide bond is the bond that is created when two amino

The basic building blocks of proteins

About 300 types of AAs in nature, but only 20 types are

 The R groups, also called side chains, make each AA unique

 R groups are different in their size, charge, hydrogen bonding

capability and chemical reactivity.

Those amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the

Absence Essential a.a. from the diet leads to poor

The human body is able to make most amino acids itself

It is not just the amount of protein, but the quality or

High biological value (HBV) proteins include: meat, fish,

b.Incomplete Proteins: This refers to proteins that do not contain all

 low in one or more essential amino acids

 2 incomplete proteins = complete protein

Quality of a protein is measured by comparing the

III. Based on Conformation of the Protein: This refers to the three

Definition: Nitrogen balance refers to the situation where

Positive Nitrogen balance

Nitrogen intake = Nitrogen Excretion (nitrogen balance)

Negative Nitrogen balance

 Structure: Building structural components of organisms

 Proteins also have an energy – providing role (1g protein

 beans, nuts, legumes, grains

Daily Protein Intake

Increased protein needs

 Intense weight training

Protein deficiency is rare, but there is a condition called

Protein energy malnutrition

Exceeding recommended intake adds burden to the kidneys

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