Switching Techniques
Switching Techniques
Switching Techniques
• Circuit Switching
• Message Switching
• Packet Switching
Circuit Switching
• Circuit switching is a technique that directly connects the
sender and the receiver in an unbroken path.
• Telephone switching equipment, for example, establishes a
path that connects the caller's telephone to the receiver's
telephone by making a physical connection.
• With this type of switching technique, once a connection is
established, a dedicated path exists between both ends
until the connection is terminated.
• Routing decisions must be made when the circuit is first
established, but there are no decisions made after that
time.
Circuit Switching
• Circuit switching in a network operates almost the
same way as the telephone system works.
• A complete end-to-end path must exist before
communication can take place.
• The computer initiating the data transfer must ask for
a connection to the destination.
• Once the connection has been initiated and
completed to the destination device, the destination
device must acknowledge that it is ready and willing to
carry on a transfer.
Circuit switching
Advantages:
• The communication channel (once established) is dedicated.
Disadvantages:
• Possible long wait to establish a connection, (10 seconds,
more on long- distance or international calls.) during which
no data can be transmitted.
• More expensive than any other switching techniques,
because a dedicated path is required for each connection.
• Inefficient use of the communication channel, because the
channel is not used when the connected systems are not
using it.
Circuit switching
• This is what a typical traditional telephone
network look like.
• The PSTN networks are connected through
central offices, which act as telephone
exchanges, each serving certain geographical
area.
Circuit switching
• When a person A calls a person B then the
telephone network is trying different circuits
to find as available channel.
• A connection must be established before
conversation.
• Once the channel is decided, it guarantees the
full bandwidth and remained connected for
the duration of the communication session
until users terminate their connection.
• When u are making PSTN call, you are actually
renting the lines, that’s why international
telephone call or long distance phone call was
expensive.
Message Switching
• With message switching there is no need to establish a
dedicated path between two stations.
• When a station sends a message, the destination address is
attached to the message.
• The message is then transmitted through the network, in
its entirety, from node to node.
• Each node receives the entire message, stores it in its
entirety on disk, and then transmits the message to the
next node.
• This type of network is called a store-and-forward network.
Message Switching
• A message-switching node is typically a
general-purpose computer. The device needs
sufficient secondary-storage capacity to store
the incoming messages, which could be long.
A time delay is introduced using this type of
scheme due to store- and-forward time, plus
the time required to find the next node in the
transmission path.
Message Switching
Advantages:
• Channel efficiency can be greater compared to circuit
switched systems, because more devices are sharing
the channel.
• Traffic congestion can be reduced, because messages
may be temporarily stored in route.
• Message priorities can be established due to store-
and-forward technique.
• Message broadcasting can be achieved with the use of
broadcast address appended in the message.
Message Switching
Disadvantages:
• Store-and-forward devices are expensive,
because they must have large disks to hold
potentially long messages.
Packet Switching
• Packet switching can be seen as a solution that
tries to combine the advantages of message
and circuit switching and to minimize the
disadvantages of both.
• There are two methods of packet switching:
Datagram and virtual circuit.
Packet Switching
• In both packet switching methods, a message is broken into small
parts, called packets.
• Each packet is tagged with appropriate source and destination
addresses.
• Since packets have a strictly defined maximum length, they can be
stored in main memory instead of disk, therefore access delay and
cost are minimized.
• Also the transmission speeds, between nodes, are optimized.
• With current technology, packets are generally accepted onto the
network on a first-come, first-served basis. If the network
becomes overloaded, packets are delayed or discarded
(``dropped'').
Packet switching
• In packet switching, the analog signal from your phone is converted into a
digital data stream. That series of digital bits is then divided into relatively
tiny clusters of bits, called packets. Each packet has at its beginning the
digital address -- a long number -- to which it is being sent. The system
blasts out all those tiny packets, as fast as it can, and they travel across
the nation's digital backbone systems to their destination: the telephone,
or rather the telephone system, of the person you're calling.
• • They do not necessarily travel together; they do not travel sequentially.
They don't even all travel via the same route. But eventually they arrive at
the right point -- that digital address added to the front of each string of
digital data -- and at their destination are reassembled into the correct
order, then converted to analog form, so your friend can understand what
you're saying.
Packet switching
• Packet switching networks are
connected through many
routers, each router serving
different segment of network.
Time
Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4
Code Division Multiple Access
CDMA
• In this method, one channel carries all transmission
simultaneously.
• CDMA means data communication with different codes
• There are two properties for the data transmission through
coding
1. If different codes are multiply with each other , then the ans
will be “0”
2. If codes are multiply by its self, then ans must be “4”, 4 is
number of stations (it can be 2 ,3 4, 5 and so on)
Code Division Multiple Access
CDMA
• Station 1 generates code = code 1 or C1
• Station 2 generates code = code 2 or C2
• Station 3 generates code = code 3 or C3
• Station 4 generates code = code 4 or C4
• So according to properties
(4*d1) + 0 + 0 + 0
(4*d1) /4 So now station 2 divides this with number
of station which are 4
d1
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDM
Highest Point
0 or null point
Orthogonal Means