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Topic 1 What is
Communication
?
Communication is generally
defined as the exchange of
thoughts, ideas, concepts, and
views between or among two or
more people, and various
contexts come into play.
Context is the circumstance or

environment in which communication takes
place. Such circumstance may include the
physical or actual setting, the value
positions of a speaker/listener, and the
relevance and appropriateness of a
message conveyed.
⊷ Communication can be in written form,
verbal, non-verbal, and visuals (Barrot, J. &
Sepacio, P. 2018).
“
involves texts or words encoded and
transmitted through memos, letters,
reports, on line chat, short message
service (SMS) electronic mail or e-mail,
journals and other written documents.
Topic 2 Classifications of
Communication
⊷ 1. Communication ⊷ 2. Context ⊷ 3. Purpose and
Mode Style
 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
ACCORDING TO
MODE
A message may be
conveyed via these types:
verbal – non-verbal and
visual. Though communication
is often thought of as verbal, the
non-verbal mode is equally
essential as it enhances one’s
message.
Verbal
and
Non-verbal
Communication
Effective communication calls for the
blending of these two types. One
cannot be separated from the
other. Verbal communication
involves an exchange of
information through face-to-face,
audio and/or video call or
conference, lectures, meetings,
radio, and television.
▪ Non-verbal communication
involves the use of the
following to convey or
emphasize a message or
information.
Voice – this includes tone, speech rate, pitch, pauses, and volume.
Body language – this includes facial expressions, gestures, postures,
and eye contact.
Personal space or distance – this refers to an area or space and
distance that a person from a different culture, personality, age, sex,
and status adopts and puts for another person.
Personal appearance – this refers how a person presents
himself/herself to a particular situation, whether formal or informal.
Visual communication is the type
of communication that uses
visuals to convey information
and/or messages. Some
examples are signs, symbols, Some examples of electronic
imagery, maps, graphs, charts, communication symbols or images are the
diagrams, pictograms, photos, emojis, emoticons, and animation among
drawings or illustrations, and others to convey the writer’s emotions or
even various forms of electronic clarify the intent of the message sender. These
are achieved through digital mode or text.
communications.
 Types of
Communication
according to
Context
In this sub-section, context in
communication is referred to as a
composite of people interacting with
each other. Communication may also be
classified according to context: (1)
intrapersonal; (2) interpersonal; (3)
extended; (4) organizational
communication; and (5) intercultural
communication
▪ Intrapersonal communication
means talking to oneself. Some label it as
self or inner talk, inner monologue, or
inner dialogue. Psychologists call it as
self-verbalization or self-statement.
Self-talk can be advantageous as it

can enable you to practice what you
ought to say in times when you lack the
motivation and confidence to speak.
Interpersonal communication comes from the Latin prefix inter- means
between, among and together. An interactive exchange takes place as interpersonal
communication takes place. However, as it occurs, a transaction does not necessarily take
place since it can only be a simple interaction such as greetings, getting to know a person,
or ordinary conversations that can happen between or among the interactants. However, if
the objective is to achieve something at the end of the conversation, it becomes
Transactional.
Extended
Extended
communication
involves the use of
Communication
electronic media. Unlike
before when it only called
for the use of television,
and radio, nowadays, the
description of extended
communication may be
expanded as to include
tele, audio, or phone
conferencing; video
conferencing; skype calls;
and other technological
means.
Organizational
Communication
⊷ With this type, the focus is on the
role that communication plays in
organizational contexts.
Organization comprise individuals
who work for the company.
⊷ For an organization to be successful, a

system of communication should be
put in place. A set of rules or standards
for communication protocol should be
made clear so that interaction patterns
are established.
There are two types of
Organizational structure:
Formal and Informal. Formal Structure allows
communication to take place via designated channels of
message flow between positions in the organization following
the four approaches:
1) Downward communication, 2) Upward communication,
3) Horizontal communication, and
4) Crosswise communication
Downward or Top down
communication is the type that flows
from upper to lower positions.
Upward or Bottom Up
communication is a communication in
which subordinates send
communication to their superiors.
Horizontal or Lateral Communication takes

place among people belonging to the same
level but coming from different departments
or units to facilitate performance of tasks
through proper coordination.
Crosswise Approach is diagonal in nature as
employees from different units or department working
at various levels communicate with each other.
Informal
Communicatio
n
Comes from unofficial channels of
message flow known as “grapevine”
messages coming from different
levels of organization being
transmitted.
This occurs due to the dissatisfaction of

some employees accompanied by
uncertainty, such as superiors
playing favorites and unfavorable or
unacceptable company rules and
regulations.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE AND
STYLE
⊷ Formal Communication ⊷ Informal Communication

Employs formal language delivered Does not employ formal language.
orally or in written form. Ex. Personal and ordinary
conversation with friends, family
Ex. Lectures, public talk/speeches, members, or acquaintances.
research and project proposals, The mode may be oral as in
reports, and business letters. face-to-face, ordinary or everyday
talks or phone calls or written in
case of email messages, personal
notes, letters, or text messages.

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Topic 1 What is

Context is the circumstance or

Self-talk can be advantageous as it

⊷ For an organization to be successful, a

Horizontal or Lateral Communication takes

This occurs due to the dissatisfaction of

⊷ Formal Communication ⊷ Informal Communication

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