Language and Communication

LANGUAGE AND
COMMUNICATION
THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE
What is Language?
 It is commonly defined as “a means of communication.

 The method of human communication, either spoken or written,
consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.
What is Communication?
 It is conveying or expressing one’s feelings and emotions to others, through
the use of letters or symbols. An interaction occurs when others reciprocate
the action.
 a process of passing information and understanding from one person to
another.”
 It involves at least seven elements: source, message, encoding,
communication channel, receiver, decoding and feedback.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
 The elements involved in the process of

communication are: source, message, encoding,
receiver, decoding, channel, feedback, context and
barrier. These nine elements are essential to the
successful of the process of communication.
 The source, or also called the sender, origin or starting
point of the message, the idea (letters, symbols,
PROCESS OF
gestures) being transferred.
 Message is a key idea that the sender wants to
communicate.
COMMUNICATION  Encoding happens when the ideas being thought by the
source converts to the message being conveyed to
receiver.
 The receiver is the one to whom the message is intended
to be sent.
 Decoding happens when the receiver processes the
message sent by the source.
 In between to the source and receiver, a channel is used
in order to communicate or convey message.
 The receiver then gives his/her response or feedback.
This is an indicator of the completion of the process.
The messaged conveyed or transferred could be
affected by different noise.
 The Context is the environment where communication
takes place and
 barrier are the factors that affect the flow of
communication.
Example:
 Ren thought and decided to confess his feelings to Ana. Ren wrote a letter to her,
containing his emotions. Ana received the letter, and read. She was flattered of the
way Ren felt for her, and so she responded through writing a letter.
 Source: Ren
 Encode: When Ren thought to confess
 Message: emotions in the letter
 Receiver: Ana
 Decode: Ana reads the letter
 Channel: Letter writing
 Feedback: Ana was flattered and writes back to Ren
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
 VERBAL COMMUNICATION
 occurs when we engage in speaking with others. It can be face-to-face, over the
telephone, via Skype or Zoom, etc. Some verbal engagements are informal, such
as chatting with a friend over coffee or in the office kitchen, while others are
more formal, such as a scheduled meeting.
 NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
 What we do while we speak often says more than the actual words. Non-verbal
communication includes facial expressions, posture, eye contact, hand
movements, and touch.
 WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
 Whether it is an email, a memo, a report, a Facebook post, a
Tweet, a contract, etc. All forms of written communication have
the same goal to disseminate information in a clear and concise
manner – though that objective is often not achieved.
 VISUAL COMMUNICATION
 We are a visual society. Think about it, televisions are running
24/7, Facebook is visual with memes, videos, images, etc.,
Instagram is an image-only platform, and advertisers use
imagery to sell products and ideas.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
ACCORDING TO MODE
 Modes are different ways that texts

can be presented. Image, writing,  VISUAL
layout, speech and moving images
are all examples of different modes. The visual mode refers to the images
and characters that people see. This
mode includes colour, layout, style,
size, and perspective.
Examples: signs, symbols, imagery,

maps, graphs, charts, diagrams,
photos, drawings or illustrations.
 AURAL – is focused on sound including, but not limited to music, sound
effects, ambient noises, silence, tone of voice spoken language, volume of
sound, emphasis and accent.
 GESTURAL – refers to the way movement is interpreted. Facial
expressions, hand gestures, body language and interaction between people
are all gesture modes.
 LINGUISTIC – refers to the written or spoken words. The mode includes
word choice, the delivery of written or spoken text, the organization of
words into sentences and paragraphs and the development and coherence
of words and ideas.
 SPATIAL – is about physical arrangement, organization and proximity of
the text.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO CONTEXT
 INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION – This refers to communication that

centers on one person where the speaker acts both as the sender and the receiver of
message.
Examples:
• When you make any kind of decision – what to eat or wear/What you want to do on
the weekend or when you think about another person.
 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION – This refers to communication

between and among people and establishes personal relationship between and
among them.
Examples: when you are talking to your friends, a teacher and student discussing
about assignment
TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL CONTEXT
 Dyad Communication – communication that occurs between two
people
Example:
 You offered feedback on the speech performance of your classmate.
 You provided comfort to a friend who was feeling down.
 Small Group – This refers to communication that involves at least
three but not more than twelve people engaging in a face-to-face
interaction to achieve a desired goal.
Example:
 You are participating in an organizational meeting which aims to
address the concerns of your fellow students.
 You are having a discussion with your group mates on how to finish
the assigned tasks.
 Public – This type refers to communication that requires you to
deliver or send the message before or in front of a group. The
message can be driven by informational or persuasive purposes.
Example:
 You deliver a graduation speech to your batch.
 You participate in a declamation, oratorical, or debate contest
watched by a number of people.
 Mass Communication – This refers to communication that
takes place through television, radio, newspapers, magazines,
books, billboards, internet, and other types of media.
Example:
 You are a student journalist articulating your stand on current
issues through the school’s newspaper.
 EXTENDED COMMUNICATION – invovles the use of electronic media.
Unlike before when it only called for the use of television and radio.
Example: virtual class due to covid
 ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION – define as the channels and
forms of communication that occur within organizations, such as
corporations, non-profits, and governmental bodies. It includes both
communications within an organization amd public-facing
communications.
TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
 FORMAL STRUCTURE – allows communication to take place via designated
channels of message flow between positions in the organization. This may make use of
four approaches: (1) downward communication, (2) upward communication, (3)
horizontal communication, and (4) crosswise communication.
Downward Upward Horizontal Crosswise approach-

communication- communication- communication- is is diagonal in nature
message transmission is lateral in approach as it as employees from
is the type that bottom-up in which takes place among different units or
flows from upper subordinates send people belonging to the departments working
to lower positions, communication to their same level but coming at various levels
i.e., president to a superiors/bosses bearing from different
communicate with
their views/feedback on departments or units to
manager or organizational policies, facilitate performance
each other.
supervisor' a issues related to their of tasks through proper
manager to an jobs, and the like. coordination
ordinary staff.
 INFORMAL STRUCTURE – on the other hand, comes from
unofficial channels of message flow. Also known as 'grapevine,'
messages coming from the different levels of the organization are
transmitted.
 INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION – it is the communication

between or among people having different linguistic, religious, ethic,
social, and professional backgrounds.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO
PURPOSE AND STYLE
 FORMAL COMMUNICATION – employs formal language delivered orally in
written form.
 Lectures, public talks/speeches, research and projects proposals, reports, and
business letters, among others
 INFORMAL COMMUNICATION – does not employ formal language. It

involves personal and ordinary conversation with friends, family members, or
acquaintances about anything under the sun.
 The mode maybe oral as in face-to-face, ordinary or everyday talks and phone
calls, or written as in the case of e-mail messages, personal notes, letters, or text
messages. The purpose of it simply to socialize and enhance relationships.

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Language and Communication

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LANGUAGE AND

 It is commonly defined as “a means of communication.

 The elements involved in the process of

 Modes are different ways that texts

Examples: signs, symbols, imagery,

 INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION – This refers to communication that

 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION – This refers to communication

Downward Upward Horizontal Crosswise approach-

 INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION – it is the communication

 INFORMAL COMMUNICATION – does not employ formal language. It

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