PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

COMMUNICATION PROCESS AND ITS COMPONENT

COMMUNICATION
The process of sharing meaning in any context. In
addition. Wood (2003), defined communication as a MESSAGES
systematic process in which people interact with are encoded or decoded information in a
and through symbols to create and interpret communication process.
meanings. It includes context, participants,
messages, channels, presence or absence of CHANNEL
noise, and feedback. Carries the message sent by the participants. It is a
route travelled by the message and the means of
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION transportation.
Linear models of communication are one-way,
where one person sends a message and another NOISE
recipe it like broadcasting. is anything that interferes with communication.

Transactional model is two-way, where both EXTERNAL NOISES

parties can exchange views through calls, face to are sights, sounds, and other stimuli in the
face meetings. environment that draw people’s attention away from
what is being said.
CONTEXT
Is the setting in which communication occurs. This INTERNAL NOISES
includes physical, social, historical, psychological, are thoughts and feelings that intervene with the
and cultural contexts. communication process.

PHYSICAL CONTEXT SEMANTIC NOISES

Refers to where communication takes place. are unintended meanings aroused by certain
Temperature, lighting, noise level are some factors symbols that prevent comprehension.
that affect the communication process.
FEEDBACK
SOCIAL CONTEXT Is the response to a message. This shows how the
Is the relationship that exist between and among message sent is heard, seen, and understood.
participants. We communicate with our friends, Feedback improves communication.
family, workmates, or strangers. For instance, we
communicate differently with our parents or siblings MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
at home and these changes when we talk to our Linear Model One- way
professor or classmate. communication
Transactional Model Two -way
HISTORICAL CONTEXT communication
Is the background provided by the previous
communication between participants that influences TYPES AND LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
understanding of the current encounter.
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT Encompasses encompasses any form of
communication involving words, spoken. As Lucas
Includes moods and feelings each person
(2017) puts it, our ability to communicate with a
brings to the communication. language that is based on an organized system of
words, rather than merely sounds, is what sets us
CULTURAL CONTEXT apart from lower species.
Includes beliefs, values, norms, that are shared by
a large group of people. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Includes body language, such as gestures,
PARTICIPANTS facial expressions, eye contact, and posture. The
are the people communication – the sender and sound of our voice, including pitch, tone and
the receiver.
volume are also forms of non-verbal interactions.
communication. Chronemics is the study of the use of
time in nonverbal
WRITTEN COMMUNICATION communication.
Is a formal method of communication and Oculesics is the study of eye
a written document preserved that becomes a movement or eye
contact.
permanent record for
Physical Appearance are factors like physique,
future reference. This includes sending of
height, weight, hair, skin,
messages, orders or color, gender, odors and
instructions in writing through letters, circulars, clothing send nonverbal
manuals, reports, messages during
telegrams, office memos, bulletins, etc. interaction; thus people
give importance to the
MEDIATED COMMUNICATION way they look.
Or mediated interaction refers to communication Olfactics is the study of smell
carried out by the use of which is least understood
information communication technology (ICT). of all the aspects of
communication.
INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Occurs within the person, this is sometimes FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
referred to as cognitive or personal communication
or “self-talk”. ❖ We communicate to meet needs. Just as we
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION need food, water, and shelter, communication.
Refers to communication that occurs between two ❖ accomplish our need to talk to another human
persons or more who establishes communicative being.
relationships. ❖ We communicate to enhance or maintain our
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION sense of self. Because we communicate, we
Is a level of communication wherein the message is learn.
intended to a large crowd or an audience. It could ❖ Who we are and what we can do.
be direct, face-to-face message delivery of a ❖ We communicate to fulfil social obligations. We
speaker to an audience, or it could be indirect, greet people, talk and communicate with them
using radio or television. ❖ in order to meet our social obligation.
❖ We communicate to develop relationships.
Non-Verbal Communication Through communication, we develop
A type of communication that does not make use of relationships.
words but may enhance or change the linguistic ❖ with other people. We can also deepen and
code. maintain these relationships through
communication.
NON-LINGUISTIC ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION ❖ We communicate to exchange information.
are the devices used in conveying messages Some information we get through reading,
without entirely relying on speech or language. ❖ observations, media, and through
communicating with others.
Kinesics is the study of the ❖ We communicate to influence others. We use
relationship between communication in encouraging and persuading
nonlinguistic body ❖ other towards something like motivating a friend
motions (blushes, shrugs) to study for an exam.
and communication.
Proxemics is the study of how COMMUNICATION ETHICS
people use and perceive
the physical space
around them.
Ethics are values that have been instilled in us, we
Haptics is the study of the sense have knowingly or unknowingly accepted them
of touch. Touch is also and govern our actions.
the way to communicate
with others. We all acknowledge that “a speaker who uses
Objectics are the objects affect the language that degrades or injures human
behavior of personalities by exaggeration, pseudotruths,
communicators during twisting of words and name calling is clearly acting
unethically.” (Berko, 1995). Values are the feelings not open for discussion
Ethical communicators or speakers according to within a culture about
Berko (1995): what is good or bad, beautiful or ugly, normal or
abnormal, which are
1. should speak with sincerity; present in a majority of the members of a culture.
2. not knowingly expose an audience to falsehood Heroes are real or imaginary people who serve as
or half-truths that can cause significant harm; behavior models within
3. not premeditatedly alter the truth; a culture. They are commonly expressed through
4. present the truth as she or he understands it; myths, which can be the
5. raise the listeners level of expertise by subject of novels and other forms of literature.
supplying the necessary facts;
6. employs message that is free from mental as DIMENSIONS OF CULTURE UNDER CROSS-
well as physical coercion; CULTURAL COMMUNICATION
7. not invent or fabricate information; and
8. give credit to the source of information. CONTEXT
is something that is situated in our relationships in
CULTURE communication. Everything is connected to this
background context of relationships and other
Culture is defined as a community or population personal contexts of status, influence, and personal
sufficiently large enough to be self-sustaining, that knowledge.
is large enough to produce new generations of
members without relying on outside people. High context focuses on placing a great deal of
emphasis on the total environment or context
We must take note that culture does not create where speech and interaction take place. In high
different communication, but different context, spoken words are much less important
communication creates culture. than the rest of the context.

Cultures are created through communication; Low context is when the message itself is
that is communication is the means of human everything and it is much more important to have a
interaction through which cultural characteristics, well-structured argument or a well-delivered
whether customs, roles, rules, rituals, laws or other presentation than it is. People tend to separate their
patterns – are created and shared. relationships from the messages and focus on
details and logic.
TWO TYPES OF CULTURAL COMMUNICATION.
In an office setting, low context culture emphasizes
Cross cultural communication which generally commitment to the job, adherence to plans,
compares the communication styles and patterns of concern for others' privacy, emphasis on
people from very different cultural/social structures promptness, and attention to detail. High context
such as nation-states; culture emphasizes commitment to people,
Intercultural communication which deals with flexibility in plans, relationships, and
how people from these social/cultural structures open friendliness rather than privacy.
speak to one another and what difficulties or
differences they encounter, over and above the COLLECTIVISM AND INDIVIDUALISM
different languages they speak. focuses on how people define themselves and
their relationship with others.
ETHNOCENTRISM OR ETHNOCENTRIC BIAS.
It is believing that your culture is the standard of all Collectivism refers to togetherness. To collectivist
others. culture, building and maintaining good relationship
with others is more important than accomplishing
DIMENSIONS OF CULTURE the task. Those who are collectivist suppresses
their independent activities and individual aims for
4 ELEMENTS OF CULTURE the group’s welfare.
Individualism refers to individuality. To
Symbols refer to the verbal and nonverbal individualist culture, achieving the goal and
language. finishing the task is more important than building
Rituals are socially essential collective activities relationship with others.
within the culture.
 Obliging style is giving up one’s position to satisfy
TIME another’s. Emphasizes areas of agreement than
disagreement.
Monochronic refers to the time system where
schedules are made and are strictly followed. They Avoiding style happens when people avoid the
view time as a valuable commodity and punctuality conflict entirely by failing to acknowledge its
as very important. People under this category will existence or by withdrawing from a solution when it
usually arrive at an appointment a few minutes arises.
early as a symbol of respect for the person they are
meeting. FIVE VALUE DIMENSIONS THAT VARY ACROSS
CULTURES
Polychronic people like multitasking and change
plans often and easily. Unlike the monochronic INDIVIDUALISM VERSUS COLLECTIVISM dimension
culture, they do not hold time in the describes cultures from loosely structured to tightly
same reverence, and they have a much more integrated.
relaxed attitude toward time.
In an individualist culture, the interest of the
CONFLICT individual prevails over the interest of the group.
in cultures can be distinguished according to their Ties between individuals are loose. People look
understanding of and approach to it, which involves after themselves and their immediate families. In a
real or perceived incompatibilities of processes, collectivist culture, the interest of the group
understandings, and viewpoints between people. prevails over the interest of the individual. People
are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups that
continue throughout a lifetime to protect in
Conflict as Opportunity exchange for unquestioning loyalty.
Conflict is a normal, useful process all issues are
subject to change through negotiation. Direct MASCULINITY VERSUS FEMININITY dimension
confrontation and conciliation are valued. Conflict is describes how a culture's dominant values are
the necessary renegotiation of an implied contract a assertive and nurturing.
redistribution of opportunity, release of tensions,
and renewal of relationships. Masculine cultures are labeled as someone that
strives for the
Conflict as Destructive maximal distinction between what women and men
Conflict is a destructive disturbance of peace. The are expected to do. Cultures that place high values
social system should not be adjusted to meet the on masculine traits stress assertiveness,
needs of members; rather members should adapt competition, and material success.
to establish values. Confrontations are destructive
and ineffective. Disputants should be disciplined. Feminine cultures are those that permit more
overlapping social roles for the sexes. Culture that
FIVE STYLES OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT place high values on feminine traits stress quality
of life, interpersonal relationships, and concern
Dominating style involves forcing one’s will on for the weak.
another to satisfy individual desires regardless of
negative relational consequences. POWER DISTANCE
dimension refers to the distribution of influence
Integrating style necessitates a great deal of open within the culture. It is the extent to which less
discussion about the conflict and hand to reach a powerful members of institutions and organizations
solution that completely satisfies everyone within a country expect and accept that power is
involved. distributed unequally (Hofstede, 1997; as cited in
Jandt, 2010). This dimension is believed to be
Compromising style is making a compromise learned in families at an early age.
demands that everyone must give something up to
reach a solution. UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE dimension refers to the
extent to which people in a culture feel threatened
by uncertain or unknown situations.
In these cultures, such situations are avoided by Self-concept refers to the way in which a person
maintaining strict codes of behavior and a belief in views the self.
absolute truths. Cultures with strong uncertainty Self-disclosure refers to the willingness of
avoidance are active, aggressive, emotional, individuals to openly and appropriately reveal
compulsive, security-seeking, and information about themselves to their counterparts.
intolerant. Cultures with weak uncertainty Self-monitoring refers to using social comparison
avoidance are contemplative, less aggressive, information to control and modify your self-
unemotional, relaxed, accepting of personal risks, presentation and expressive behavior.
and relatively tolerant. Social relaxation is the ability to reveal little
anxiety in communication.
TASK VERSUS SOCIAL ORIENTATION dimension
refers to the end goal of a group of people within a COMMUNICATION SKILLS.
communication setting. Intercultural communication skills require message
skills, behavioral flexibility, interaction
Task-oriented societies focus on making the team management, and social skills.
competent, through training and the use of up to-
date methods. Members are highly concerned with Message skills are the ability to understand and
individual success: advancing to more responsible use language and feedback.
jobs, better training, and so on.
Behavioral flexibility is the ability to select an
Social-oriented societies focus more on collective appropriate behavior in
concerns: cooperative problem-solving, a friendly diverse contexts.
atmosphere, and good physical working
conditions. Interaction management emphasizes a person's
other-oriented ability to
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION ETHICS AND interact.
COMPETENCE
Certain geographical locations, nations, races, Social skills are empathy and identity
and regions are important factors in talking about maintenance.
society and cultural identity.
Empathy is the ability to think the same thoughts
PREJUDICE AND RACISM and feel the same emotions as the other person.
are commonly viewed as being rooted in the Identity maintenance is the ability to maintain a
child's early socialization and fostered in counterpart's identity by communicating back an
communication with other people who are accurate understanding of that person's identity.
prejudiced or racist (Adorno et al., 1950).
PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT.
Hate speech includes threats or verbal slurs Effective communicators must be able to
directed against specific groups or physical acts acclimate to new environments. They must be able
such as burning crosses or spray-painting on public to handle the feelings of "culture shock", such as
and private property. frustration, stress, and alienation in ambiguous
situations caused by new environments.
Othering refers to the labeling and degrading of
cultures and subgroups outside of one’s own. CULTURAL AWARENESS.
Indigenous groups, women, lesbians and gay men, Individuals must understand the social customs and
and ethnic the social system of the host culture.
groups have been "othered" by other groups in Understanding how people think and behave is
language. essential for effective communication.

COMMUNICATION APPROACH TO INTERCULTURAL We must avoid the following in communication:

COMMUNICATION STEREOTYPING
refers to negative or positive judgments made
PERSONALITY STRENGTH. about individuals based on any observable or
The main personality traits that affect intercultural believed ethnic group membership.
communication are self-concept, self-disclosure, PREJUDICE
self-monitoring, and social relaxation. refers to irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular
group, race, religion, sexual orientation.