University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene: Condensed Matter Physics

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University of Sciences and Technology

Houari Boumediene

Condensed
Matter
Physics
SADDOUKI Yassamina .
L3 fundamental physics.
191932003218
THE OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Definitions
• History
• Experimental
• Appliction
• Conclusion
Introduction

1
What is condensed matter

Condensed matter is ordinary matter whose


constituents (atoms or molecules) are close
enough to their neighbors for their electronic
processions to interact permanently, unlike
gases and plasmas.

2
Condensed matter physics
• Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the
macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially
the solid and liquid phases which arise from electromagnetic forces
between atoms. More generally, the subject deals with "condensed"
phases of matter. More exotic condensed phases include the
superconducting phase exhibited by certain materials at low
temperature, the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins
on crystal lattices of atoms, and the Bose–Einstein condensate found
in ultracold atomic systems.

3
What is Bose_Einstein
condensate
a bose einstein condensate is a state of matter
of a dilute gas of bosons cooled to
temperature very close to absolute zero
under such condition , a large fraction of
bosons occupy the lowest quantum state ,at
which point microscopic quantum
phenomena particularly wave function
interference, become apparent
macroscopically

4
History of condensed matter physics
• One of the first studies of condensed states of matter was by English chemist Humphry
Davy, in the first decades of the nineteenth century. Where he that of the forty chemical
elements known at the time, twenty-six had metallic properties such as lustre, ductility and
high electrical and thermal conductivity. Davy further claimed that elements that were then
believed to be gases, such as nitrogen and hydrogen could be liquefied under the right
conditions and would then behave as metals.
• In 1823, Michael Faraday successfully liquefied chlorine and went on to liquefy all known
gaseous elements, except for nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• 1908, James Dewar and Heike Kamerlingh Onnes were successfully able to liquefy
hydrogen and then newly discovered helium, respectively.
• in 1900 Paul Drude proposed the first theoretical model for a classical electron moving.
Drude's model described properties of metals in terms of a gas of free electrons.

5
History
• In 1911, three years after helium was first liquefied, Onnes discovered superconductivity in
mercury, when he observed the electrical resistivity of mercury to vanish at temperatures
below a certain value.
• Albert Einstein, in 1922, said regarding contemporary theories of superconductivity that "with
our far-reaching ignorance of the quantum mechanics of composite systems we are very far
from being able to compose a theory out of these vague ideas,
• 1935, The mathematics of crystal structures developed by Auguste Bravais and others was
used to classify crystals by their symmetry group, and tables of crystal structures were the
basis for the series International Tables of Crystallography, first published in 1935.
• 1986
• In 1986, Karl Müller and Johannes Bednorz discovered the first [temperature superconductor],
a material which was superconducting at temperatures as high as 50 kelvins.
• In 1995, a gas of rubidium atoms cooled down to a temperature of 170 nK was used to
experimentally realize the Bose–Einstein condensate, a novel state of matter originally
predicted by S.

6
Experimental
• Experimental condensed matter physics involves the use of
experimental probes to try to discover new properties of materials.
Such probes include effects of electric and magnetic fields, measuring
response functions, transport properties and thermometry. Commonly
used experimental methods include spectroscopy, with probes such as
X-rays, infrared light and inelastic neutron scattering; study of thermal
response, such as specific heat and measuring transport via thermal
and heat conduction.

7
Applications
• the development of the semiconductor transistor,[3] laser
technology,and several phenomena studied in the context of
nanotechnology.
• In quantum computation, information is represented by quantum bits,
or qubits. The qubits may decohere quickly before useful computation
is completed.
• , several promising approaches are proposed in condensed matter
physics, including Josephson junction qubits, spintronic qubits using the
spin orientation of magnetic materials, or the topological non-Abelian
anyons from fractional quantum Hall effect states.
• Condensed matter physics also has important uses for biophysics, for
example, the experimental method of magnetic resonance imaging,
which is widely used in medical diagnosis.
8
FOR Inspiration
“Success is stumbling from failure to failure with no
loss of enthusiasm.” ― Winston S. Churchir

Thank You!
yassaminasaddouki@gmail.com

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