RESEARCH ETHICS

By group 1

03/01/2023 By group 1 1
GROUP MEMBERS
NO NAME REG NO
1 MAUCHI TIMOTHY 2018/KNS/0733/F
2 AHIMBISIBWE HILARY 2018/KNS/0717/F
3 MUHINDO HABERT 2018/KNS/0745/F
4 KAMUSIIME PATIENCE 2018/KNS/0744/F
5 AKATUKUNDA PRECIOUS 2018/KNS/1074/F
6 NAKACWA JULIAN 2018/KNS/1550/F
7 NELAGIJIMANA DINAVENCE 2019/A/KND/1960/W
8 DUSHIMIMANA VASTINE 2019/A/KND/1147/W
9 TUMUHAIRWE FLAVIA 2019/A/KND/0143/W
10 FATUMA HASSAN 2019/A/KND/1147/W
11 TUMWEKASE VENTINO 2019/A/KND/1141/W

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Research ethics
What are ethics
Are moral principles that govern a person's behaviour or the
conducting of an activity.
Personal code of conduct based on respect for one's self, others and
surroundings
Research ethics
Is the application of fundamental ethical principles to research
activities which include the design and implementation of research,
respect towards society and others, the use of resources and research
outputs, scientific misconduct and the regulation of research
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Ethical considerations
Ethical considerations in research are a set of principles that guide
your research designs and practices.
Scientists and researchers must always adhere to a certain code of
conduct when collecting data from people.
These considerations work to
Protect the rights of research participants
Enhance research validity
Maintain scientific integrity

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Content
1.Why do research ethics matter and what are general ethical principles ?
2.Getting ethical approval for your study
3.Types of ethical issues
Voluntary participation
Informed consent
Anonymity
Confidentiality
Potential for harm
Results communication
4.Examples of ethical failures in historical practise
5 .Take home questions
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Why do research ethics matter?
For scientific integrity, human rights and dignity, and collaboration
between science and society.
These principles make sure that participation in studies is voluntary,
informed, and safe for research subjects.
Defying research ethics will also lower the credibility of your research
because it’s hard for others to trust your data if your methods are
morally questionable.
Even if a research idea is valuable to society, it doesn’t justify
violating the human rights or dignity of your study participants

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Getting ethical approval for your study
Before you start any study involving data collection with people,
you’ll submit your research proposal to an institutional review board
(IRB).
An IRB is a committee that checks whether your research aims and
research design are ethically acceptable and follow your institution’s
code of conduct.
To get IRB approval, it’s important to explicitly note how you’ll tackle
each of the ethical issues that may arise in your study.

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General principles of ethics
All research involving human participants should be conducted in
accordance with fundamental ethical principles:
Beneficence - good health and welfare of the subjects and treating all
subjects equally,
The principle of beneficence obliges researchers not to inflict
unnecessary harm and, where possible, to promote the good of
research participants

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General principles of ethics contd..
Autonomy - autonomy(freedom to decide right to refuse)
Choices of autonomous people, that is, people who can responsibly
make their own decisions, are given serious consideration.
People lacking autonomy, such as young children or adults with
advanced dementia, are entitled to protection.
Social justice - The ethical obligation to distribute the benefits and
burdens of research fairly.
Researchers must neither exploit the vulnerable, nor exclude without
good reason those who stand to benefit from study participation.

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General principles of ethics contd..
Fidelity -Respect, integrity, Professional relationship with others
professional
The principle of respect for communities means that researchers have an
obligation to respect communal values, protect and empower
communities, and, where applicable, abide by the decisions of legitimate
communal authorities
Nonmaleficence - intentional action that cause harm should be
avoided
Confidentiality - private information
Veracity- Tell the truth, qualification, education, training
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Types of ethical issues
There are several ethical issues you should always pay attention to in
your research design, and these issues can overlap with each other.
You’ll usually outline ways you’ll deal with each issue in your
research proposal if you plan to collect data from participants

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Ethical issue Definition
Voluntary participation Your participants are free to opt in or out of the study
at any point in time.

Informed consent Participants know the purpose, benefits, risks, and

Anonymity You don’t know the identities of the participants.

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Ethical issue Definition
Confidentiality You know who the participants are but you keep that
information hidden from everyone else. You
anonymize personally identifiable data so that it can’t
be linked to other data by anyone else.

Potential for harm Physical, social, psychological and all other types of
harm are kept to an absolute minimum.

Results communication You ensure your work is free of plagiarism or research

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Some definitions
Anonymity
Anonymity means that you don’t know who the participants are and
you can’t link any individual participant to their data.
You can only guarantee anonymity by not collecting any personally
identifying information—for example, names, phone numbers, email
addresses, IP addresses, physical characteristics, photos, and videos.

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Data pseudonymization
Is an alternative method where you replace identifying information about
participants with pseudonymous, or fake, identifiers. The data can still be linked
to participants but it’s harder to do so because you separate personal
information from the study data.

For example
Each participant is given a random three-digit number. You separate their
personally identifying information from their survey data and include the
participant numbers in both files.
The survey data can only be linked to personally identifying data via the
participant numbers
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Psychological harm: Sensitive questions or tasks may
trigger negative emotions such as shame or anxiety.
Social harm: Participation can involve social risks, public
embarrassment, or stigma.
Physical harm: Pain or injury can result from the study
procedures.
Legal harm: Reporting sensitive data could lead to legal
risks or a breach of privacy.

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 Plagiarism
Submitting others’ works as your own. Although it can be
unintentional, copying someone else’s work without proper
credit amounts to stealing. It’s an ethical problem in research
communication because you may benefit by harming other
researchers.

Self-plagiarism
Is when you republish or re-submit parts of your own papers
or reports without properly citing your original work.
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Research misconduct
Means making up or falsifying data, manipulating data analyses, or
misrepresenting results in research reports. It’s a form of academic fraud.
Research misconduct is a serious ethical issue because it can undermine
scientific integrity and institutional credibility.
It leads to a waste of funding and resources that could have been used for
alternative research
It involves
Data cooking
Data trimming
Describing results of experiments that were never performed
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Some example of ethical failures in history
Example 1.
Nazi doctors and researchers performed painful and horrific
experiments on thousands of imprisoned people in concentration
camps from 1942 to 1945.
These experiments were inhumane and resulted in trauma,
permanent disabilities, or death in many cases.
The participation of prisoners was always forced, as consent was
never sought. Participants often belonged to marginalized
communities, including Jewish people, disabled people, and Roma
people.
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Example 2.
The Tuskegee syphilis study was an American public health study that
violated research ethics throughout its 40-year run from 1932 to 1972.
In this study, 600 young black men were deceived into participating
with a promise of free healthcare that was never fulfilled.
In reality, the actual goal was to study the effects of the disease
when left untreated, and the researchers never informed participants
about their diagnoses or the research aims.
Although participants experienced severe health problems, including
blindness and other complications, the researchers only pretended to
provide medical care.
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Take home questions
What are ethical considerations in research?
Why do research ethics matter?
What’s the difference between anonymity and confidentiality?
What is research misconduct?

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References
University of Stirling, Understanding ethics retrieved from
https://www.stir.ac.uk/research/research-ethics-and-integrity/understandi
ng-ethics/
Pritha Bhandari, ( 2021) A guide to ethical considerations in research,
Retrieved from

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/research-ethics/#:~:text=considera
tions%20in%20research%3F-,Ethical%20considerations%20in%20research%
20are%20a%20set%20of%20principles%20that,for%20harm%2C%20and%2
0results%20communication
.

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Weijer C, Emanuel EJ (2000) Protecting communities in biomedical
 THANK YOU
ANY QUESTIONS
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