RESEARCH ETHICS, PLAGIARISM AND

FRAUD

Dr. Arief Ramadhan, S.Kom., M.Si.

[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Curriculum Vitae
 Bachelor in Computer Science : S.Kom., Institut Pertanian Bogor (2005)
 Master in Computer Science : M.Si., Institut Pertanian Bogor (2010)
 Doctor in Computer Science : Dr., Universitas Indonesia (2013)
 National Books : 24
 International Books : 3
 International Papers : 29
 National Papers : 8
 Intellectual Property Right : 1
 Academic Indexes
 SCOPUS H-Index : 5
 Research Gate Score : 12.19
 Google Scholar H-Index : 12
 Google Scholar i10-Index : 17
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Ethics
 norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable
and unacceptable behavior (Resnik 2020).
 Another way of defining 'ethics' focuses on the
disciplines that study standards of conduct, such as
philosophy, theology, law, psychology, or sociology. For
example, a "medical ethicist“
 One may also define ethics as a method, procedure, or
perspective for deciding how to act and for analyzing
complex problems and issues. For instance, in
considering a complex issue like global warming
Ethics
 Basically, the ethics regulates human behavior in
doing something, whether someone doing the right
thing or wrong thing.
 In determining whether someone doing is true or
not, ethic is more concerned to the acceptability by
his social environment.
 In this sense, ethics are social centric. An individual
can not properly claim that his action is right
ethically, unless their social environment consider it
correct.
Principles of research ethics
 At the core, these ethical principles stress the need
to
 (a) do good (known as beneficence) and
 (b) do no harm (known as non-malfeasance).
re a so n s wh y to a d h e re to e th ica l
n o rm s in re se a rch is im p o rta n t
 First, promote the aims of research  prohibitions against
fabricating, falsifying, or misrepresenting research data
promote the truth and minimize error.

 Second, promote the values that are essential to

collaborative work, such as trust, accountability, mutual
respect, and fairness.  authorship, copyright , patent, data
sharing policies, and confidentiality rules in peer review,
re a so n s wh y to a d h e re to e th ica l
n o rm s in re se a rch is im p o rta n t
 To ensure that researchers can be held accountable
to the public  federal policies on research
misconduct, conflicts of interest, the human subjects
protections, and animal care and use
 to build public support for research  fund
 promote a variety of other important moral and
social values  social responsibility, human rights,
animal welfare, compliance with the law, and public
health and safety.
Ethical Principles
 Honesty
 Honestly report data, results,
methods and procedures, and
publication status.
 Do not fabricate, falsify, or
misrepresent data.
 Do not deceive colleagues,
research sponsors, or the public.
Research Misconducts
 (a) Fabrication - making up data or results and recording or
reporting them.

 (b) Falsification - manipulating research materials, or changing or

omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately
represented in the research record.

 (c) Plagiarism - the appropriation of another person's ideas,

processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit.

 (d) Research misconduct does not include honest error or differences

of opinion.
Ethical Principles
 Objectivity
 Avoid bias in experimental design, data
analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
personnel decisions, grant writing, expert
testimony, and other aspects of research where
objectivity is expected or required.
 Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception.
 Disclose personal or financial interests that may
affect research.
Ethical Principles
 Integrity
 Keep your promises and agreements;
act with sincerity; strive for consistency
of thought and action.
 Carefulness
 Avoid careless errors and negligence;
carefully and critically examine your
own work and the work of your peers.
 Keep good records of research
activities, such as data collection,
research design, and correspondence
with agencies or journals.
Ethical Principles
 Openness
 Share data, results, ideas,
tools, resources. Be open to
criticism and new ideas.
 Transparency
 Disclose methods, materials,
assumptions, analyses, and
other information needed to
evaluate your research.
Ethical Principles
 Accountability
 Take responsibility for your part in
research and be prepared to give an
account (i.e. an explanation or
justification) of what you did on a
research project and why.
 Intellectual Property
 Honor patents, copyrights, and other
forms of intellectual property. Do not
use unpublished data, methods, or
results without permission. Give
proper acknowledgement or credit
for all contributions to research.
Never plagiarize.
Ethical Principles
 Confidentiality
 Protect confidential
communications, such as papers or
grants submitted for publication,
personnel records, trade or military
secrets, and patient records.
 Responsible Publication
 Publish in order to advance
research and scholarship, not to
advance just your own career.
Avoid wasteful and duplicative
publication.
Ethical Principles
 Responsible Mentoring
 Help to educate, mentor, and
advise students. Promote their
welfare and allow them to make
their own decisions.
 Respect for Colleagues
 Respect your colleagues and treat
them fairly.
 Social Responsibility
 promote social good and prevent
or mitigate social harms through
research, public education, and
advocacy.
Ethical Principles
 Non-Discrimination
 Avoid discrimination against colleagues
or students on the basis of sex, race,
ethnicity, or other factors not related to
scientific competence and integrity.
 Competence
 Maintain and improve your own
professional competence and expertise
through lifelong education and learning;
take steps to promote competence in
science as a whole.
 Legality
 Know and obey relevant laws and
institutional and governmental policies.
Ethical Principles
 Animal Care
 Show proper respect and care for animals when using
them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly
designed animal experiments.
 Human Subjects protection
 When conducting research on human subjects, minimize
harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human
dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take special
precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to
distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly.
Five main concerns in relation to
participants
 Obtain informed consent from potential research
participants;
 Minimise the risk of harm to participants;
 Protect their anonymity and confidentiality;
 Avoid using deceptive practices; and
 Give participants the right to withdraw from your
research.
Obtaining informed consent
 participants should understand that
 (a) they are taking part in research and
 (b) what the research requires of them.

 information may include

 the purpose of the research,
 the methods being used,

 the possible outcomes of the research, as well as

 associated demands, discomforts, inconveniences and

risks that the participants may face.
Obtaining informed consent
Obtaining informed consent
 Tell participants who is conducting study

 Why was subject singled out for participation?

e.g. random sample
e.g. recently given birth to 1st child etc.

 What is the time commitment?

e.g. 45 minutes to complete the survey

 Any benefits for the participant to be expected?

Realistically, there are often few direct benefits.

 Any potential risks, and how have these been managed?

 Information like the following should be participated to participants:
“Some people may experience negative emotions when discussing parental
alcoholism. If you would like to discuss these with someone, please feel free
to call the study director at the number below.”
Obtaining informed consent
 Explain the study and offer to answer questions

 Participation is always voluntary.

 Provide participants with copy of informed consent form

(if relevant).

 Confidentiality
(Anonymity, on the other hand, means that no one,
including the researcher, will know the subject’s
identity).
Minimising the risk of harm
 there must be strong justifications for this. Such scenarios will also
require
 (a) additional planning to illustrate how participant harm (or discomfort) will
be reduced,
 (b) informed consent, and
 (c) detailed debriefing.
 There are a number of types of harm that participants can be
subjected to. These include:
 Physical harm to participants.
 Psychological distress and discomfort.
 Social disadvantage.
 Harm to participants? financial status.
 An invasion of participants? privacy and anonymity.
Protecting anonymity and confidentiality

 information of a private or sensitive nature

 the storage of data, its analysis, or during the
publication process (i.e., when submitting your
dissertation to be marked)
 An alternative is to remove identifiers (e.g.,
vernacular terms, names, geographical cues, etc.) or
provide proxies when writing up.
Avoiding deceptive practices
 Deception is sometimes a necessary component of covert
research, which can be justified in some cases.
 Covert research reflects research where
 (a) the identity of the observer and/or
 (b) the purpose of the research is not known to participants.
 Cases where you may choose to engage in covert research
may include instances where:
 It is not feasible to let everyone in a particular research setting know
what you are doing.
 Overt observation or knowledge of the purpose of the research may
alter the particular phenomenon that is being studied.
Providing the right to withdraw
 research participants should always have the right
to withdraw from the research process
 participants should have the right to withdraw at
any stage in the research process
 When a participant chooses to withdraw from the
research process, they should not be pressured or
coerced in any way to try and stop them from
withdrawing.
Example
 Extrapolate from the 45 completed results to
produce the 5 additional results.
 Discovered a mathematical error
 Collaborate with the researchers.
Standards
Computer Ethics
 Any research activity that touches on right and wrong, good
or bad, or moral or immoral in relation to computing.
 Topics of computer ethics
 Privacy
 Security
 Intellectual property.
 Freedom of speech
 Issues related to the interplay between technology and humans as
well as between technology and society  identity theft, way we
conceptualize humans and how modern technologies affect our
individual, the construction of gender, way we protect ourselves
against crime, what constitutes a good life
 Professionalism
Padlet
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Menti
 www.menti.com
 Kode 91472730
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 The Plagiarism Resource Center at the University of
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Avoid Salami-Slicing

Sources : https://www.enago.com/academy/salami-slicing-in-research-publications/
Avoid Salami-Slicing
 Salami slicing  The ‘slicing’ of research that would
form one meaningful paper into several different
papers (ELSEVIER 2019).

 As a general rule, as long as the ‘slices’ of a broken

up study share the same hypotheses, population, and
methods, this is not acceptable practice. The same
‘slice’ should never be published more than once
(ELSEVIER 2019).
Misrepresentation
 Paper tidak secara tepat melaporkan hasil penelitian
 Misrepresentasi adalah penipuan: membuat pernyataannya
yang salah (berlebihan dalam melaporkan hasil penelitian).
 Peneliti yakin dengan hasilnya padahal merupakan hasil awal
atau terbatas
 Kesalahan pada dokumen online dapat diperbaiki segera
 Tulis versi & waktu revisinya (paper aslinya tetap tersedia).
 Adanya kemungkinan misrepresentasi
 Data harus tetap tersedia dalam 5 tahun (sejak waktu publikasi)
 Harus bisa diakses oleh peneliti lain
Authorship
 Paper kepunyaan siapa?
 Semua yang ikut dalam penelitian harus diberi kesempatan
untuk dimasukkan sebagai penulis (harus dengan izin).
 Paper hasil penelitian selama pendidikan adalah
milik mahasiswa & pembimbingnya
 Pembimbingharus memastikan kualitas & orisinalitas pekerjaan
mahasiswa
 Urutan nama sesuai dengan kontribusinya
Confidentiality & Conflict of Interest
 Peneliti harus menghormati privasi peneliti
lainnya
 Mis. Menggunakan komputer yang sama
 Me-review paper/proposal penelitian
 Hindari hal yang tidak objektif (paper dari ex-
mahasiswa, pembimbing, teman, dll).
 Paper yang di-review adalah confidential
 Tidak boleh disebarkan
 Tidak boleh digunakan untuk penelitian pribadi
Acknowledgments
• Your chance to thank:
– People who have helped you, e.g., technical help, English
revision
– Funding organizations
– Affiliation to projects and programs
– Reviewers and editors (especially in the revised manuscript)

• Do
– Ask permission from those who will be acknowledged with
their names mentioned.
– State clearly why they are acknowledged.
– Include the grant number or reference
References
 Resnik D. B. 2020. What Is Ethics in Research & Why Is It Important?
https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/index.cfm
 ORI. n.d. Definition of Research Misconduct. https://ori.hhs.gov/definition-research-misconduct
 City University of Hong Kong. 2012. What is Research Ethics?
https://libguides.library.cityu.edu.hk/researchmethods/ethics
 Lund Research Ltd. 2012. Principles of research ethics. https://dissertation.laerd.com/principles-of-research-
ethics.php
 Stahl B. C., Eden ., Jirotka M., and Coeckelbergh M. 2014. From computer ethics to responsible research and
innovation in ICT The transition of reference discourses informing ethics-related research in information systems.
Information & Management, 51, pp. 810–818
 Turnitin. 2015. WHITE PAPER The Plagiarism Spectrum
 Turnitin. 2021. The Plagiarism Spectrum 2.0
 Prof. Zainal A. Hasibuan, Plagiarism and Ethical Issues, Research Methods for Master of Computer Science slides
 Wisnu Jatmiko, Plagiarism and Ethical Issues, Faculty of Computer Science
 Dr Ruth Green, Research Ethics: A guide to principles and procedures, University Ethics Sub-Committee
(https://www.staffs.ac.uk/images/researchethicsadinov05_tcm68-21512.ppt)
 Brendan Rapple, Ethical Issues in Research, Research Methods and Data College of Advancing Studies
(https://www2.bc.edu/~rappleb/ethicsinresearch.ppt)
 Prof. Achmad Nizar Hidayanto, Plagiarism and Ethical Issues, Research methodology slides
 ELSEVIER. 2019. FACTSHEET: Salami Slicing.
https://www.elsevier.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/653888/Salami-Slicing-factsheet-March-2019.pdf
Question

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