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Region

• Region as a geographical unit - A region can be construed as a


place, as a physical environment.
• Region as a social system - A region can be construed as a
conglomerate of people occupying a particular space and
possessing unique dynamics of interaction.
• Region as organized cooperation - A region can be construed as a
group of nations who agree to take part and form a formal
organization.
• Region as civil society - A region can be construed as a network of
cultural and social linkages among countries who voluntarily take
part in a cooperation among nations.
• Region as an acting subject - A region can be construed as a group
of nations concerned about peace, welfare, and prosperity of its
people.
ASIAN REGIONALISM

There are many regions in the world where


regionalism can be observed. Asia is among
these regions where regional cooperation’s
are emergent and becoming more influential.
Hernandez (1996) mentioned specific trends which probably
necessitate regional cooperation in the Asia Pacific regions

 Security challenges
 ecological breakdown
 demands for human resources
 labor migration
 international terrorism
 epidemics
 drug trafficking
The Asian Region
Asia is the largest and most populated continent in the
world.
Geographically, it is separated from the European
continent by the Urals
The Asian Region
Asia is the largest and most populated continent in the
world.
Geographically, it is separated from Africa by the Suez
Canal
The Asian Region
Asia is the largest and most populated continent in the
world.
Geographically, it is separated from the North America by
the Bering Strait
The Asian Region
It is comprised of distinct regions such as Central Asia, East Asia,
South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East.
The Asian Region
• Asia has been the cradle of several ancient
civilizations
• home of influential cultural, philosophical, and
religious movements

• In the contemporary world, Asia has become an


economic force characterized by reduced poverty
and fast pace economic development (Asian
Development Bank, 2008).
Dynamics of Asian Regionalism

“Asia learned the hard way in 1998 that the


absence of regional cooperation can cost an
economic misfortune.”
some factors which are influential in the
growing integration at that time:

• Enhanced dialogue between citizens of


various nations
• Expanding intraregional trade and
investments
• Increased connectivity
According to Kuroda Asian integration is
beneficial for the Asian region because of the
following reasons:

• Members can integrate based on their


capacity vis-a-vis the available Opportunities.
• It opens up for collaboration and merging of
smaller groups.
• It is responsive to business and open markets.
However, there are also challenges (ADB, 2008,
p. 17)
• The need to establish compatible product
standards . The need to establish guidelines
that buffer financial contagion and ensure
compatible financial regulations
• The need to coordinate macroeconomic
policies
• The need to manage cross-border
environmental and social policies (e.g., fair
treatment of migrant workers)
Asian Cooperation
THE ASEAN INTEGRATION
Association of Southeast Asia (ASA)
Philippines, Thailand, and the Republic of
Malaya
Malaysia, Philippines, and Indonesia,
MAPHILINDO
Malaysia, Philippines, and Indonesia,
1963, another confederation was formed,
convened by then President DiosdadoMacapagal
THE ASEAN INTEGRATION
Four years after, representatives from Indonesia
and Singapore, with those from three ASA
member states, engaged in informal
discussions ina coastal resort in Bang Saen,
where they formulated the idea of a
Southeast Asian cooperation. Thus, in August
8, 1967, these foreign ministers sat down in
Bangkok, Thailand and signed the ASEAN
Declaration.
the Founding Fathers of ASEAN
• Adam Malik (Indonesia)
• Narciso R. Ramos (Philippines)
• Tun Abdul Razak (Malaysia)
• S. Rajaratnam (Singapore)
• ThanatKhoman (Thailand)
Why need cooperation?
• First, the cooperation will repel new colonial powers
from stepping in after old colonizers withdrew.
• Second, it is strategic to work with neighbors, with
shared interest and identity, than with allies from
distant lands (e.g., SEATO).
• Third, harnessing the strengths of member states will
provide an advantage in dealing with bigger powers in
potential conflicts. Most importantly, cooperation and
integration enable achievement of goals which could
be not accomplished alone.
S. Rajaratnam (1992) profoundly describe what
sets ASEAN apart from its Asian counterparts.
He said:

To compare ASEAN with the so-called Little


Dragons of Asia is to compare unrelated
political species. The Little Dragons are lone
wolves hunting separately. They lack collective
strength or awareness.
• The Little Dragons of Asia he was referring
here were the economies of Hong Kong,
Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan,
Principles of ASEAN formerly Bangkok
Declaration
• Existence of shared problems and interests
• Need for unity and cooperation
• Shared aspirations and ideals (“peace,
progress, and prosperity”)
• Shared responsibility for “economic and social
responsibility”
• Presence of foreign bases as temporary and
with “concurrence from countries concerned”
The ASEAN +3 Cooperation
• In 1997, a summit was held in Malaysia among
member states of the ASEAN and three other
countries—China, Japan, and South Korea—as a
necessary dialogue due to the financial turmoil
at that time (Yang Yi, 2017). This led to a
formalized cooperation—ASEAN +3—through a
joint statement issues in 1999 during the 3rd
ASEAN +3 summit held in Manila. In nutshell,
the commitments in this cooperation focus on
issues on energy, transport, and technology.

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