MIDTERM

REVIEW QUESTIONS
What is this a picture of?
A. plate tectonics
B. continental drift
C. pangea
D. glacier scaring
This is a picture of glacier scars found in Africa.  
What are these evidence for?
A. Africa has always been near the equator
B. Africa was once in an area of the Earth that had a very cold
climate
C. The continents have not moved
D. sea floor spreading
What does the theory of continental drift state?
A. The continents were once joined in a super-continent and have moved
over time
B. Continents are stationary and do not move
C. The Earth is broken into lithospheric plates that move due to
convection currents
D. none of the above
What evidence did Wegener use in his theory?
A. Continents and fossils fitting together/matching-up like puzzle pieces 
B. glacier scars and other climate evidence from temperature
C. mountain ranges and rocks line up across continents
D. all of the above
Why did no one believe Wegener's theory?
A. He could not explain HOW the continents moved
B. He didn't have enough evidence
C. His evidence  was wrong
D. He didn't use the right technology to gather data
Mesosaurus fossils are found between where?
A. India
B. Africa and South America
C. Antarctica
D. Australia
Glossopteris fossils are found between where?
A. India
B. I really don't know 😭😂
C. Antarctica
D. All of them
The similarities between the Appalachian mountains and
the Scottish highlands provides evidence for which
process?
A. fossilization
B. climate change
C. continental drift
D.  glacial retreat
Which statement does NOT summarize one of the lines of evidence
used by Alfred Wegener to support his theory of continental drift?
A. Glacial deposits indicate a different climatic condition.
B. Similar fossils are found on widely separated continents.
C. Similar geologic formations occur on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
D. Bands of rock are older the farther their position from a mid-ocean
ridge.
Originally, the Hypothesis of Continental Drift was not well received by
other scientists. Why?
A. There was a competing theory at the time which was more believable.
B. There was no data showing the continents ever moved.
C. The scientists didn't know the force responsible for the moving
continents.
D. The scientist presenting the data was unreliable.
The three animals, mesosaurus, lystrasaurus, and
cynognathus represent what type of evidence that the
continents actually moved?
A. zoological evidence
B. glacial evidence
C. evidence of climate change
D. fossil evidence
Look at this image. Which explanation best summarizes the hypothesis shown
in the figure?
A. The present continents will gradually move to
form a single landmass called Pangaea.
B. The continents were once a large landmass name
Pangaea, which broke apart and gradually drifted
to the present-day locations of the continents.
C. The continents were once a large landmass, but
the north and south magnetic poles pulled the
continents apart toward the poles
D. The continents were once a large landmass, but
the ocean levels rose, and these oceans separate
today's continents.
There are long mountain belts that divide the sea floor and generate new
sea floor as magma rises and erupts onto Earth's surface. What are
these mountain belts known as?
A. magnetic poles
B. mid-ocean ridges
C. ocean trenches
D. subduction zones
 ___________ is the process by which one tectonic plate is
pulled beneath another plate.
A. subduction
B. ridge push
C. mid-ocean ridge
D. convection
__________ is the process by which new oceanic lithosphere (sea floor)
forms as magma rises to Earth’s surface and solidifies at a mid-ocean
ridge.
A. Continental drift
B. Sea-floor spreading
C. Plate tectonics
D. Mid-ocean range
Which of the following statements provided early evidence
supporting the hypothesis of continental drift?
A. interlocking shapes of present-day coastlines
B. mid-ocean ridges generating new sea floor
C. matching magnetic patterns on the sea floor
D. dating of rocks showing increase in age as distance form mid-ocean ridge
increases
In the Atlantic ocean, where is the youngest seafloor located?

A. Towards the edges, near the eastern and

western continents
B. Towards the middle of the ocean
C. Towards the north and south poles
D. Young seafloor is located randomly
throughout the ocean
 How do scientists figure out the age of the
seafloor?

A. They research it from ancient sea maps that trading vessels would use in the 1700s
B. They use the moon phases and eclipses to calculate the age
C. They use seismographs and the depth as well as location of earthquakes to calculate
the age
D. They take drill ships to many locations in the oceans and collect, then date, rock
samples. 
The youngest rocks on the ocean floor are located ____.
A. near continents
B. at mid-ocean ridges
C. far from mid-ocean ridges
D. near Asia
What is one piece of evidence of seafloor spreading?
A. age of the rocks
B. old rock pushes new rock to the side
C. scientist can use sonar
D. subduction
The crust and upper mantle make up Earth's ____.
A. asthenosphere
B. lithosphere
C. core
D. continents
Seafloor spreading occurs because ____.
A. new material is being added to the asthenosphere
B. earthquakes break apart the ocean floor
C. sediments accumulate at the area of spreading
D. molten material beneath Earth's crust rises to the surface
What is the theory that states that parts of the
Earth's crust slowly drift atop a liquid core.
A. Theory of Evolution
B. Heliocentric Theory
C. Geocentric Theory
D. Continental Drift Theory
A vast, underwater mountain chain is called a(n)
_________.
A. ocean ridge
B. oceanic crust
C. deep-sea trench
D. ocean floor sediment
In sea-floor spreading, molten material rises from the mantle
and erupts
A. in deep-ocean trenches
B. along the edges of all the continents
C. along mid-ocean ridges
D. at the north and south plate
The scientist credited with sea-floor spreading is _________
A. Alfred Wegener, a German scientist
B. Harry Hess, an American geologist
C. J.Tuzo Wilson, a Canadian scientist
D. Kenn Bulaso, a Filipino educator
The OLDEST seafloor is located? 
A. Closest to the mid-ocean ridge
B. Farthest from the mid-ocean ridge
What are Mid-Ocean Ridges?
A. A chain of underwater waterfalls 
B. A chain of underwater volcanos
C. A chain of underwater mountains
D. A chain of underwater rocks
What 3 kinds of evidence were used to prove that the seafloor
spread?
A. Rock formations, age of rocks, WWII shipwrecks
B. Age of rocks, magnetic seafloor stripes, WWII ship logs
C. Rock formations, magnetic seafloor stripes, age of rocks
Massive pieces of land that are part of the Earth's crust
and upper mantle
A. Tectonic plates
B. Trenches
C. Divergent boundary
D. Continental shelves
The deepest part of the ocean; long, narrow ditches
A. Tectonic plates
B. Trenches
C. Divergent boundary
D. Continental shelves
___________ help explain why Earth is not getting any
larger even though the tectonic plates are always moving.
A. earthquakes
B. subduction zones
C. fossils
D. volcanoes
What happens when Subduction occurs?
A. Parts of the crust fall into the mantle
B. Parts of the crust fall into the core
C. Parts of the crust fall into space
D. None of these
What process takes place at the trenches? 
A. divergent boundaries
B. subduction
C. new crust is formed
D. mountain ranges
The oceanic crust is pushed aside on both sides of the 
A. Continent's edge
B. Deep-ocean trench
C. Mid-ocean ridge
What kind of plate boundary causes sea floor spreading
like the one causing the Atlantic Ocean to widen?
A. convergent boundary
B. divergent boundary
C. transform or shear boundary
What kind of plate boundary results to the formation of
most volcanoes?
A. convergent boundary
B. divergent boundary
C. transform or shear boundary
Look at this image, which shows changes at mid-ocean
ridges. The highlighted section shows how one location of
the sea floor moves over time. Which process is
demonstrated in this image?
A. Continental drift
B. earthquakes
C. plate collisions
D. sea-floor spreading
The theory of plate tectonics combine which two other
theories?
A. sea floor spreading and continental drift
B. continental drift and fossil theory
C. sea floor spreading and tidal theory
D. continental drift and Big Bang theory
A tectonic plate boundary where two plates collide, come together, or
crash into each other
A. transform
B. divergent
C. convergent
D. strike-slip
What kind of plate boundary results to the formation of a
mountain range like the Himalayas and the Appalachian
mountains?
A. divergent boundary
B. transform or shear boundary
C. convergent boundary
Boundary between tectonic plates in which the two plates
move away from each other, and new crust is created
between them
A. transform
B. divergent
C. convergent
D. strike-slip
Boundary between two plates that are
sliding past each other
A. transform
B. divergent
C. convergent
D. strike-slip
An area where magma from deep within the mantle melts
through the crust above it
A. mountain chain
B. rift
C. subduction zone
D. hot spot
The theory that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in constant motion,
driven by convection currents in the mantle
A. buoyancy
B. continental drift
C. plate tectonics
D. Alfred Wegener
The portion of the earth's crust that primarily contains
granite, is less dense than oceanic crust, and is 20-50 km
thick
A. mantle
B. continental crust
C. oceanic crust
D. asthenosphere
Observe this diagram of a plate
boundary. One statement BEST
describes what is happening. It is
that____

A. the oceanic crust is melting.

B. volcanic islands are forming.
C. the denser oceanic crust is subducting under the less dense oceanic
crust
D. the tectonic plates are moving away from each other.
What happens when mountain ranges are formed?
A. converging two continental crust
B. converging two oceanic crust
C. diverging two continental crust
D. diverging two oceanic crust
A teacher asks students to make a model of a transform plate boundary. The
students use blocks to represent tectonic plates and slide the blocks past each
other in the direction of the arrows as shown. Which event can the students best
demonstrate with their model?

A. An earthquake
B. A volcanic eruption
C. Formation of a rift valley
D. Building up of a mountain
The San Andreas fault is a transform fault. The map below
shows a student's approximation of where the fault line crosses
through the United States. Students were asked to make maps
predicting which may land most likely move over thousands of
year. Which map best predicts the likely movement of land
along the fault line over thousands of years?
A mid-ocean ridge separates the Pacific and
the Nazca plate off the western coast of
South America. Which statement best
describes the relative motions of the Pacific
and Nazca plates?

A. The Pacific and Nazca plates are both moving to the east.
B. The Pacific and Nazca plates are both moving to the west.
C. The Pacific plate is moving to the west, and the Nazca plate is moving to the east.
D. The Pacific plate is moving to the east, and the Nazca plate moving to the west.
The model below shows two continental plates. The folded mountains in
this model form at which type of plate boundary?
A. Transform boundary
B. Divergent boundary
C. Subduction boundary
D. Convergent boundary
The Himalayan mountains are shown on the
map below. Four student were asked to
identify the geologic process that caused this
mountain range to form. Their responses are
shown below. Which student correctly
identified the geologic process that formed
the Himalayan mountains?
A. Student 1
B. Student 2
C. Student 3
D. Student 4
The thick black lines on the map below show the locations of mid-ocean
ridges. Which geologic feature is most likely to form at a mid-ocean
ridge?
A. Peninsula
B. Volcano
C. Delta
D. Plateau
Rift valleys can form when fractures in Earth’s crust widen. The valley walls
slowly move at a rate of only a few millimeters a year. Which of these best
describes the type of tectonic activity that forms rift valleys?
A. Rift valleys form where a continental plate moves under an oceanic plate.
B. Rift valleys form where a plate slides horizontally past another plate.
C. Rift valleys form where two plates move away from each other.
D. Rift valleys form where an oceanic plate moves under another oceanic plate.
The map below illustrates some of the
major tectonic plates found on Earth.
The Aleutian Islands in Japan are
volcanic islands that have an arc-type
appearance. What type of tectonic
boundary would create this type of
landform?
The Mariana Islands form a volcanic island arc. A student assumes that
one tectonic plate is sliding below another in the area. Which of these
findings best supports this conclusion?
A. A deep ocean trench is found along the edge of the arc.
B. A transform fault lies between each of the islands.
C. The oceanic crust along the island arc is longer than the volcanic islands.
D. The fossils in one plate correspond to the fossils found in the other plate.
What happens when two of Earth's Plates move side by side?
A. A volcano is formed.
B. An earthquake occurs.
C. An ocean is created.
D. A mountain is formed.
What happens when two of Earth's plates move away from each other?
A. A volcano is formed.
B. A mountain is formed.
C. An earthquake occurs.
D. A crater is formed.
Which of the following can change by the movement of Earth's plates.
A. The temperature of the Earth.
B. The shape of the land.
C. The amount of water on the Earth.
D. The size of the Earth.
The movement of the tectonic plates is caused by
A. the rotation of the Earth.
B. convection currents in the Asthenosphere
C. the gravity of the iron-nickel core.
D. the Moho discontinuity.
In some areas of the world, like California and Japan, earthquakes are a
common occurrence. How can this best be explained?
A. The strong ocean currents are undermining both areas causing earthquakes.
B. Both areas are located near the edge of the Pacific Ocean, the unstable sand
causes earthquakes.
C. Both areas are subjected to strong ocean wind and waves that causes
earthquakes.
D. Both areas are on the boundary of active plates, the motion of the plates
causes earthquakes.
Observe this diagram of a plate boundary. One
statement BEST describes what is happening. It is
that

A. the oceanic crust is melting.

B. the denser oceanic crust is subducting under the less dense
oceanic crust
C. volcanic islands are forming.
D. the tectonic plates are moving away from each other.
The map in the picture shows tectonic plate boundaries. This
map would be useful in predicting the location of future
A. droughts
B. hurricanes
C. earthquakes
D. tornadoes
What geological forces might be responsible for this range
of mountains?
A. diverging tectonic plates
B. erosion of the land by the ocean
C. converging tectonic plates
D. deposition of sediments by the ocean
Earthquake epicenters (center of where the earthquakes started)
were mapped for a 35 year period in the diagram above. The black
dots indicate these epicenters. The black dots appear along what
feature on Earth?
A. hot spots
B. plate boundaries
C. rift zones
D. sea floor spreading
Where are earthquakes MOST LIKELY to occur?
A. close to the equator
B. close to the center of tectonic plates
C. at divergent or convergent plate boundaries
D. at transform plate boundaries
The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was caused by a shift in two plates
that pushed one section of the sea floor under another section of the
sea floor by 5 meters. What type of boundary is this?
A. divergent
B. convergent
C. transform
D. metamorphic
What is the source of energy that drives plate movement?

A. the subduction of the sea floor

B. the different densities of the oceanic and
crustal plates
C. convection currents in the asthenosphere
D. the friction force between the plates that
move past each other
Convergent Plate Movement can create
A. Rifts
B. Mountains
C. Ocean Ridges
D. Radiation
The area around the pacific plate where boundaries form is
called...
A. death ring
B. fire zone
C. ring of fire
D. zone of fire
Associated with transform boundaries.
A. Volcanoes
B. mountains
C. trenches
D. earthquakes
What is a sudden and violent shaking of the ground that
sometimes causes great destruction due to movements
within the earth's crust or volcanic action?
A. Volcanic
B. Earthquake
C. Collapse
D. Explosion
What is the point directly above the focus on the surface?
A. Epicenter
B. Hypocenter
C. Fault line
D. Magnitude
What is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves that move
through and around the earth?
A. Astronomy
B. Seismology
C. Geology
D. Meteorology
What kind of plate tectonic boundary where plates slip each
other or known as strike-slip?
A. Convergent boundary
B. Divergent boundary
C. Boundary zone
D. Transform fault boundary
What place where an earthquake originates?
A. epicenter
B. fault
C. hypocenter
D. surface
The epicenter of an earthquake is
A. The point below the surface where rock begins to break and
the first motion occurs
B. The seismic station closest to the earthquake
C. The place where the greatest damage occurs
D. The point on the surface directly above the focus
Which of the following is NOT a cause of an earthquake?
A. Collapse of Cavern
B. Eruption of Volcano
C. Lightning Strikes
D. Moving Tectonic Plates
Are breaks in rocks or fractures along which movement
takes place
A. earthquake
B. magma
C. fault
D. plate tectonic
Are bends in rock layers resulting from the horizontal compression
of rock layers by internal forces of the earth along plate boundaries.
A. faults
B. folds
C. plate tectonic
D. compression
_______________ is the movement of the Earth’s plates result in great
force that squeeze or pull the rock in the crust
A. stress
B. folds
C. faults
D. core
Monoclines is a fault?

A. yes

B. no
What does MAGNITUDE mean?
A. depth of earthquake
B. size of earthquake
C. where the earthquake occurred
D. power released in earthquake
Depth of earthquake means...
A. how far into the earth it occurs
B. how big the earthquake was
C. how much power was released by the earthquake
D. where the earthquake occurred on the surface
What can families do to reduce the impact of earthquakes on
themselves and their communities
A. Publish information in their communities
B. Call Police
C. Know emergency telephone numbers and teach young children
D. Safer buildings
Which seismogram represents a city
that is far from the epicenter of an
earthquake?
A. New York, NY
B. Nome, Alaska
C. Guadalajara, Mexico
Which wave is the most destructive and travels on the
surface?
A. Secondary Wave
B. Primary Wave
C. Surface Wave
S-waves can move through which of the following?
A. Gas
B. Liquid
C. Solid
D. All of these
Which wave can travel through all materials?
A. P - primary
B. S - secondary
C. L - Long
What is the measure of the amount of energy released in an
earthquake?
A. Intensity
B. Epicenter
C. Magnitude
D. Seismogram
Choose whether the picture shows the
right or wrong thing to do DURING
an earthquake.
Choose whether the picture shows the
right or wrong thing to do DURING
an earthquake.
Choose whether the picture shows the
right or wrong thing to do DURING
an earthquake.
Choose whether the picture shows the
right or wrong thing to do AFTER an
earthquake.
Choose whether the picture shows the
right or wrong thing to do DURING
an earthquake.
Choose whether the picture shows the
right or wrong thing to do BEFORE
an volcanic eruption.
Choose whether the picture shows the
right or wrong thing to do BEFORE
an volcanic eruption.
Choose whether the picture shows the
right or wrong thing to do BEFORE
an volcanic eruption.
______ is an opening in the Earth’s crust where lava, molten rocks,
and gaseous materials are forced out through its opening
A. Earthquake
B. Volcanic eruption
C. Volcano
D. Dormant
It is the largest tube through which magma travels to the
surface.
A. magma chamber
B. central vent
C. side vent
D. crater
What is an active volcano?
A. has experienced some activity within the last 10,000
years
B. has not erupted in the last 10,000 years but may erupt
again in the future
C. has not expected to erupt in the future and has no
record of activity
D. has not erupted at all
How can you describe an explosive/violent eruption?
A. It can last for several hours to days, ejecting large amounts of pyroclastic
materials.
B. The eruption is mild and a gentle flow of lava follows.
C. It does not show signs of activity.
D. It currently erupted and then have entered a long period of inactivity.
A volcano that has not erupted in the last 10,000 years but
may erupt again in the future is
A. Active
B. Dormant
C. Extinct
D. Explosive
Which type of wave arrives first during an earthquake?
A. Primary (p-wave) waves
B. Secondary (s-wave) waves
C. Rayleigh Waves
D. Love Waves
Main type of seismic waves that can only travel through
the surface of the Earth.
A. seismic waves
B. surface waves
C. body waves
D. primary waves
Which body wave is pictured?
A. P-Wave
B. S-Wave
C. Rayleigh Wave
D. Love Wave
Rank the seismic waves in order of
appearance when an earthquake first
occurs as measured by a seismograph.

A. S waves, P waves, then surface waves

B. P waves, S waves, then surface waves
C. S and P waves at the same time, then surface waves
D. Surface waves, then S and P waves at the same time
Which surface wave is pictured?
A. P-Wave
B. S-Wave
C. Rayleigh Wave
D. Love Wave
How are the two types of waves different from each other?

A. Within the earth, P waves can travel through solids and liquids,

whereas S waves can only travel through solids.

B. Within the earth, S waves can travel through solids and liquids,

whereas P waves can only travel through solids.

The diagram shows an example of a geologic feature that is common in
western Texas. The arrows show the direction of tectonic force. Which of
the following is a type of fault that you would expect to find in this type
of geologic setting?
A. normal
B. reverse
C. transform
D. strike-slip
Which of the following can form as a result of tension caused by
tectonic plate movement?
A. a syncline
B. an anticline
C. a folded mountain
D. a fault-block mountain
What is the relationship between magma and lava?
A. Magma is lava that has cooled to form solid rock.
B. Lava is magma that has cooled to form solid rock.
C. Magma is lava that has reached Earth’s surface.
D. Lava is magma that has reached Earth’s surface.
Which type of stress causes deformation that leads to earthquakes at
convergent plate boundaries?
A. tension
B. rebound
C. shear stress
D. compression
Why do most earthquakes take place at tectonic
plate boundaries?

A. The rock in the interior of a tectonic plate is stronger, so it does not deform.
B. Earthquakes take place where the motion of tectonic plates transfers energy to rock.
C. Earthquakes can only occur at places where magma can reach the surface and transfer energy to
rocks.
D. Earthquakes take place when one plate moves over another plate, which happens only at plate
boundaries.
What does the movement of tectonics plates cause?
A. Stress on rocks.
B. Deposition of sediments
C. Erosion of rocks
D. All of the above.
What occurs during folding?
A. Rocks change color.
B. Rocks form and create a landslide.
C. Rock layers combine to create a mountain.
D. Rock layer bend under stress.
What happens in reverse faults?
A. The hanging wall move upward relative to the footwall.
B. The hanging wall moves downward relative to the footwall..
C. The fault causes a reaction having magma rises up and create a
mountain.
D. The blocks move sideways relative to each other.
How do Folded Mountains form?
A. Tension breaks the lithosphere into pieces causing some to fall relative to others. .
B. Magma erupts from the crust.
C. Magma under the crust pushes the layers upward.
D. Compression causes layers to be squeezed and pushed upward.
The cat is standing on the...
A. foot wall
B. hanging wall
C. left
D. weirdest elevator ever
END OF PRESENTATION