THE SAMPLE

AND
SAMPLING PROCEDURES

Dr. KANUPRIYA CHATURVEDI

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 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

1. describe the sampling procedure and the
sample;
2. differentiate sampling procedures;
3. perform sampling technique;
4. compute the size of the sample; and
5. decide and discuss the sampling
technique to be used in your study.
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 Activity 1

Determine the quantitative research

design illustrated in each situation.

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A researcher wants to know the perceptions
of teachers on the newly implemented
mathematics intervention program.

Answer:
Descriptive Research Design

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A researcher uses a pretest and posttest to
know if a program intervention is effective.

Answer:

Pre-Experimental Research Design

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A Gender and Development advocate is
trying to determine the relationship between
work-life balance and job satisfaction.

Answer:

Correlational Research Design

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 SAMPLE

POPULATION

SAMPLING

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 What is a SAMPLE?

A sample is a subset of people, items, or

events from a larger population that you
collect and analyze to make inferences. To
represent the population well, a sample
should be randomly collected and
adequately large.

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 What is POPULATION?
Population refers to the total number of
people, objects, or things under study. It is the
totality of individuals that possesses some
observable characteristics also known as
variables. The population can be finite or
infinite. It is a finite population when the
universe from which the numbers of a population
are to be taken can be determined or counted
immediately. It is an infinite population when the
universe from which the numbers of a population
are to be taken cannot be determined or counted
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immediately.
 What is SAMPLING?

Sampling may be defined as measuring

a small portion of something and then
making a general statement about the whole
thing. It is the method of getting the sample
size of a study. It produces samples.

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 SAMPLING…….

STUDY POPULATION

SAMPLE

TARGET POPULATION

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 Why Sampling?

Purpose of Sampling:

• Save Time
• Save Money
• Collect Richer and Accurate Data

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When might you sample entire
population?

• When your population is very small

• When you have extensive resources
• When you don’t expect a very high
response

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 2 General Types of Sampling

1. Probability sampling means that a sample

is taken as a proportion from the population,
every individual in the population has an equal
chance to be included in the sample.

2. Nonprobability Sampling takes place when

the sample is not a proportion of the population.

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 Types of Probability Sampling

1. Pure Random Sampling - is one in which

everyone in the population of the inquiry

has an equal chance of being selected to

be included in the sample (McCombes, S.
n.d).

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 Example of Pure Random Sampling
Suppose there are 200 persons in the
population and 20 percent is the population to
be chosen. Hence, 20 percent of 200 is 40. The
names of all the 200 persons are written each
on a piece of paper. The pieces of paper will
then be placed in a container. 40 pieces of the
papers will be drawn by chance. Those whose
names are drawn are included in the sample.

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2. Systematic Sampling a technique of
sampling in which every nth name in a list may
be selected to be included in a sample.
Example: Selecting every 10th name from
the telephone directory (an 'every 10th'
sample, also referred to as 'sampling with a
skip of 10').

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3. Statified Sampling-The process of
selecting randomly, samples from the
different strata (groups) of the population
used in the study. Used when the population
of the inquiry has class stratifications or
groupings. It is obtained by taking samples
from each stratum or group of
population.

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 Example of Stratified Sampling
Suppose the students of a college are
respondents in a study. The students are
stratified according to the courses they are
taking, their gender, and the curricular years they
are in. The sample of 20% is taken from every
stratum based on course, gender, and curricular
year.
For instance, there are 50 male students in the
first year taking education. The sample is 20% of
50 is 10. There are 380 female students in the
second year taking up marketing. The sample 20is
20% of 380 is 76%.
4. Cluster Sampling - is usually used when the
population is unknown or the researcher cannot
complete the total list of the members of the
population he wishes to study but he can only
complete the list of groups or clusters of the
population.

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 Example of Cluster Sampling

In a survey of nurse- applicants in

various employment agencies, the researcher
selects several agencies at random and
conducts an interview of very 10th nurse
applicants in the agencies.

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 Types of Non-Probability Sampling

1. Accidental Sampling - A method of

selecting the subjects who happen to be
available at that time or volunteered
themselves to be the subjects of the study.
Example:
An interviewer stands in a street corner and
interviews everyone who passes by.

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2. Quota Sampling - In this method, a
specified number of persons of certain types
are included in the sample.
Example:
Suppose the reactions of the people
towards a certain issue is to be determined.
It might be decided that ten doctors, eight
lawyers, 15 businessmen, 20 vendors, and
25 farmers constitute the sample.
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3. Convenience Sampling - It is the process
of picking out people in the most convenient
and fastest way to immediately get their
reactions to a certain hot and controversial
issue.
Example: In an instance that there is a hot
and controversial issue about the raising of the
price of gasoline, the most convenient and
fastest way of reaching people is by social
media to get their opinion.
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4. Purposive Sampling - means choosing
the sample with a specific purpose or
objective in mind. Thus, you must decide the
criteria for choosing your samples. It
determines the target population, those to
be involved in the study. In this technique,
the respondents are chosen based on
their knowledge of the information desired.

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 Example of Purposive Sampling

If research is to be conducted on the

history of a place, the old people of the
place must be consulted.

If methods and techniques of teaching are

the subjects of an inquiry, teachers are the
ones to be contacted.

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5. Snowball sampling

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• Differentiate population and sample.
• What is sampling?
• What are the 2 general types of
Sampling ?
• What are the different types of probability
sampling? How each type differ from each
other.
• What are the different types of non-
probability sampling? Give the difference
between them. 29
Activity 2: What sampling method will you use?
1. Determining the causes of undernourished 5-year old
children in Quezon Province.
Ans: Cluster Sampling
2. Acceptability of pan de mais in a supermarket.
Ans: Convenience Sampling
3. Investigating nutritional status of preschool children in
Poblacion, Burdeos, Quezon.
Ans: Pure Random Sampling
4. The effect of modular learning to the academic achievement
of SHS students in BNHS.
Ans: Pure Random Sampling
5. Covid-19 pandemic: it's impact to the lives of tricycle drivers
in Burdeos, Quezon.
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Ans: Purposive Sampling
Steps in Computing the Sample Size
1. Determine the size of the study population.
This is easily determined by the scope and
delimitation of the study.
2. Decide on the margin of error. As much as
possible the margin of error should be not
higher than 5%.
3. Use the Slovin’s formula,

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4. If the sampling is clustered, or if the
population is stratified, compute the sample
proportion (percent) by dividing the result in
No. 3 by the population.
5. Multiply the number of sampling units in each
final sampling stratum by the rate (percent) to
find the sample from each final sampling
stratum.
6. Add the samples from all the final sampling
strata to find the total sample. 32
 Example
A study of the teaching of science in the high
schools of the division will be conducted, and
science teachers will be the respondents.
There are 245 teachers of biology, 245
teachers of chemistry, and 123 teachers of
physics. There is a total of 613 respondents.
Step 1: Determine the size of the population.
The population is 613 (N)
Step 2: Decide on the margin of error.
The margin of error to be used is 5% (e2)
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Step 3: Use the Slovin’s formula
N
n  2
1  Ne
613
n  2
1  613 (. 05 )
613
n 
1  613 (. 0025 )
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 613
n 
1  1 . 5325
613
n 
2 . 5325
n  242 . 05
n  242
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 IF the researcher will use stratified
sampling,the process will involve:
Step 4. The teachers are grouped into three
categories according to the branch of
science they are teaching, so we use
stratified sampling.
Step 5: Get the sample proportion or the
percentage per group using the formula:
Sample proportion/ percentage (%)= n
% = 242 = 0.39 or 39% N
613
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Step 6:
Subject No. of Teachers % Sample

Biology 245 39 96

Chemistry 245 39 96

Physics 123 39 48

TOTAL 613 240

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 Activity 3: Do Your Math
Compute for the sample size:
1. Suppose that you have a group of 1,000
government employees and you want to
survey them to find out which tools are best
suited to their jobs. You decide that you will
use a margin of error of 0.05.
2. Suppose that there are 2243 English teachers,
1403 Filipino teachers, 992 Science teachers in
a school to be included in a study, what will be
the sample size at 3% margin of error.
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Writing the Sampling Technique in Your
Research Paper
In writing the sampling technique, you need to
specify how do you select your samples. You need
to reason for the benefits and limitations of your
selected sampling design. You need also to include
the strength of the sample design or its
practicality.
Always consider the practicality and
plausibility of your sampling design. You may also
consider these questions: - Who are the samples
of your study? - Why choose these samples? -
How many? - How will you select them? 39
 A. Situation Population Margin Sample
(N) of error Size (n)
(e)

1) Suppose that you have a group of

2568 government employees and you
want to survey them to find out which
tools are best suited to their jobs. You
decide that you are happy with a margin
of error of 0.07
.
2) Calculate the necessary survey size for

a population of 240, allowing for a 4%

1.) A margin of error. company distributes leaflets of its products in
newly established
a mall. They do that by standing at the entrance of the mall and
giving out pamphlets randomly.
2.) Every nth name in a list may be selected to be included in a sample.
3.) It takes place when the sample is not a proportion of the population.
4.) Researcher B already completed his target sample of 50
cheerleaders for his research.
5.) Everyone in the population of the inquiry has an equal chance of being
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selected.
Divina V. Aman
Teacher

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