Unit - 6, AEC

OSCILLATORS
 Concept of feedback
 Classification of Oscillators
 Condition for Oscillations( Barkhausen Criterion)
 RC phase shift Oscillator
 Colpitts Oscillator
 Hartley Oscillator
 Crystal Oscillator (Quartz Crystal Oscillator)
 The process of injecting a fraction of output
energy of some device back to the input is known
as feed back.
Types of feedback are

Positive feedback
Negative feedback.
 When the feedback energy (voltage or current) is in
phase with the input signal and thus it aids it, it is
called positive feedback.
 Increases the gain of the amplifier.
 It has the disadvantage of increased distortion and
instability.
 It is not employed in amplifiers.
 Application of positive feedback is in oscillators.
When the feedback energy (V or I) is out of phase with
the input signal and thus opposes it, it is called
negative feedback.
Advantages of negative feedback are
 Reduction in distortion
 Stability in gain.
 Increased bandwidth.
 Improved input and output impedances.
 It is employed in amplifiers.
Barkhausen criterion
for
Oscillations
 The essential conditions for maintaining oscillations are
 |AB| ≥ 1 i.e., the magnitude of loop gain must be unity.
 The total phase shift around the closed loop is zero or
360o .
Commonly Used transistor oscillators are,
◦ Phase Shift oscillator
◦ Hartley Oscillator
◦ Colpitts Oscillator
◦ Crystal Oscillator
◦ Tuned Collector Oscillator
◦ Wein Bridge Oscillator
Advantages:
This circuit is very simple and cheap as it comprises resistors
and capacitors.
The output of this circuit is sinusoidal and is distortion free.
The phase shift oscillator circuit is simpler than the Wein
bridge oscillator circuit because it does not need negative

feedback and the stabilization arrangements.
They are particularly apt for low frequencies, say of the order
of 1 Hz, so these frequencies can be easily gained by using R

and C of large values.
Disadvantages:
The output is small and It is due to smaller feedback.
The frequency stability is poor
It is difficult for the circuit to start oscillations as the feedback
is usually small.
It needs high voltage (12 V) battery so as to develop a
sufficiently large feedback voltage.
Applications:
Phase-shift oscillator is used for generating signals over a wide
frequency range from a few Hz to 20000 Hz

 The Hartley oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit in
which the oscillation frequency is determined by a tuned
circuit consisting of capacitors and inductors.
 When the DC supply (Vcc) is given to the circuit, the collector
current starts raising and begins with the charging of the
capacitor C. Once capacitor C is fully charged, it starts
discharging through L1 and L2 and again starts charging.
 This back-and-fourth voltage waveform is a sine wave.
 The sine wave generated by the tank circuit is coupled to the
base of the transistor through the capacitor.
 The transistor provides amplification along with inversion to
amplify and correct the signal generated by the tank circuit.
 Thus Oscillations are Produced
Advantages of the Hartley oscillator:
The frequency may be adjusted using a single variable capacitor.
The output amplitude remains constant when tuned over the
frequency range.
The feedback ratio of L to L remains constant.
1 2
Either a tapped coil or two fixed inductors are needed, and very few
other components.
Disadvantages of Hartley Oscillators:

The output is rich in harmonic content and therefore not suitable
where a pure sine wave is required.
Applications:
It is used as local oscillator in Radio and TV receivers.
In the function generators.
 The Colpitts oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit in
which the oscillation frequency is determined by a tuned
circuit consisting of capacitors and inductors.
 Colpitts oscillator resembles the Hartley Oscillator.
 The major difference between these two oscillators is that it
uses tapped capacitance, whereas the Hartley oscillator uses
tapped inductance.
 When the DC supply (Vcc) is given to the circuit, the collector
current starts raising and the capacitors C1 and C2 starts
charging and after the capacitors get fully charged, the
capacitors starts discharging through the inductor L in the
circuit causing damped harmonic oscillations in the tank
circuit.
 While these capacitors get fully discharged, the electrostatic
energy stored in the capacitors get transferred in the form of
magnetic flux to the inductor and thus inductor gets charged.
 When the inductor starts discharging, the capacitors start
charging again and this process of energy charging and
discharging capacitors and inductor continues causing the
generation of oscillations.
 Advantages:
 Good wave purity
 Fine performer at high frequency
 Good stability at high frequency
 Wide operation range 1 to 60 MHz
 Disadvantages:
 Poor isolation (Load impedance v.s. frequency)
 Hard to design
 Applications:
 Used for generation of sinusoidal output signals with very
high frequencies.
 It is used for the development of mobile and radio
communications.
 This oscillator is preferred in situations where it is intended to
withstand high and low temperatures frequently.
 It is frequently used for the applications in which very wide
range of frequencies are involved.
 What is a Quartz Crystal?
 A quartz crystal exhibits a very important property known as
the piezoelectric effect.
 When a mechanical pressure is applied across the faces of the
crystal, a voltage which is proportional to mechanical pressure
appears across the crystal.
 That voltage causes distortion in the crystal.
 Distorted amount will be proportional
to the applied voltage and also an
alternate voltage applied to a crystal
makes it to vibrate at its natural
frequency.
 A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit which is
uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of
piezoelectric material.
 It is a Colpitts Oscillator modified to act as Crystal Oscillator.
 The only Change is the addition of the Crystal (Y) in the
feedback network.
 The Crystal will act as a parallel-tuned circuit.
Advantages:
Crystal Oscillator have a high order of Frequency Stability.
The Quality factor of Crystal is very High
Disadvantages:
They are Fragile and consequently can only be used in low
power circuits.
The frequency of oscillations cannot be changed appreciably.
Applications:
Crystal oscillator can be used as the different types of sensors
such as temperature sensor.
Used in the regenerative radio receivers.
Used in navigation and space tracking purpose.
Question bank
1. Explain feed back

2. Explain positive feed back & Advantages
3. Explain negative feed back & Advantages
4. Explain Effects of negative feedback (or)
Advantages of negative feed back
5.Explain Barkhausen Criteria
6. Explain operation of BJT RC phase shift oscillator
7.Explain operation of Colpitts oscillator
8. Explain operation of Hartley oscillator
9.Explain operation of Crystal oscillator

Unit - 6, AEC

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit - 6, AEC

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit - 6, AEC

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

OSCILLATORS

Types of feedback are

The phase shift oscillator circuit is simpler than the Wein

bridge oscillator circuit because it does not need negative

of 1 Hz, so these frequencies can be easily gained by using R

The frequency stability is poor

It is difficult for the circuit to start oscillations as the feedback

sufficiently large feedback voltage.

frequency range from a few Hz to 20000 Hz

Disadvantages of Hartley Oscillators:

1. Explain feed back

You might also like