Oscillator
Oscillator
Oscillator
3
Oscillators
Oscillators are circuits that generate periodic
signals
An oscillator converts DC power from the power
supply into AC signal power spontaneously -
without the need for an AC input source
Square wave
Sawtooth wave
Types of oscillators
1. RC oscillators
Wien Bridge
Phase-Shift
2. LC oscillators
Hartley
Colpitts
Crystal
3. Unijunction / relaxation oscillators
Linear Oscillators
8
Basic Linear Oscillator
+ V
Vs A(f) Vo
+
Vf SelectiveNetwork
(f)
| A | 1 (Barkhausen Criterion)
A 0
9
Basic principles for oscillation
In general A and are functions of frequency and
thus may be written as;
Vo A s
Af s s
Vs 1 A s β s
A s β s is known as loop gain
Basic principles for oscillation
Writing T s A s β s the loop gain becomes;
A s
Af s
1 T s
Replacing s with j
A jω
A f jω
1 T jω
and T jω A jω β jω
Basic principles for oscillation
At a specific frequency f0
A jω0 β jω0 1
This is known as Barkhausen criterion.
The frequency of oscillation is solely determined by
the phase characteristic of the feedback loop – the
loop oscillates at the frequency for which the phase
is zero.
Practical Design Considerations
Usually, oscillators are designed so that the loop gain
magnitude is slightly higher than unity at the desired frequency
of oscillation
This is done because if we designed for unity loop gain
magnitude a slight reduction in gain would result in oscillations
that die to zero
The drawback is that the oscillation will be slightly distorted (the
higher gain results in oscillation that grows up to the point that
will be clipped)
RC Oscillators
RC feedback oscillators are generally limited to
frequencies of 1 MHz or less.
BJT
FET
Crystal Oscillator
Since, in series resonance, crystal impedance is the smallest that
causes the crystal provides the largest positive feedback.
Resistors R1, R2, and RE provide a voltage-divider stabilized dc bias
circuit. Capacitor CE provides ac bypass of the emitter resistor, RE
to avoid degeneration.
The RFC coil provides dc collector load and also prevents any ac
signal from entering the dc supply.
The coupling capacitor CC has negligible reactance at circuit
operating frequency but blocks any dc flow between collector and
base.
The oscillation frequency equals the series-resonance frequency of
the crystal and is given by: 1
fo
2 LCC
problems
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problems
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