NOUN

A noun is a part of speech which deals

with what we are talking about in the
sentence. This is also the doer of the
action. Moreover, noun names
something like persons, places, things,
concepts or ideas, quality, property or
condition, measure ment, actions and
quantity
EXAMPLE........

• Person Ronan Kirby P. Soriano

• Places province, Atimonan, Quezon
• Things window, bag, book
• Concepts charity, chastity
• Quality beauty, honor, clarity
• Property roughness, ductility
• Measurement day, score, meter
• Actions Eating, travelling, reading
• Quantity Dozen, group, triad
 NOUN can be classified into two groups:

COMMON NOUN refers to a general name of a

person, place, things, and the like. This
classification of nouns is introduced using small
letters

PROPER NOUN refers to a particular or specific

person, place, things, and the like. This
classification of nouns begins with a capital
letter.
 Furthermore, from the general classifications,
nouns can still be subdivided into different special
classes or groups:
CONCRETE NOUNS are nouns that name things which can be
perceived or tangible using five senses
ABSTRACT NOUNS refer to the ideas or concepts that cannot
be perceived or intangible using our senses
COLLECTIVE NOUNS refer to names of group of things,
animals and people

MASS NOUNS refer to things or ideas that cannot be pluralized

unless an idea on quantity is used in the statement

COMPOUND NOUNS refer to a group of words (two or more)

that provides new idea.
 PROPERTIES OF NOUNS

1. PERSON

2. NUMBER

3. GENDER

4. CASE
 NUMBER
Number answers the question "How many"? It could be singular
or plural.

a. If a noun refers to only one or a single person, thing, place,

etc., then the noun is singular

school country bridge airplane

b. If a noun refers to two or more persons, things, places, etc., then the noun is
plural in number. To show that it is in plural form, it normally ends in -s or -es.
There are different ways in forming the plural form of nouns. The
general ways and rules in forming them are as follows:

Normally, nouns can be formes from singular to plural by just

adding -s or -es.

SINGULAR PLURAL
bag bags
school schools
car cars
Nouns that end in -s, -sh, -ch, -x, or -z form the plural form by
adding -es.

SINGULAR PLURAL
class classes
trash trashes
church churches
box boxes
buzz buzzes
However, there are cases that nouns which ends in -x are
formed plural form by adding -en.

e.g ox (singular) oxen (plural)

Nouns that end with an -o and preceded by a vowel form the plural by adding -s.

SINGULAR PLURAL
taboo taboos
rodeo rodeos
patio patios

However, some nouns which end with -o but preceded by a

consonant form the plural by adding -s while -es for some

SINGULAR PLURAL
tomato tomatoes
zero zeroes
mango mangoes
Nouns which end with -y and preceded by a connsonant from
the plural by changing the -y to an -i, then, add -es.
SINGULAR PLURAL
baby babies
society societies
city cities

On the other hand, nouns which end with -y but preceded by a

vowel form the plural by just adding -s.

SINGULAR PLURAL
key keys
boy boys
valley valleys
Most of the nouns that end in -f or -fe from plural by changing -f
or -fe into -v, then, add -es.
SINGULAR PLURAL
calf calves
wife wives
thief thieves

Some nouns form their plural form by just changing the spelling,
either the vowels or the consonants.

SINGULAR PLURAL
goose geese
man men
mouse mice
Some nouns have their same forms in singular and plural

SINGULAR PLURAL
deer deer
sheep sheep
information information
Compound nouns form their plurals by adding -s to the principal
word of the compound word.

SINGULAR PLURAL
daughter-in-law daughters-in-law
editor-in-chief editor-in-chief
school paper school papers

However, there are cases that insome compound nouns, all

parts of the compound word are pluralized.

SINGULAR PLURAL

manservant menservants
In the cases of proper nouns, they form their plurals by adding -
s or -es.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Soriano Sorianos
Calcetas Calcetas
Martinez Martinezes

Titles of persons are also pluralized. One should just have to

be familiar with plural form.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Miss (Ms.) Misses
Mister (Mr.) Messrs.
No plural (sometimes:
Mrs.
Mesdames
Madam Mesdames
Words adapted from foreign languages like Latin are usually
pluraized following the word's origin's rule.
SINGULAR PLURAL
alumna (feminine) alumnae
alumnus (masculine) alumni
datum data
criterion criteria
Numbers, letters, signs and symbols can be pluralized by
adding (') or -s

SINGULAR PLURAL
10 10's
A A's
 GENDER

GENDER refers to the sex of a noun. A noun could be a feminine

(female), masculine (male), neuter (no gender), or common (uncertain).

FEMININE gender refers to th nouns that are female in nature.

MASCULIN gender refers to a noun that are male in nature.

NEUTER is used when the noun has no gender at all like

different objects, etc.

COMMON is used when gender of noun is yet unknown or the

speaker is uncertain on the gender of the person or animals.
 CASE

CASE is the property of noun that shows

how it is related to other words in a
sentence. There are three cases of nouns,
namely: nominative, objective and
possessive.
 NOMINATIVE

A noun is in nominative case if it functions as the subject

or predicate noun (or predicate nominative) in a
sentence. Moreover, one could easily recognize it for it is
the doer of the action in a sentence.

e.g. The department secretary visited Quezonian

Educational College, Inc. in Atimonan, Quezon

e.g. The department secretary is a doctor.

 OBJECTIVE

A noun is in objective case if it functions as the

direct object or the object of the preposition/verb
in a sentence. Moreover, one could easily
recognize it for it is the person or thing which is
actedupon the action.

e.g.
The department secretary visited Quezonian
Educational College, Inc. in Atimonan, Quezon.
 POSSESSIVE

A noun is in possessive case if it shows the state

of possession. It is usually formed by adding
apostrophe ('s) and -s.

e.g.
Quezonian Educational College, Inc. (QECI's)
graduates are competitive enough in terms of
the use of the English language.
 POSSESSIVE

Possessive Nouns are those nouns that show

possession.
Possessive Nouns are used to show ownership.

A noun is possessive only when a phrase can be

modified to say that an idea or commodity
belongs to something or someone.
 POSSESSIVE

RULE 1:
In singular nouns (person, place things or idea),
we add apostrophe and "s" after the noun.

e.g.
Ron's car is in the garage.
 POSSESSIVE

RULE 2:
In singular nouns ending with 's', we add
apostrophe and "s" after the noun.

e.g.
Tejas's notebook is lying on the table.

Jonas's wife is a doctor.

 POSSESSIVE

RULE 3:
In singular nouns ending with 's' followed by a
word starting with 's', we just add an apostrophe
to the noun. This is to avoid a hissing sound.

e.g.
Tejas' school is in Atimonan, Quezon.
 POSSESSIVE

RULE 4:
In plural nouns (ending with 's')we add apostrophe
after 's'.

e.g.
Students' report cards are ready.

Girls’ dance classes have been postponed.

 POSSESSIVE

RULE 5:
In irregular plural nouns, we add apostrophe and
's' to show possession.

e.g.
Children's clothes are expensive.

People’s mindset needs to be changed.

 ENDINGS OF NOUNS
The common endings of nouns showing that the nouns are the doers of the action

1. –er teacher, singer, driver, waiter, traveler

2. –ee employee, trainee, committee, tutee,

interviewee

3. –or tutor, operator, director

4. –st guitarist, chemist, receptionist

 ENDINGS OF NOUNS
If the nouns describe or show an action, state or condition, the following endings are
usually observed

1. –ence consequence, adherence, reference

2. –dom wisdom, freedom, kingdom, seldom

3. –ance fragrance

4. –ity flexibility
PRONOUN

A pronoun is a part of speech which

replaces or takes the part of a noun. It
is used to avoid repetitions of nouns in
a sentence or in a paragraph. Thus, it
makes the context readable and
beautiful
 The following show the commonly used pronouns
I my mine me we our ours
us you your yours he his him
she her hers it its they their
theirs them which what who whose whom
this that these those all any both
each either neither few many none some

several other another anybody everybody

nobody somebody no one someone everyone
one whoever whosoever anyone
 In English, pronouns are grouped into 7 classifications:

PERSONAL PRONOUN refers to the person

speaking to, or the person or thing speaking
of. With the exception of it, all personal
pronouns refer to persons. These personal
pronouns could still be subdivided into three
different persons and three different cases
(the same cases with those of nouns.)
 PERSONAL PRONOUN

A pronoun is said to be in the first person if

it functions as the speaker or doer of the
action.

e.g. I love to travel

 PERSONAL PRONOUN
A pronoun is said to be in the second
person if it functions as the one spoken to
by the speaker.

e.g.
You are not doing your job as the president
of this club.
 PERSONAL PRONOUN

A pronoun is said to be in the third person

if it functions as the one being talked about
in a sentece.

e.g.
She is the new president of our organization.
PERSON NUMBER NOMINATIVE OBJECTIVE POSSESSIVE

Singular I me my, mine

FIRST
PERSON
Plural We us our, ours

Singular you you your, yours

SECOND
PERSON
Plural you you your, yours

Singular he/she/it him/her/it his/hers/its

THIRD
PERSON
Plural they them their, theirs
Regarding the cases oof pronouns, these cases of
pronouns function the same with those of nouns.

A pronoun is in the nominative case if it functions

as the subject, or presdicate nominative/subjective
complement in a sentence. Moreover, one could
easily recognize it for it is the doer of the action in
the sentence.

e.g.
He visited the Quezonian Educational College, Inc.
in Atimonan, Quezon
A pronoun is in the objective case if it functions as the
direct object or the object of the preposition in a
sentence. Moreover, one could easily recognize it for it
is the person or thing which is acted upon by the action.

e.g.
I saw you last night.
I gave her my watch.
I will offer my life to him.
A pronoun is in the possessive case if it shows
the state of possession.

e.g.
That mansion is mine.
This room is yours.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS are used
to point out person, places, things, etc.
There are only four demonstrative pronouns,
namely: this, these, that and those.

e.g.
This has the quality of being flexible.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS are pronouns
that are used to ask questions. Who, what,
whose, which, and whom belong to this group
of pronouns.

e.g.
Which school in Atimonan is notably known for
its excellence in English and Filipino?
RELATIVE PRONOUNS are used as the connector
between the main clause and the adjective clause
(or another idea). The common relative pronouns
used are as follows: who, that, which, where, whose
and whom.

e.g.
Cities where selling of drugs are rampant shoould
be monitored accordingly.
NOTE: Rules on the use of relative pronoun
should be strictly observed. Who and Whom are
used if the antecedent is a person. That can be
used if the antecedent is a person, animal or
thing. Which is used if the antecedent of the
pronoun refers to a thing or animal. Moreover,
whose which denotes possession is used when
the antecedent is a person, animal, or thing.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS are used to refer
to a non-particular, unspecified or unknown
person, or thing.

SINGULAR INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

another anything anyone anybody

neither everything everyone everybody
either nothing no one nobody
other something someone somebdy
each much one
PLURAL INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

both many several few

SINGULAR OR PLURAL INDEFINITE

PRONOUNS

enough more most plenty

some noneall any
EXAMPLE:

a. Some want Ronan to be the new chief

executive officer of the company.

b. Nobody likes her new project proposal.

COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS are
formed when a personal is added with -self
or -selves. In grammar, there are two groups
of compound personal persons.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS which refer to a
recently stated noun or pronoun may be
used as the direct object or indirect object of
the sentence

I will prepare myself the food for our dinner

INTENSIVE PRONOUNS are used to
restate in order to emphasize the meaning
of another pronoun or to intensiify the
actions done by a pronoun. These generally
found right after the personal pronoun

I myself will prepare food for our dinner.