Geographic Information Systems

and Spatial Statistics

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 GIS
Geographic
Information
System
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Geographic
Information
System
A System is a group of connected entities and
activities which interact for a common purpose
a car is a system in which all the components
operate together to provide transportation

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Geographic
Information
System
an Information System is a set of processes,
executed on raw data, to produce information
which will be useful in decision-making
a chain of steps leads from observation and
collection of data through analysis
an information system must have a full range of
functions to achieve its purpose, including
observation, measurement, description, explanation,
forecasting, decision-making

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Geographic
Information
System
a Geographic Information System uses
geographically referenced data as well as non-
spatial data and includes operations which
support spatial analysis
in GIS, the common purpose is decision-making, for
managing use of land, resources, transportation,
retailing, oceans or any spatially distributed entities
the connection between the elements of the system
is geography, e.g. location, proximity, spatial
distribution
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Geographic
Information
System

in this context GIS can be seen as

“A system of computer hardware, software and
procedures designed to support the capture,
management, analysis, modeling and display of
geographically referenced data for decision
making. It is a way in which to begin to represent
and model the real world.”
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Why is GIS important?
Geospatial data are poorly maintained
Maps and statistics are out of date
Data and information are inaccurate
Geographic data are inconsistent
There is no standard
There is no data sharing
There is no data retrieval service
There is no scientific decision making

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Functions of GIS
Data Input

Data Management

Data Manipulation and Analysis

Data Output

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Functions of GIS
Data Input
Convert data from an existing form into one that
can be used by a GIS in a digital format.

Data Management
These are the functions performed by a
Geographic Information System to store and
retrieve data from the database.

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Functions of GIS
Data Manipulation and Analysis
Data manipulation and analysis functions may
vary from one GIS to another but can be broadly
sub-divided into spatial vs. non-spatial analysis.
Data Output
The GIS has to output the data in the form of
maps, tables, and text either as softcopy (on-
screen or electronic file) or as hardcopy (paper
or film).

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Component of GIS
 Hardware
 Software
 Data
 People
 Methods

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Component of GIS
Hardware: The general hardware component
of a geographical information system is the
computer.

Software: The GIS software includes the

programs and the user interface for driving the
hardware. GIS software is essential to
generate, store, analyze, manipulate and
display geographic information or data.
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Component of GIS
Data: The integration of spatial and tabular
data stored in a DBMS is a key functionality
afforded by GIS.

People: This is called 'brain ware' which is

equally important as the Hardware and
software. Brain ware refers to the purpose and
objectives, and provides the reason and
justification, for using GIS.
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Component of GIS
Methods: Methods include how the data will be
retrieved, input into the system, stored,
managed, transformed, analyzed, and finally
presented in a final output.

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Characteristics of GIS
Attribute Reference

What is ….?

Spatial Reference

Where is it…?

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Characteristics of GIS
Spatial Relationship

How can…?

Temporal Relationship

When it…?

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Characteristics of GIS
Conditional Arguments

What if…?

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Necessity of GIS
Conventional analog data GIS
management.
Geospatial data are poorly maintained Geospatial data are better maintained in
a standard format
Maps and statistics are out of date Revision and updating are easier
Data and information are inaccurate Search, analysis and representation are
easier
Geographic data are inconsistent More value added products will be
output
There is no standard Data can be shared and exchanged
among users
There is no data sharing Productivity will be much improved
There is no retrieval service Time and cost will be saved more
There is no scientific decision making Better decision making will outcome

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Benefits of GIS
Geospatial data better maintained in a standard
format
Revision and updating easier
Search, analysis and representation easier
More value added products
Data can be shared and exchanged
Productivity more improved
Time and cost saved
Better decision making
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Role of GIS
As a multidisciplinary Science
Geography
Cartography
Remote sensing,
Photogrammetry
Surveying
Geodesy
Statistics,
Urban planning etc.

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Role of GIS
As an Information Infrastructure

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Role of GIS
As a Decision Support System

Decision Support System ( DSS )

GIS
Spatial Decision Support System
( SDSS )

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 Concepts of GIS
How GIS Works?
 Concepts of GIS
How it works?
A Powerful tool for solving real-world
problems
 A method to
visualize, manipulate, analyze, and
display spatial data
Concepts of GIS
RASTER - VECTOR Data Models
 Concepts of GIS
What GIS can do?
What GIS can Real world problems
do?
Identification Where ?
Locate What is there?
Optimum path What is the best route?
Patterns What relations exists
between?
Trend What has changed ?
Models What if ?
 Concepts of GIS
Types of GIS
 Desktop GIS
 Professional GIS
 Enterprise GIS
 Mobile GIS
 Internet GIS
 Embedded GIS
 4 D GIS
 Multimedia GIS
What Analysis GIS can do?
SIMPLE QUERY
SPATIAL QUERYING
SINGLE LAYER OPERATION
MULTIPLE- LAYER OPERATIONS
SPATIAL MODELING
SURFACE ANALYSIS
NETWORK ANALYSIS
POINT PATTERN ANALYSIS
GRID ANALYSIS
What is not GIS
GPS alone
A map alone
GIS software alone
 History
1989  TIGER, NCGIA & MGE S/W
1987  IJGIS, SPANS S/W & IDRISI S/W
1986  MAPINFO S/W & First PGIS book
1985  GRASS GIS s/w
1981  ESRI launched ARC/INFO
1971-80
1979  ODYSSEY GIS, the first modern vector GIS
1978  ERDAS was founded, 1978
1977  The USGS developed DLG spatial data format
1976  Minnesota Land Management Information System
1972  IBM's GFIS (Geographic Information Systems)
1960-70
1969  ESRI, Intergraph and Laserscan, first commercial setups
1967  US Bureau of Census DIME data format &ECU in London
1966  SYMAP (Synagraphic Mapping System)
1964  Harvard Lab for CGSA by Howard Fisher
1963  CGIS (Roger Tomlinson)
- analyze Canada's national land inventory, a beginning
 History

Beyond 2000
 Internet GIS
 Mobile GIS
 Location based services
 Open access to satellite images (ex. Google Earth)
 AAA
1991-00
 Multi- Media GIS
 Expanding GIS potential
 PC GIS
 Maguire, Goodchild, & Rhind's,
the GIS Big Book published
 GIS infrastructure
GIS Developments in India
• GIS Entrepreneurs
National level organisations
• ESRI India ltd
DOS/ISRO • Leica India Geosystems
NRDMS/DST ltd.
• ERDAS India ltd.
NIC • RMSI
TCPO/Urban Depts • TCS
State level departments • Reliance Infocom
S&T Depts.. / SRSCs • Satyam Navigation
Rural Departments • CSDMS/MapIndia
• Bentley India
NGOs • Kampsax India ltd.
 H/W and S/W
Geoinformatics facility, at
what cost?
Computer – PC / Workstation/ Server etc
Software’s – Proprietary / Open source /
Free S/W
Scanner or Digitizer
Plotter / Printer
Trained professions
Cost – Minimum of 7500 US$ Up to 100000 US $
 H/W and S/W
GIS SOFTWARES
1. ARCGIS
2. ILWIS Proprietary S/W s
3. ERDAS IMAGINE Open source S/W
4. ERMAPPER Free Softwares
5. GEOMEDIA Costs
6. GRASS (Open source) 2500 -
25000 US$
7. JTMaps (India) &
8. 9. Free softwares
(TNTMIPS/GRASS/ARCVIEW3.0
 GIS Application potential
Where it is used?
 Natural resource management
 Infrastructure development
 Utility services
 Business applications
 Investigation services
 e-governance
GIS Status – World scenario
More than 2 million users
Around 2000 universities run GIS based courses
150, 000 register annually
GIS education mainly postgraduate and
graduate level world over
USA, Canada, Sweden, Australia, Germany,
Switzerland and Denmark also offer at school
level
Online Education
UNIGIS
IBCP-IIRS
EDUSAT Training of IIRS
Many others offering M.Tech/MSc. in GIS
Applications of GIS
Natural Resources Management
Wildlife habitat
Wild and scenic rivers
Recreation resources
Floodplains
Wetlands
Agricultural lands
Aquifers
Forests

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Applications of GIS
Facilities Management
Locating underground pipes and cables
Balancing loads in electrical networks
Planning facility maintenance
Tracking energy use

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Applications of GIS
Land Management
Zoning and subdivision planning
Land acquisition
Environmental impact policy
Water quality management
Maintenance of ownership

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Applications of GIS
Street-Networks
Address matching
Location analysis or site selection
Development of evacuation plans

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Applications of GIS
New Areas
Studies in Antarctica for environment, logistics and
tourism potential.
Hydrology and water resources management.
Geo-demographics studies.
Flood control monitoring of flood - 'prone' rivers.
Development of Urban Land Information.

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Issues of Ideal GIS

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Issues of Ideal GIS
Open Data Policy
Standardization
Data/Information sharing
Networking

Multidisciplinary
Interoperable procedure

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Thank you.

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