Pulley Block: B.I.T., Mesra Engg - Mechanics Lab

B.I.T., MESRA ENGG.
MECHANICS LAB
PULLEY BLOCK
AIM:-
1. To determine the effort required for lifting various loads by using 4-pulley and 5-
pulley block systems and draw the following graphs.
(a) Load vs. Effort

(b) Load vs. Effort lost in friction.
(c) Load vs. Efficiency.
2. To determine the law of machine.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
A complete set of 4 – pulley and 5 – pulley block system, standard weight box, etc.
THEORY:-
In a simple pulley, as shown in figure 1, the effort required equals the load to be lifted
(Neglecting frictional resistance), the device only assist in changing the direction of the
applied effort and will not provide any mechanical advantage. So, the velocity ratio of the
machine remains unity.
When several pulleys are arranged, it is possible to obtain mechanical advantage and hence
the system of pulleys may be classified into three order or system.
FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4
PULLEY BLOCK
1
B.I.T., MESRA ENGG.MECHANICS LAB
(a) First order or system of pulleys:

In this system of pulleys, one pulley is fixed to the beam or ceiling and others are
arranged in succession to each other and are hanging by the configuration of rope as shown in
Figure-2.
If we consider only two sets of pulleys (one fixed and another hanging), it is evident
that corresponding to unit displacement of the load, the displacement of the load, the
displacement of effort equals the twice to that of load. Hence, to increase the mechanical
advantage, the number of moving pulleys may be increased.
In general, if the number of moving pulley is ‘n’, the velocity ratio equals 2n.
(Neglecting the frictional losses).
(b) Second order or system of Pulley:

This system consists of three fixed blocks or pulleys attached to a beam or ceiling and
a set of two movable pulleys or block set as shown in Figure - 3. One end of a rope is fixed to
a hook at the bottom of the fixed block and then it is passed over or under all the pulleys.
Neglecting the friction, the tension in the rope will be the same throughout and will be equal
to the applied effort ‘P’.
∴P = W / n
Where, ‘n’ being the number of pulleys. Assuming ideal conditions,
Mechanical Advantage = Velocity ratio.

W
⇒ =n
P
In general, the velocity ratio equals the number of pulleys provided.
NOTE: The three pulleys of each block may also be arranged side by side and is one of the
case provided in our experimental setup. In practice, pulleys of second order are commonly
used.
(c) Third order or system of pulleys:

This system consists of a pulley fixed to a beam or ceiling and a number of pulleys
arranged as shown in figure - 4. Each chord passing over each pulley is attached to a rigid
base from which the load is hung. The tensions in the ropes connecting the base are P, 2P and
4P.
∴ W = P + 2P + 4P = 7 P
W
⇒ =7
P
Assuming ideal conditions, the velocity ratio of a machine is 7.
In general, velocity ratio equals ‘2n-1’, where, ‘n’ being the total number of pulleys.
PULLEY BLOCK
2
Velocity Ratio (V.R.) :-
For the Second order or system of pulleys,
Velocity Ratio, V.R. = Number of pulleys in the system

= 4 ( For 4 – Pulley system)
= 5 (For 5 – Pulley System)
Mechanical Advantage (M.A.):-
M.A. = W / P
Mechanical efficiency (η) :-
outputwork
η=
inputwork
W (W / P) mechanical advantage
= = =
P × (V .R) (V .R) velocity ratio
W
where, = mechanicaladvantage ( M . A.)
P
Effort Lost in Friction (Pf) :-
For an ideal machine, η = 1,

Therefore, Velocity ratio = Mechanical Advantage = W / P
If Pi be an ideal effort, then
W
V .R. =
pi
Pi = W / (V.R.)
And if P is the actual effort and Pi < P
Therefore, Effort lost in friction, Pf = P – Pi
= P – W / (V.R.)
Law of Machine :- P=m xW+C
Where, m is the slope & C is the intercept on y-axis in the plot of Effort vs. load.
PULLEY BLOCK
3
PROCEDURE:-
1. Arrange the rope to form a 4 – Pulley system.
2. The weight of the effort pan (P1) and the load pan (W1) is measured and noted.
3. A standard load of ½ Kg. is placed on load pan .The small amount of weight is placed
on an effort pan and is so adjusted that the system moves with uniform velocity. This
minimum effort required is noted in the observation table.
4. Now the load is increased on the load pan, in step of ½ Kg and the above mentioned
step is repeated to get at least six set of corresponding effort reading (Pincr).
5. Next repeat the above step while decreasing the load in same step and the
corresponding effort required (PDecr) is noted.
6. Repeat the same procedure for 5 – Pulley system.
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
Weight of an effort pan, P1 ==
Weight of the load pan, W1 =
For 4 – Pulley System:-

Sr. LOAD TOTAL EFFORT TOTAL EFFORT LOST IN EFFICIENCY (%)
No W2 LOAD P2 = Pmean EFFORT FRICTION W
(Kgf) W =W1+W2 (Kgf) P = P1 + P2 Pf = P – (W/V.R.) η= × 100
(Kgf.) Pincr Pdecr Pmean (Kgf.) (Kgf.) P × (V .R.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
For 5 – Pulley System:-

Sr. LOAD TOTAL EFFORT TOTAL EFFORT LOST IN EFFICIENCY (%)
No W2 LOAD P2 = Pmean EFFORT FRICTION W
(Kgf) W =W1+W2 (Kgf) P = P1 + P2 Pf = P – (W/V.R.) η= × 100
(Kgf.) Pincr Pdecr Pmean (Kgf.) (Kgf.) P × (V .R.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
PULLEY BLOCK
4
CALCULATIONS :-
Load , W2 =
Total load, W = W1 + W2 =
Effort, P2 = Pmean = Pincr + Pdecr =

2
Total Effort, P = P1 + P2 =
W
Mechanical Advantage, M.A. = =
P
W
Effort lost in friction, Pf = P – =
V.R.
W
Efficiency , η = ×100 (%) =
P × (V .R )
Law of Machine , P = m x W + C
Where, m is the slope & C is the intercept on y-axis in the plot of load Vs. effort.
GRAPHS :-
(d) Load vs. Effort

(e) Load vs. Effort lost in friction.
(f) Load vs. Efficiency.
SKETCHES :-
Draw neat sketch as provided in manual.
PRECAUTIONS :-
1. The load and an Effort pan should not touch the wall.
2. Very gently, weight should be added or deducted to the pan.
3. There should not be overlapping of the string on either of the Pulley.
ENGINEERING UTILITY:-
RESULTS :-
PULLEY BLOCK
5

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B.I.T., MESRA ENGG.

(a) Load vs. Effort

2. To determine the law of machine.

FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4

(a) First order or system of pulleys:

(b) Second order or system of Pulley:

Mechanical Advantage = Velocity ratio.

In general, the velocity ratio equals the number of pulleys provided.

(c) Third order or system of pulleys:

Velocity Ratio (V.R.) :-

For the Second order or system of pulleys,

Velocity Ratio, V.R. = Number of pulleys in the system

Mechanical Advantage (M.A.):-

Mechanical efficiency (η) :-

Effort Lost in Friction (Pf) :-

For an ideal machine, η = 1,

If Pi be an ideal effort, then

And if P is the actual effort and Pi < P

Therefore, Effort lost in friction, Pf = P – Pi

Law of Machine :- P=m xW+C

Weight of the load pan, W1 =

For 4 – Pulley System:-

For 5 – Pulley System:-

Effort, P2 = Pmean = Pincr + Pdecr =

(d) Load vs. Effort

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