UNITED COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & RESEARCH GREATER NOIDA

A Seminar on Anti-Lock Braking System(ABS)

Submitted toMr. D.K. Verma HOD Department Of Mechanical Engineering

Submitted byDeep ranjan 3rd year(ME) 0819340046

Presentation Outline
            

What is an Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS)? AntiMotivation for ABS Development History of ABS Overview ABS Components Overview How does ABS work? System Diagram ABS Configurations Design Challenges Advantages Disadvantages Limitations Summary

1. What is ABS?
An anti-lock brake system is a feedback control system that antimodulates brake pressure in response to measured wheel deceleration, preventing the controlled wheels from becoming fully locked. An anti-lock braking system, or ABS is a safety system which antiprevents the wheels on a motor vehicle from locking up (or ceasing to rotate) while braking.

2. Motivation for ABS

 

Under hard braking, an ideal braking system should: provide the shortest stopping distances on all surfaces maintain vehicle stability and steerability
Anti-lock braking systems were developed to best meet these needs.

3. History of ABS
Early ABS
AntiAnti-lock braking systems were first developed for aircraft use in 1929, by the French automobile and aircraft pioneer, Gabriel Voisin. These systems used a flywheel and valve attached to the hydraulic line that fed the brake cylinders.

Modern ABS
Chrysler, together with the Bendix Corporation, introduced a true computerized three-channel, four sensor all-wheel threeallantilock brake system called "Sure Brake" on the 1971 Imperial. It was available for several years thereafter, functioned as intended, and proved reliable. General Motors introduced the "Trackmaster" rear-wheel (only) ABS as an rearoption on their Rear-wheel drive Cadillac models in 1971. RearIn 1971 Nissan offered EAL(Electro Anti-lock System) as Antian option on the Nissan President, this became Japan's first electronic ABS(Anti-lock braking system). ABS(Anti-

Year Wise Development Of ABS

     

 

  

1978: First production-line installation of ABS into Mercedez productionand BMW vehicles. 1981: 100,000 Bosch ABS installed. 1985: First ABS installed on US vehicles. 1986: 1M Bosch ABS installed. 1987: Traction control - in conjunction with ABS - used on passenger vehicles. 1989: ABS hydraulic unit combined with standard hydraulic brake unit 1992: 10M Bosch ABS installed. 1995: Electronic Stability - in conjunction with ABS and TCS - for passenger cars. 1999: 50M Bosch ABS installed. 2000: 6 of 10 new cars on the road are ABS equipped. 2003: 100M Bosch ABS installed.

4. Overview


AntiAnti-Lock Braking Systems (ABS) are designed to maintain driver control and stability of the car during emergency braking. Locked wheels will slow a car down but will not provide steering ability. ABS allows maximum braking to be applied while retaining the ability to 'steer out of trouble . The operation of ABS can slightly reduce stopping distance in some cases like on wet road surfaces, but it can increase the stopping distance in others, as may be the case in deep snow or gravel.

An ABS system monitors four wheel speed sensors to evaluate wheel slippage. Slip can be determined by calculating the ratio of wheel speed to vehicle speed, which is continuously calculated from the four individual wheel speeds. During a braking event, the function of the control system is to maintain maximum possible wheel grip on the road - without the wheel locking - by adjusting the hydraulic fluid pressure to each brake by way of electronically controlled solenoid valves.

6. ABS Components Overview

Typical ABS Components:  Wheel Speed Sensors (up to 4)  Controller  Brake Master Cylinder, Hydraulic Modulator Unit with Pump and Valves

a) Wheel Speed Sensor (WSS)

Teeth on the sensor ring rotate past the magnetic sensor, causing a reversal of the magnetic field polarity, resulting in a signal with frequency related to the angular velocity of the axle.

b) Hydraulic Modulator Unit

The hydraulic modulator unit contains the ABS pump as well as solenoid valves for each brake line. The fifth line - far right - is from the brake master cylinder, which is connected to the brake pedal.

c) Valves

The valves modulate the brake pressure up to 20 times per second, effectively realizing the ideal tire slip percentage. ABS pumps the brakes much faster than any driver could.

d) Pump

Since the valve is able to release pressure from the brakes, there has to be some way to put that pressure back. That is what the pump does; when a valve reduces the pressure in a line, the pump is there to get the pressure back up. e) Controller The controller is a computer in the car. It watches the speed sensors and controls the valves.

Types Of ABS
AntiAnti-lock braking systems use different schemes depending on the type of brakes in use.

1)Four1)Four-channel, four-sensor ABS fourThis is the best scheme. There is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a separate valve for all four wheels. With this setup, the controller monitors each wheel individually to make sure it is achieving maximum braking force.

2)Three2)Three-channel, three-sensor ABS threeThis scheme, commonly found on pickup trucks with four-wheel fourABS, has a speed sensor and a valve for each of the front wheels, with one valve and one sensor for both rear wheels. The speed sensor for the rear wheels is located in the rear axle.

7. How does ABS work?

Basically, there are sensors at each of the four wheels (or in the case of the less sophisticated three-channel system, one on each of the fronts and only one for the pair of rears).

These sensors watch the rotation of the wheels. When any one of the wheels stops rotating due to too much brake application, the sensors tell the car's computer, which then releases some of the brake line pressure that you've applied - allowing the wheel to turn again. Then, just as fast as it released the pressure, the computer allows the pressure to be applied again - which stops the rotation of the wheel again. Then it releases it again. And so on. With most ABS, this releasing and re-application - or pulsing - of the brake pressure happens 20 or more times per second. Practically speaking, this keeps the wheel just at the limit - the threshold - before locking up and skidding. ABS prevents you from ever locking up the brakes and skidding - no matter how hard you apply the brakes. Obviously, this is going to mean much more steering control.

8. System Diagram

9. ABS Configurations

Depending on the ABS application, there are several typical layouts.

10. Design Challenges

Because of the safety-related nature of the ABS application, safetyspecial emphasis is placed on functions designed to detect system faults and ensure that a fail-safe state occurs during failfaults. These functions may be implemented with techniques such as dual processors and specialized self test and watchdog modules. ABS systems typically include eight electric solenoid valves and other electrical loads, such as relays and pump motors, that require considerable drive currents. Electronic drive circuitry is often required to sense any failure of these components during operation.

11. Differences between ABS and Rear Anti-lock Brakes. AntiFinally, there is a great difference between ABS and Rear Anti-lock AntiBrakes. ABS is on all four wheels. Rear Anti-lock Brakes, as the Antiname suggests, are only on the rear wheels. This system is often used on pick-up trucks and vans, and is a less-expensive compromise. It is picklessused because the weight load on the rear of a truck or van can vary so much. The brakes needed to handle a heavily loaded vehicle are too effective for when it is lightly loaded. Therefore, the rear brakes are much more susceptible to locking-up. locking-

Advantages
The advantages of ABS brakes (anti-lock braking system), are just (antias the meaning of their acronym implies, they eliminate or greatly reduce the possibility of brake lock up and therefore provide a better chance of steering out of trouble. Conventional hydraulic brakes work by using a cylinder (actuator), which squeezes brake calipers together around the wheel's rotor when the brake petal is depressed. Difficulties arise with these conventional brakes if the road is slick and the driver executes a panic stop. Under these conditions the wheels may lock up and the tyres run the risk of losing their grip. When tires lose their grip of the road, there is a good chance that the car may go into an uncontrolled spin. This is why drivers in older vehicles have been taught in the past to pump brakes when on icy roads.

Disadvantages

ABS will not stop you as fast on very loose surfaces like gravel or snow. On such surfaces with ABS on it will not allow a wedge of snow/gravel to build up in front of the tires that would nornally help you stop faster.

12. Limitations
Three points should be obvious, but don't appear to when looking at the type of crashes some drivers have with ABS-equipped vehicles. Contrary to popular belief, ABS : does not allow you to drive faster; does not allow you to brake later; and does not allow you to corner faster.

13. Summary


An ABS typically consists of:  Up to 4 wheel speed sensors  An ABS ECU  A Brake Master Cylinder, with accompanying Hydraulic Modulator Unit and Solenoid Valves  The vehicles physical brakes An ABS is designed to modulate braking pressure to attain the peak coefficient of kinetic friction between the tire and the road, and to avoid total wheel lockup. An ABS, under hard braking conditions, is designed to reduce stopping distances under most conditions, while maintaining vehicle stability and steerability. steerability.

ABS

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