Course Name :Electric and

Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Course Code:EEC405
MODULE:2:DRIVE-TRAIN TOPOLOGIES
Various electric drive-train topologies
1. Electric Vehicles
•Electric vehicles stores electrical energy in their on board battery pack and then uses that energy
to drive the vehicle. Electricity can be taken from either non renewable or renewable sources
and stored in the battery pack. While driving, stored energy in battery can be used in an electric
motor to run the wheels and move the car
•However, EVs have not had same support as HEVs because, EVs purely powered with electricity
that supplied by the grid. Long charge time, limited drive range due to limited on board battery
pack are concerns, that needs to be considered.
•Different components such as, the battery pack, chargers, power electronic converters and
electric motor technologies are vary in efficiency and costs. But with the modern and developed
technology, these components have high efficiency and drive train efficiency of modern EVs can
be up to 90 %.
1. Electric Vehicles
2.Hybrid Electric Vehicle
•Compared to conventional vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles are more fuel efficient since they
combine the advantage of an electric motor drive and the existing internal combustion engine
(ICE) to propel the vehicle.
•With this arrangement, the ICE operation can be optimized and regenerative braking energy can
be recovered, thereby significantly increasing the overall vehicle efficiency. The HEV power train
can be divided into three categories based on their configurations: series hybrids, parallel
hybrids, and parallel-series combined hybrids
3.Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
•Recently, much of the automotive industry’s research has been focused on Plug-in hybrid
electric vehicles (PHEVs). PHEVs are hybrid electric vehicles that can draw and store energy from
an electric grid (or a renewable energy source), to eventually propel the vehicle
•This simple functional change allows a PHEV to displace petroleum with multisource electrical
energy, including renewable energy resources, such as wind and solar energy. Such a change has
critical beneficial impacts on the overall transportation sector petroleum consumption, total
emissions, as well as on the performance and makeup of the electrical grid.
•PHEVs are seen as one of the most promising means to improve the near-term sustainability of
the transportation as well as stationary energy sectors. Surveys have shown that there exists a
considerable market for PHEVs
3.Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Basics of hybrid traction system
Basically, any vehicle power train is required to
(1) develop sufficient power to meet the demands of vehicle performance,
(2) carry sufficient energy onboard to support vehicle driving in the given range,
(3) demonstrate high efficiency, and
(4) emit few environmental pollutants.
Broadly, a vehicle may have more than one energy source and energy converter (power source), such as a
gasoline (or diesel) heat engine system, hydrogen–fuel cell–electric motor system, chemical battery–electric
motor system, etc. A vehicle that has two or more energy sources and energy converters is called a hybrid
vehicle. A hybrid vehicle with an electrical power train (energy source energy converters) is called an HEV. A
hybrid vehicle drive train usually consists of no more than two power trains. More than two power train
configurations will complicate the system. For the purpose of recapturing part of the braking energy8 that is
dissipated in the form of heat in conventional ICE vehicles, a hybrid drive train usually has a bidirectional
energy source and converter. The other one is either bidirectional or unidirectional.
 Basics of hybrid traction system
Figure 5.1 shows the concept of a hybrid drive train and the possible different power flow routes.
Hybrid drive trains supply the required power by an adapted power train. There are many available patterns of combining the power
flows to meet load requirements as described below: 1. Power train 1 alone delivers power to the load
2. Power train 2 alone delivers power to the load
3. Both power train 1 and 2 deliver power to load at the same time
4. Power train 2 obtains power from load (regenerative braking)
5. Power train 2 obtains power from power train 1
6. Power train 2 obtains power from power train 1 and load at the same time
7. Power train 1 delivers power to load and to power train 2 at the same time
8. Power train 1 delivers power to power train 2, and power train 2 delivers power to load
9. Power train 1 delivers power to load, and load delivers power to power train 2
 Various hybrid drive-train topologies
As the name suggests, the propulsion energy of an HEV comes from more than two types of
sources, and one of them must be an electric source.
In addition, combining an electric motor with the internal combustion engine (ICE) is the most
feasible means of realizing a hybrid topology, before the pure EV eventually becomes
commercial.
Based on different combinations of electric traction and mechanical traction, HEV drive trains
are usually divided into three basic arrangements:
• Series,
• Parallel,
•Series–parallel combined hybrids
 Series hybrid traction system
For the series HEV configuration two different energy sources are combined in series.
It is important to note here that the electric motor offers the only traction, making it an electric-
intensive vehicle, which is more suitable for city driving.
The ICE works at its optimal operation points as an onboard generator, maintaining the battery
charge, by meeting the state of charge (SOC) requirements .
The overall efficiency of a series HEV is usually around 24 %, because of the low efficiency of the
ICE and other technical constraints, such as battery capacity and drive train mass.
Parallel hybrid traction system
•For the parallel HEV configuration, the vehicle has two traction sources, both electric and
mechanical.
• This type of configuration offers freedom to choose a combination of traction sources. By
combining the two different traction sources, a smaller engine can be used.
•In addition, a parallel HEV arrangement requires a relatively smaller battery capacity compared
to a series HEV, which results in the drive train mass to be lighter.
•Therefore, higher efficiency ranges, between 40 and 50 % are easily achieved.
• It is a common notion that a higher overall efficiency for a parallel HEV drive train configuration
is easily achieved.
•However, because of the electric-intensive structure of series HEVs, it is more suited for urban
driving. On the other hand, parallel HEVs are more suited for highway driving.
Parallel hybrid traction system
Series–Parallel combined hybrids
traction system
•By adding a mechanical unit between the generator and the electric motor, the series–parallel
hybrid HEV combines the features of a series HEV as well as a parallel HEV.
•Although it has the advantages of both series and parallel configurations, it also has the
drawbacks of these two configurations.
• In addition, the technical complexity of the general design and development of the combined
HEV drive train and its precise control strategy is a major challenge.
•It is possible to integrate more than two types of drive trains into one vehicle; however, an HEV
drive train usually consists no more than two power trains.
•In fact, by integrating two drive trains into one vehicle, the complexity of the drive train design
increases, and at the same time, the overall control strategy design becomes more difficult. This,
in turn, increases the cost.
Series–Parallel combined hybrids
traction system
Power flow control in drive-train
topologies,
The architecture of a hybrid vehicle is loosely defined as the connection between the
components that define the energy flow routes and control ports. Traditionally, HEVs were
classified into two basic types: series and parallel. It is interesting to note that, in 2000, some
newly introduced HEVs could not be classified into these kinds.5 Therefore, HEVs are now
classified into four kinds: series hybrid, parallel hybrid, series–parallel hybrid, and complex
hybrid, which are functionally shown
In Figure a fuel tank-IC engine and a battery-electric motor are taken, respectively, as examples
of the primary power source (steady power source) and secondary power source (dynamic
power source). Of course, the IC engine can be replaced by other types of power sources, such
as fuel cells. Similarly, the batteries can be replaced by ultracapacitors or by flywheels and their
combinations
Fuel efficiency analysis.
Compared to conventional vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles are more fuel efficient since they
combine the advantage of an electric motor drive and the existing internal combustion engine
(ICE) to propel the vehicle. With this arrangement, the ICE operation can be optimized and
regenerative braking energy can be recovered, thereby significantly increasing the overall
vehicle efficiency. The HEV power train can be divided into three categories based on their
configurations: series hybrids, parallel hybrids, and parallel-series combined hybrids.