Lec 08 Minimizing Compressor Work

ME-207 Thermodynamics-II
Minimizing The Compressor Work

(Lecture # 08)
TEXT BOOK: CHAPTER 7 (7.11)
Instructor : Dr. Tariq Amin Khan

Learning Objectives
 Minimizing The Compressor Work
 Multistage Compression with Intercooling
Slide 2
 When the changes in kinetic and potential energies are
negligible, the compressor work is given by
(7.56)
 Obviously one way of minimizing the compressor work is to

approximate an internally reversible process as much as
possible by minimizing the irreversibilities such as friction,
turbulence, and nonquasi-equilibrium compression.
 The extent to which this can be accomplished is limited by
economic considerations.
Slide 3
 A second (and more practical) way of reducing the
compressor work is to keep the specific volume of the gas
as small as possible during the compression process.
 This is done by maintaining the temperature of the gas as
low as possible during compression since the specific
volume of a gas is proportional to temperature.
 Therefore, reducing the work input to a compressor requires
that the gas be cooled as it is compressed.
Slide 4
 To have a better understanding of the effect of cooling during
the compression process, we compare the work input
requirements for three kinds of processes:
1. An isentropic process (involves no cooling),
2. a polytropic process (involves some cooling),
3. an isothermal process (involves maximum cooling).
Assumptions:
 All three processes are executed between the same pressure
levels (P1 and P2) in an internally reversible manner.
 The gas behaves as an ideal gas (Pv = RT) with constant
specific heats
Slide 5
 By performing the integration in Eq. (7.56) for each case,
(7.56)
Isentropic Process:
Pvk = C
1/ 𝑘
𝑣= ( 𝐶 / 𝑃 )
So the work input is

2 2
𝑊 𝑟𝑒𝑣 ,𝑖𝑛 =∫ ( 𝐶 / 𝑃 )
1/ 𝑘
𝑑𝑃 =¿ 𝐶 1/ 𝑘∫ (1 / 𝑃 )
1 /𝑘
𝑑𝑃 (7.56a)
1 1
Slide 6
[ ]
1 2
− +1
(𝑃 )
1/ 𝑘 𝑘− 1 𝑘 −1
1 /𝑘 𝑃 𝐶
𝑘
𝑘 𝑘 (7.56b)
𝑊 𝑟𝑒𝑣 ,𝑖𝑛 =𝐶 = 2 −𝑃 1
1 𝑘−1
− +1
𝑘 1 𝑘
As
𝐶 1/ 𝑘=𝑣 𝑃 1 /𝑘
So 𝑘− 1
[( ) ]
1/ 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 −1
(𝑣¿ ¿1 𝑃 ). 𝑃 𝑃2
𝑊 𝑟𝑒𝑣 ,𝑖𝑛 =𝑘
1 1 𝑘
−1 ¿ (7.56c)
𝑘− 1 𝑃1
[( ) ] [( ) ]
𝑘− 1 𝑘 −1
𝑘𝑣 1 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑘 𝑘𝑅𝑇1 𝑃2 𝑘
𝑊 𝑟𝑒𝑣 ,𝑖𝑛 = −1 = − 1 𝑏𝑐𝑧 𝑃𝑣=𝑅𝑇 (7.56d)
𝑘−1 𝑃1 𝑘− 1 𝑃1
Slide 7
Also, for ideal gas
( )
𝑘 −1
𝑇2 𝑃 2 𝑘
=
𝑇1 𝑃1
[( ) ] [( ) ]
𝑘 −1 (7.57a)
𝑘 𝑅 𝑇 1 𝑃2 𝑘 𝑘𝑅 𝑇 1 𝑇 2
𝑊 𝑟𝑒𝑣 ,𝑖𝑛 = −1 = −1
𝑘−1 𝑃 1 𝑘−1 𝑇 1
Slide 8
Polytropic Process:
Pvn = C
The equation is similar as for isentropic process with replacing

k with n.
[( ) ] [( ) ]
𝑛 −1
𝑛𝑅 𝑇 1 𝑃2 𝑛 𝑛 𝑅 𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑊 𝑟𝑒𝑣 ,𝑖𝑛 = −1 = −1 (7.57b)
𝑛 −1 𝑃1 𝑛 −1 𝑇 1
Slide 9
Isothermal Process:
Pv = C
or
v = C/P
So the work input is
2 2
𝑊 𝑟𝑒𝑣 ,𝑖𝑛 =∫ ( 𝐶 / 𝑃 ) 𝑑𝑃 =𝐶 ∫ ( 1/ 𝑃 ) 𝑑𝑃
1 1
2
𝑊 𝑟𝑒𝑣 ,𝑖𝑛 =𝐶 [ ln ⁡( 𝑃 ) ] 1=𝑃 1 𝑣 1 ( ln 𝑃 2 − ln 𝑃 1 )
𝑃2 𝑃2 𝑃2
𝑊 𝑟𝑒𝑣 ,𝑖𝑛 =𝑅 𝑇 1 ln =𝑅 𝑇 2 ln =𝑅 𝑇 ln (7.57c)
𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑃1
Slide 10
 On a P-v diagram, the area to the
left of the process curve is the
integral of vdP which is steady flow
compression work.
 The work input requirement for
the polytropic case is between
these two and decreases as the
polytropic exponent n is
decreased, by increasing the heat Fig 7–44 P-v diagrams of isentropic,
polytropic, and isothermal compression
rejection during the compression processes between the same pressure limits.
process.
 If sufficient heat is removed, the value of n approaches unity
and the process becomes isothermal.
Slide 11
Multistage Compression with Intercooling
 One common way of cooling the gas during compression is to
use cooling jackets around the casing of the compressors.
 However, often it is not possible to have adequate cooling
through the casing of the compressor.
 One such technique is multistage compression with
intercooling, where the gas is compressed in stages and cooled
between each stage by passing it through a heat exchanger
called an intercooler.
 Ideally, the cooling process takes place at constant pressure,
and the gas is cooled to the initial temperature T1 at each
intercooler.
Slide 12
Slide 13
 The compression processes, in general,
can be modeled as polytropic (Pvn =
constant) where the value of n varies
between k and 1.
 The total work input for a two-stage

compressor is the sum of the work inputs
for each stage of compression
Fig 7.45 P-v and T-s diagrams for a two-

stage steady-flow compression process.
Slide 14
(7.58)
 The Px value that minimizes the total work is determined by

differentiating this expression with respect to Px and setting
the resulting expression equal to zero. It yields
(7.59)
 That is, to minimize compression work during two-stage

compression, the pressure ratio across each stage of the
compressor must be the same.
Slide 15
Conclusion
 Three kinds of processes are compared to understand the effect
of cooling during the compression process, i.e., isentropic,
polytropic and isothermal processes.
 The three internally reversible cases considered, the adiabatic
compression requires the maximum work and the isothermal
compression requires the minimum.
 Multistage compression with intercooling can be used to
decrease the work input.
Slide 16

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ME-207 Thermodynamics-II

Minimizing The Compressor Work

Instructor : Dr. Tariq Amin Khan

 Obviously one way of minimizing the compressor work is to

So the work input is

The equation is similar as for isentropic process with replacing

 The total work input for a two-stage

Fig 7.45 P-v and T-s diagrams for a two-

 The Px value that minimizes the total work is determined by

 That is, to minimize compression work during two-stage

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