ME2102 Notes 13

ME2102: Thermodynamics Notes - 13
RECAP
1. For a steady state steady flow process with one inlet and one exit, the
continuity and energy equations for the C.V. are respectively:
𝑚̇ = 𝑚̇ = 𝑚̇
1 1
𝑞 + ℎ + 𝑽 + 𝑔𝑍 = ℎ + 𝑽 + 𝑔𝑍 + 𝑤 Eq. (1)
2 2
𝑄̇ . . 𝑊̇ . .
where 𝑞 = and 𝑤=
𝑚̇ 𝑚̇
2. For a steady state steady flow process with one inlet and one exit:
𝑞 𝛿𝑞
𝑠 =𝑠 + + 𝑠 = 𝑠 + 𝑠 + Eq. (2)
𝑇 𝑇
. .
 The differential form of Eq. (2) is:

𝛿𝑞
𝛿𝑠 + = 𝑑𝑠 ⇒ 𝛿𝑞 = 𝑇 𝑑𝑠 − 𝑇 𝛿𝑠
𝑇
 Using property relation for Tds (Notes 11), the above equation can be
written as:
𝛿𝑞 = 𝑑ℎ − 𝑣 𝑑𝑃 − 𝑇 𝛿𝑠
 by integrating the above equation from inlet to exit state, we find the total
heat transfer to the C. V. for unit mass flow rate as:
𝑞= 𝛿𝑞 = 𝑑ℎ − 𝑣 𝑑𝑃 − 𝑇 𝛿𝑠
𝐨𝐫 𝑞=ℎ − ℎ − 𝑣 𝑑𝑃 − 𝑇 𝛿𝑠
 This result is substituted into the energy Eq. (1), which gives shaft work as:
1
𝑤=𝑞+ ℎ − ℎ + 𝑽 − 𝑽 + 𝑔(𝑍 − 𝑍 )
2
=ℎ − ℎ − 𝑣 𝑑𝑃 − 𝑇 𝛿𝑠
1
+ℎ − ℎ + 𝑽 − 𝑽 + 𝑔(𝑍 − 𝑍 )
2
1
𝐨𝐫 𝑤=− 𝑣 𝑑𝑃 + 𝑽 − 𝑽 + 𝑔(𝑍 − 𝑍 ) − 𝑇 𝛿𝑠
2
1
Notes:
1. The last term always subtracts (T > 0 and δsgen ≥ 0), and the maximum shaft
work out for a reversible process where this term is zero.
Similarly, the entropy generation reduces the output for the boundary work
as:
𝛿𝑤 = 𝑃 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑇 𝛿𝑠
2. For a reversible process, the shaft work is associated with changes in
pressure, kinetic energy, or potential energy either individually or in
combination.
3. When the pressure increases (pump or compressor) work tends to be
negative, that is, we must have shaft work in, and when the pressure
decreases (turbine), the work tends to be positive.
4. The specific volume does not affect the sign of the shaft work, but rather its
magnitude, so a large amount of work will be involved when the specific
volume is large (the fluid is a gas), whereas less work will take place when
the specific volume is small (as for a liquid).
5. When the flow reduces its kinetic energy (windmill) or potential energy (a
dam and a turbine), we can extract the difference as work.
 A large class of flow processes such as turbines, compressors, and pumps in

which changes in the kinetic and potential energies of the working fluid are
small and can be neglected. Under these conditions:
𝑤=− 𝑣 𝑑𝑃 − 𝑇 𝛿𝑠
 And for a reversible process shaft work is:
𝑤=− 𝑣 𝑑𝑃
 This shaft work is graphically shown in the figure:
2
 Cyclic heat engines consist of four separate processes.

 These engines can be operated:
- (A) as steady-state devices involving shaft work, or
- (B) as cylinder/piston devices involving boundary-movement work.
 Type – (A) may have a working fluid that changes phase during the
processes in the cycle or may have a single phase working fluid throughout.
 Type – (B) would normally have a gaseous working fluid throughout the
cycle.
 For a reversible steady-state process involving negligible kinetic and
potential energy changes, the shaft work per unit mass is given by:
𝑤=− 𝑣 𝑑𝑃
 For a reversible process involving a simple compressible substance, the

boundary movement work per unit mass is given by:
𝑤= 𝑃 𝑑𝑣
 The areas represented by these two integrals are shown in the figure below.
𝑣 𝑑𝑃
𝑃 𝑑𝑣
 It is of interest to note that, in the former case (type - A),

- there is no work involved in a constant-pressure process,
- while in the latter case, there is no work involved in a constant-volume
process.
3
 Let us consider a power system

consisting of four steady-state
processes, as shown in the
figure. Let us assume that:
1. Each process is internally
reversible.
2. Each process has negligible
changes in kinetic and
potential energies.
3. The turbine and pump
processes are both adiabatic
and are therefore isentropic
processes.
4. Two heat transfer processes
(boiler and condenser) are constant-pressure processes, such that those
are simple heat exchangers involving no work.
 Thus, the four processes comprising the cycle are shown in the P-v diagram.
Note that if the entire cycle a

takes place inside the two-
phase liquid–vapor dome, the
resulting cycle is the Carnot
cycle, since the two constant-
pressure processes are also b
isothermal.
c d e f
 The net work output for this power system is given by:
𝑤 = − 𝑣 𝑑𝑃 + 0 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑃 + 0 = − 𝑣 𝑑𝑃 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑃
= – area(1–2–a–b–1) + area(3–4–b–a–3) = area(1–2–3–4–1)
Note:
1. Since P2 = P3 and P1 = P4, the system produces a net work output
because the specific volume is larger during the expansion from 3 to
4 than it is during the compression from 1 to 2.
2. In conclusion, it would be advantageous to have this difference in
specific volume be as large as possible for maximum work output.
4
 If the four-process cycle shown in the P-v diagram were accomplished in a

cylinder/piston system involving boundary-movement work, then the net
work output for this power system would be given by:
𝑤 = 𝑃 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑃 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑃 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑃 𝑑𝑣
= – area(1–2–c–d–1) + area(2–3–e–c–2)
+ area(3–4–f–e–3) – area(4–1–d–f–4)
= area(1–2–3–4–1)
1. For either of the two cases just analyzed, it is noted from the P-v
diagram that the net work output of the cycle is equal to the area
enclosed by the process lines 1–2–3–4–1, and this area is the same
for both cases, even though the work terms for the four individual
processes are different for the two cases.
2. Also note that the pressure is higher during any given change in
volume in the two expansion processes than in the two compression
processes, resulting in a net positive area and a net work output.

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ME2102: Thermodynamics Notes - 13

 The differential form of Eq. (2) is:

 A large class of flow processes such as turbines, compressors, and pumps in

 And for a reversible process shaft work is:

 This shaft work is graphically shown in the figure:

 Cyclic heat engines consist of four separate processes.

 For a reversible process involving a simple compressible substance, the

 It is of interest to note that, in the former case (type - A),

 Let us consider a power system

Note that if the entire cycle a

= – area(1–2–a–b–1) + area(3–4–b–a–3) = area(1–2–3–4–1)

 If the four-process cycle shown in the P-v diagram were accomplished in a

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