MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY

School of Graduate Studies

GENERAL SANTOS CITY

Educ 201-B – Philo/Psycho Foundations of Education

Sunday 8:00 AM– 11:00 AM

BRANCHES OF
PSYCHOLOGY
Discussant:
Mr. Raihan M. Cariño
 • Identify different branches of psychology.

OBJECTIVES • Define each branches of psychology.

• Understand the different branches of

psychology.

• Enumerate its contributions to learning.

 Psychology

• Psychology is the scientific study of the mind

and behavior.
• Psychology includes the study
of conscious and unconscious phenomena,
including feelings and thoughts.
• Wilhelm Wundt was a German psychologist
who established the very first psychology
laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879.
 Psychology

• Psychology is a broad and diverse field that

encompasses the study of human thought,
behavior, development, personality,
emotion, motivation, and more.
• 2 major branches of Psychology

Pure psychology- deals with the

psychological research and data which
helps formulate the principle of activity.

Applied psychology- applies the

information given by the pure
psychology to the problems of actual life
BRANCHES OF
PSYCHOLOGY
 Cognitive
Psychology
 • It is the study of how people perceive, learn,
remember, and think about information.

• Fundamentally, cognitive psychology studies how

people acquire and apply knowledge or
information.

Cognitive
• The intellectual origins of cognitive psychology
Psychology began with cognitive approaches to psychological
problems at the end of the 1800s and early 1900s
in the works of Wundt, Cattell, and William James
(Boring, 1950).
 • Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive
Jean Piaget’s development suggests that children move
through four different stages of mental
theory development
cognitive
development • His theory focuses not only on
understanding how children acquire
knowledge, but also on understanding the
nature of intelligence.
 • Ages: Birth to 2 Years

Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes:

The • The infant knows the world through their movements

and sensations
Sensorimotor • Children learn about the world through basic actions
Stage such as sucking, grasping, looking, and listening
• Infants learn that things continue to exist even though
they cannot be seen (object permanence)
• They are separate beings from the people and objects
around them
• They realize that their actions can cause things to
happen in the world around them
 • Ages: 2 to 7 Years

Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes:

The Preoperational • Children begin to think symbolically and learn to

use words and pictures to represent objects.
Stage • Children at this stage tend to be egocentric and
struggle to see things from the perspective of
others.
• While they are getting better with language and
thinking, they still tend to think about things in
very concrete terms.
 • Ages: 7 to 11 Years

Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes:

The Concrete • During this stage, children begin to thinking logically

about concrete events
Operational Stage • They begin to understand the concept of conservation;
that the amount of liquid in a short, wide cup is equal
to that in a tall, skinny glass, for example
• Their thinking becomes more logical and organized,
but still very concrete
• Children begin using inductive logic, or reasoning from
specific information to a general principle
•
 • Ages: 12 and Up

Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes

• At this stage, the adolescent or young adult begins

The Formal to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical
problems
Operational Stage • Abstract thought emerges
• Teens begin to think more about moral,
philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues
that require theoretical and abstract reasoning
• Begin to use deductive logic, or reasoning from a
general principle to specific information
 Schemas

• A schema describes both the mental and physical

Ideas and actions involved in understanding and knowing.
Schemas are categories of knowledge that help us
concepts to interpret and understand the world.

introduced by
Assimilation
Piaget.
• The process of taking in new information into our
already existing schemas is known as assimilation. 
 Accommodation

Ideas and • Another part of adaptation involves changing or

altering our existing schemas considering new
concepts information, a process known as accommodation.

introduced by Equilibration
Piaget.
• Piaget believed that all children try to strike a
balance between assimilation and
accommodation, which is achieved through a
mechanism Piaget called equilibration. 
ANY
QUESTIONS?
CLARIFICATI
ONS?
Behavioral
Psychology
 • Behavioral psychology is the study of the
connection between our minds and
our behavior.

Behavioral
Psychology • Psychologist John B. Watson started
behavioral psychology by building off the
work of Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov.
 • Behaviorism, also known as behavioral
psychology, is a theory of learning based
on the idea that all behaviors are acquired
through conditioning.
Behavior
Psychology • Conditioning occurs through interaction
with the environment.
 • Behaviorists believe that our responses to
environmental stimuli shape our actions.

• Strict behaviorists believed that any person can

Behavioral potentially be trained to perform any task, regardless

of genetic background, personality traits, and internal
Psychology thoughts.

• It is based on empirical evidence.

 • Classical conditioning is a technique frequently
used in behavioral training in which a neutral
stimulus is paired with a naturally occurring

Classical stimulus. 

Conditioning
• the neutral stimulus comes to evoke the same
response as the naturally occurring stimulus,
even without the naturally occurring stimulus
presenting itself.
 Classical
Conditioning
 • Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as
instrumental conditioning) is a method of
learning that occurs
Operant through reinforcements and punishments. 

Conditioning
• Through operant conditioning, an association is
made between a behavior and a consequence
for that behavior.
 Operant
Conditioning
 • Respondent behaviors are those that occur
automatically and reflexively, such as pulling
Types of Behavior your hand back from a hot stove or jerking your
leg when the doctor taps on your knee.
distinguish by
Skinner
• Operant behaviors, on the other hand, are those
under our conscious control.
 1. Positive reinforcers are favorable
events or outcomes that are presented
after the behavior.
Reinforcement in
Operant 2. Negative reinforcers involve the
Conditioning removal of an unfavorable events or
outcomes after the display of a
behavior. 
 1. Positive punishment, sometimes
referred to as punishment by
application, presents an unfavorable
event or outcome in order to weaken
Punishment in the response it follows.
Operant
Conditioning 2. Negative punishment, also known as
punishment by removal, occurs when a
favorable event or outcome is removed
after a behavior occurs. 
ANY
QUESTIONS?
CLARIFICATI
ONS?
 Social
Psychology
 • Social psychology is the branch of psychological
science mainly concerned with understanding
how the presence of others affects our thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors.

Social
• Social psychology is about understanding how
Psychology each person's individual behavior is influenced
by the social environment in which that behavior
takes place.
 • The decisions you make and the behaviors you
exhibit might depend on not only how many
people are present but exactly who you are
around.
Social
Psychology • Social psychology encompasses a wide range of
social topics, including Group behavior, Social
perception, Leadership, Nonverbal behavior,
Conformity, Aggression, Prejudice
 • Social facilitation is a psychological concept
relating to the tendency for the presence
of others to improve a person's
Social performance on a task.
Facilitation
Theory • It was first proposed by researcher Norman
Triplett in 1898.
 • Triplett went on to study the children doing a
fishing reel task. His results showed that out of 40
children, half worked faster when competing with
Social other children, one quarter worked more slowly,
and one quarter showed equal performance.
Facilitation
Theory
 • Co-action effects: A co-action effect refers to your
performance being better on a task, merely
because there are other people doing the same
Types of task as you.

Social • Audience effects: An audience effect refers to

Facilitation your performance being better because you are

doing something in front of an audience.
 • Physiological factors refers to a higher arousal
level and drive to perform that results from
your physiological arousal in a situation involving
social facilitation.

Factors of
• Cognitive factors refers to the role of attention and
Social distraction in social facilitation. 

Facilitation • Affective factors refers to how anxiety and self-

presentation influence social facilitation.
 • Behaviors and decision-makings are largely
influenced by society.

Basic beliefs • Experiments may be conducted to back up

theories.
in
Social • Behavior is used to assess someone’s
behavior and personality.

Psychology • Behavior helps to reach certain goals.

 • Attribution is the process of inferring the
causes of events or behaviors.

Attribution • Humans are meaning-making creatures.

Theory • Decisions and behaviors are mainly

because of external and internal factors.
 Theories 

Correspondent Inference Theory

• In 1965, Edward Jones and Keith Davis suggested that

people make inferences about others in cases where

Attribution actions are intentional rather than accidental.

Theory Heider's 'Common Sense' Theory

• In his 1958 book, "The Psychology of Interpersonal

Relations," Fritz Heider suggested that people observe
others, analyze their behavior, and come up with their
own common-sense explanations for their actions.
 Interpersonal Attribution
• When telling a story to a group of friends or
acquaintances, you are likely to tell the story in a
Types of way that places you in the best possible light.

Attribution Predictive Attribution

Theory • We also tend to attribute things in ways that allow

us to make future predictions.

Explanatory Attribution
• We use explanatory attributions to help us make
sense of the world around us.
 • Refers to the way we perceive ourselves.

• This theory argues that people become aware of

certain attitudes by observing their own behavior. 
Self-perception
Theory • Self-perception theory was first proposed by Daryl
Bem in 1967 as an alternative account of cognitive
dissonance, where certain circumstances lead to
self-described attitudes that are a function of the
individual’s observations of their own behavior.
 • Describes the cognitive processes related to social
identity and how social identity impacts
intergroup behavior.

Social Identity • Social identity theory, introduced by social

psychologists Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the
Theory 1970s

• Social identity is the part of the self that is defined

by one’s group memberships.
 • Social categorization- it is the process by which
we organize individuals into social groups in order
to understand our social world. 

• Social identification- it is the process of

Cognitive Processes identifying as a group member. 

of Social Identity • Social comparison- it is the process by which

people compare their group with other groups in
terms of prestige and social standing. 
 • Individual mobility. When an individual does not
view her group favorably, she can attempt
to leave the current group and join one with a
higher social standing. 

• Social creativity. In-group members can enhance

Maintenance of the social standing of their existing group by
Positive Social adjusting some element of the between-group
comparison.
Identity
• Social competition. In-group members can
attempt to enhance the group's social status by
collectively working to improve their situation.  
 • The term cognitive dissonance is used to describe
the mental discomfort that results from holding two
conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes. 

• Leon Festinger first proposed the theory of cognitive

dissonance centered on how people try to reach
internal consistency.

Cognitive Dissonance • This inconsistency between what people believe and

Theory how they behave motivates people to engage in
actions that will help minimize feelings of discomfort. 

• People attempt to relieve this tension in different

ways, such as by rejecting, explaining away, or
avoiding new information.
 • Feeling uncomfortable before doing something or
deciding.

• Trying to justify or rationalize a decision that you've

made or an action you have taken.

Experience Cognitive • Feeling embarrassed or ashamed about something

Dissonance you've done and trying to hide your actions from
other people.

• Experiencing guilt or regret about something

you've done in the past

• Doing things because of social pressure or a fear of

missing out (FOMO), even if it wasn't something
you wanted to do
 Forced Compliance
• Sometimes you might find yourself engaging in
behaviors that are opposed to your own beliefs
due to external expectations, often for work,
school, or a social situation.

Causes of Cognitive New Information

• Sometimes learning new information can lead to
Dissonance feelings of cognitive dissonance.

Decisions
• People make decisions, both large and small,
daily. 
 • The importance attached to each belief.
Cognitions that are more personal, such as
beliefs about the self, and highly valued
tend to result in greater dissonance.
What Influences
Cognitive • The number of dissonant beliefs. The
Dissonance? more dissonant (clashing) thoughts you
have the greater the strength of the
dissonance.
 • Anxiety

• Embarrassment

• Regret
Impact of Cognitive
Dissonance • Sadness

• Shame

• Stress
 • Adding more supportive beliefs that
outweigh dissonant beliefs.

Dealing with • Reducing the importance of the

conflicting belief. 
Cognitive dissonance
• Changing your belief.
ANY
QUESTIONS?
CLARIFICATI
ONS?
Abnormal
Psychology
 • Abnormal psychology is a branch of

psychology that deals

with psychopathology and abnormal behavior,

Abnormal often in a clinical context.

Psychology
• Dorothea Dix played an instrumental role in the
field of abnormal psychology during the 19th
Century. 
 • The term abnormal itself is the subject of
considerable debate. What exactly is "normal"
and who gets to decide?

Abnormal
Psychology • If a behavior is creating problems in a person's
life or is disruptive to other people, then this
would be an "abnormal" behavior.
 • We study abnormal psychology to be able to
predict, explain, diagnose, identify the cause
of, and treat abnormal behavior.

Abnormal
Psychology • Characteristic of people who fail to function or
cope with everyday life –Rosenhan and
Seligman.
 • Suffering

• Maladaptive behavior

Characteristics • Unconventionality

• Unpredictability and loss of control

of failure to • Irrational and incomprehensibility
cope • Observer discomfort

• Violation of Moral and ideal standards

 • Positive attitude towards self

Ideal mental • Self-actualization

Health – • Autonomy

• Resistance to stress
Marie Jahoda • Environmental mastery

• Accurate perception of reality

ANY
QUESTIONS?
CLARIFICATI
ONS?
 Health
Psychology
 • Health psychology is the study of psychological
and behavioral processes in health, illness,
and healthcare.
Health
Psychology • Psychological factors in health had been
studied since the early 20th century by
discipline.
 • The field of health psychology is focused on promoting

health as well as the prevention and treatment of

Health disease and illness.

Psychology
• Health psychologists also focus on understanding how

people react to, cope with, and recover from illness.

 • Stress reduction

• Weight management

• Smoking cessation

• Improving daily nutrition

Current Issues in • Reducing risky sexual behaviors
Health • Hospice care and grief counseling
Psychology
• Preventing illness

• Understanding the effects of illness

• Improving recovery

• Teaching coping skills

 • Biological factors include inherited personality
traits and genetic conditions.

The Biosocial • Psychological factors involve lifestyle, personality

characteristics, and stress levels.
Model in Health
Psychology • Social factors include such things as social support
systems, family relationships, and cultural beliefs.
ANY
QUESTIONS?
CLARIFICATI
ONS?
CONTRIBUTIONS
OF PSYCHOLOGY
TO LEARNING
• Providing help coping with memory disorders, increasing decision-making
accuracy, finding ways to help people recover from brain injury, treating learning
disorders, and structuring educational curricula to enhance learning.

• Psychologists can produce solutions that make it easier for people with
attentional difficulties to improve their focus and concentration.

• Findings from cognitive psychology have also improved our understanding of how
people form, store, and recall memories. By knowing more about how these
processes work, psychologists can develop new ways of helping people improve
their memories and combat potential memory problems.

• Psychologists working in the field of education study how people learn and retain
knowledge. They apply psychological science to improve the learning process and
promote educational success for all students.
ANY
QUESTIONS?
CLARIFICATI
ONS?
 •https://www.verywellmind.com/major-branches-of-psychology-413
9786
•https://www.verywellmind.com/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-develop
ment-2795457
•https://www.verywellmind.com/cognitive-psychology-4157181
•https://www.verywellmind.com/operant-conditioning-a2-2794863
•https://www.verywellmind.com/an-overview-of-social-facilitation-48
00890

REFERENCES
•http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Cognitive_psychology
•https://www.verywellmind.com/attribution-social-psychology-27958
98
•https://thedecisionlab.com/reference-guide/psychology/self-percep
tion-theory/
•https://www.thoughtco.com/social-identity-theory-4174315
•https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-cognitive-dissonance-2795
012
•https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-cognitive-dissonance-2795
012
•https://online.maryville.edu/online-bachelors-degrees/psychology/r
esources/what-is-social-psychology/
•https://www.verywellmind.com/behavioral-psychology-4157183
•https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-abnormal-psychology-2794
775
•https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-health-psychology-2794907
 THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING
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