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    Lec 10 - Traffic Stream Models2

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    rajenkoley
    The document discusses traffic stream flow models and variables. It describes concepts like flow, density, speed, spacing, headway and gap. It presents Greenshield's linear traffic flow model and the relationships between flow, density and speed. It also provides an example of calculating spacing using a car following rule.

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lec 10 - Traffic Stream Models2

    Uploaded by

    rajenkoley
    196 views27 pages
    The document discusses traffic stream flow models and variables. It describes concepts like flow, density, speed, spacing, headway and gap. It presents Greenshield's linear traffic flow model and the relationships between flow, density and speed. It also provides an example of calculating spacing using a car following rule.

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    rajen koley

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    Lec 10_traffic Stream Models2

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    The document discusses traffic stream flow models and variables. It describes concepts like flow, density, speed, spacing, headway and gap. It presents Greenshield's linear traffic flow model and the relationships between flow, density and speed. It also provides an example of calculating spacing using a car following rule.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    196 views27 pages

    Lec 10 - Traffic Stream Models2

    Uploaded by

    rajenkoley
    The document discusses traffic stream flow models and variables. It describes concepts like flow, density, speed, spacing, headway and gap. It presents Greenshield's linear traffic flow model and the relationships between flow, density and speed. It also provides an example of calculating spacing using a car following rule.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 27

    Transportation engineering

    Traffic stream flow models

    Dr. Lina Shbeeb

    Traffic stream flow models


    When we analyse traffic flow we are concern with the interaction between different vehicles in the traffic stream Traffic condition varies from almost free flow (relatively few vehicles are occupying the roadway to highly congested conditions( roadway is jammed with slow vehicles) The determinant of traffic flow models is the car-following rule adopted by drivers in an attempt to maximize their speed while maintaining an acceptable level of safety. Basic variables that describe the prevailing condition within traffic stream are
    Traffic flow Traffic concentration Traffic speed
    Dr. Lina Shbeeb 2

    Notation used in relationship among speed, spacing and acceleration


    V= initial speed of the two vehicles dl= deceleration rate of the leading vehicle df= deceleration rate of the following vehicle =perception reaction time x= safety margin after stop L=length of vehicle N= number of vehicle in train (N=1 for cars

    Dr. Lina Shbeeb

    Vehicle flowing concepts


    v 2 L v 1
    Spacing S

    Direction of travel

    1
    v2 2dl

    v2 2df

    =perception reaction time

    Dr. Lina Shbeeb

    Vehicular stream models


    The braking distance of the leading vehicle is

    If the perception reaction time and braking distance of the following vehicle is included, then the total distance covered by the following vehicle is

    v2 xl = 2d l

    v2 x f = v + 2d f In terms of the initial spacing, length of vehicle and safety margin and xl

    x = s + xl NL xo By equating the lastf two equations, the spacing is estimated by


    v2 v2 s = v + + NL + x 2d f 2d l
    Dr. Lina Shbeeb

    Traffic flow types


    Uninterrupted flow (Freeway) Interrupted flow (Arterials with traffic light signal) Vehicles in uninterrupted flow conditions are spaced so to provide ample time and distance for a following vehicle to perceive and react to decelerate safely without colliding with a leading vehicle that suddenly decelerate and stop. The choice of the spacing between vehicle as shown in the next slide is function of the deceleration that took place. There are three values of deceleration that are relevant to the operations safety level
    dn= normal or comfortable deceleration (safest condition operation) de = emergency deceleration (low level of safety if the spacing is selected so that the following vehicle need to apply emergency braking) = instantaneous or stonewall stop

    Combination of leading-following vehicle deceleration are give in Table 3.2.1 and their relation to the spacing versus speed are given in Figure 3.2.2

    Dr. Lina Shbeeb

    Dr. Lina Shbeeb

    Stream variables
    Flow (q) The equivalent hourly rate at which vehicles pass a point on a highway during a time period less than 1 hour
    q = (n x 3600) T Where; n=# of vehicles passing a point in T seconds q=equivalent hourly flow rate (veh/hour)

    Density (k) veh/mi The number of vehicles traveling over a unit length (usually 1 mile) of a highway at an instant in time Speed, u (mph or fps): Distance traveled by a vehicle during a unit of time. Speed at anytime t is the slope of the time-space diagram
    Dr. Lina Shbeeb 8

    Density (k)
    Concentration Number of vehicles traveling over a unit length of highway at an instant in time Usually veh/mile or vpmpl Example:
    4 vehicles over 600 feet of roadway Over a mile k = 4 veh. x 5280 feet = 35.2 veh/mi
    600 ft mile

    Dr. Lina Shbeeb

    Speed (u)
    Time mean speed (ut )
    Arithmetic mean of the speeds of vehicles passing a point on a highway during an interval of time (radar gun or road tube study)

    1 n u t = ui n i =1
    Where; n = # of vehicles ui = speed (ft/sec or mi/hr)
    Dr. Lina Shbeeb 10

    Speed (u)
    Space mean speed (us )
    Harmonic mean of the speeds of vehicles passing a point on a highway during an interval of time (total distance traveled by 2 or more vehicles dived by time required to travel that distance)

    us =
    Where; n = # of vehicles

    nL
    n

    t
    i =1

    (ft/sec)

    ti = time to cross section of highway (sec) L=length (ft)


    Dr. Lina Shbeeb 11

    Space vs. Time Mean Speed Example


    For a 500-foot section, the following were measured
    Vehicle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Measured Time to Travel 500 ft Measured Velocity (mph) (sec) 6.0 6.5 5.3 5.8 5.9 6.1 5.7 5.2 5.5 5.4
    Dr. Lina Shbeeb

    63 58 60 65 64 61 66 72 68 69
    12

    Space vs. Time Mean Speed Example


    Calculate time mean speed and space mean speed.
    1 n ut = ui n i =1
    ut = 63+58+60+65+64+61+66+72+68+69 = 64.5 mph

    10

    Dr. Lina Shbeeb

    13

    Space vs. Time Mean Speed Example


    Calculate space mean speed.

    us =

    nL

    t
    i =1

    us =

    (500 ft) ( 10 ) = 85.61ft/sec=58.4 mph 6.0+6.5+6.3+5.8+5.9+6.1+5.7+5.2+5.5+5.4

    us < ut (always)
    Dr. Lina Shbeeb 14

    Time Headway (h)


    The difference between the time the front of a vehicle crosses a point on the highway and the time the front of the next vehicle crosses the same point (seconds)

    t1

    h = t2 t 1

    Dr. Lina Shbeeb 2

    15

    Space Headway (s)


    The distance between the front of a vehicle and the front of the following vehicle (ft)

    (s)
    Dr. Lina Shbeeb 16

    Gap
    The distance between the back of a vehicle and the front of the following vehicle (ft)

    (d)
    Dr. Lina Shbeeb 17

    Line A-A: Stationary observers whose location does not change with time

    Line B-B: Arial photograph of the stream at a given instant

    Dr. Lina Shbeeb

    18

    Flow-Density Relationships
    q = k us us = q s s = 1/k k = q t h = t s
    q = flow k = density us = Space mean speed s = Average space headway h = Average time headway t = Avg. travel time for unit distance

    Dr. Lina Shbeeb

    19

    Flow-Density Example
    If the spacing between vehicles is 500 feet what is the density? s = 1/k k = 1/s = 1 veh/500 feet = 0.002 vehicles/foot = 10.6 veh/mile If the space mean speed is 45.6 mph, what is the flow rate? q = kus = (10.6 veh/mile)(45.6 mph) = 481.5 veh/hr

    Dr. Lina Shbeeb

    20

    Traffic Flow Diagrams


    Explains the relationship between density (k), flow (q), and speed (u) Density is the number of vehicles physically occupying the roadway, flow is vehicles moving past a point per unit time So a number of vehicles can occupy the roadway and have a low flow rate

    Dr. Lina Shbeeb

    21

    Greenshield Linear Model

    u speed (mph)

    k u = u f 1 k j

    0 0

    km C o n c e n t r a t io n ( v e h / m i)

    kj

    Dr. Lina Shbeeb

    22

    Greenshields Linear Model Continued


    q
    m

    Flow (veh/hr) 0

    km C o n c e n t r a t io n ( v e h /m i)

    kj

    Dr. Lina Shbeeb

    23

    Greenshields Linear Model Continued


    q
    m

    Uncongested flow
    0 km

    Congested flow
    kj

    Flow (veh/hr) 0

    C o n c e n tr a tio n ( v e h /m i)

    Dr. Lina Shbeeb

    24

    speed (mph)

    Uncongested Flow um Congested Flow


    0 0 F lo w ( v e h /h r)
    Dr. Lina Shbeeb 25

    General rule
    Car following rule: Traffic experts suggest that keeping a distance of one car length for each 10mph increment of speed. This result distance is the safe gap that should be at least provided between vehicles

    Dr. Lina Shbeeb

    26

    Example
    A driver that follow the car following rule. The car length
    he/she uses is 15 ft. develop the equations of stream flow.

    Solution:
    The safe spacing is function of speed to determine the length of the gap plus the car length.
    15 + 1.5u u s = L + L = = mi / veh 5280 10 1 3500 k= = = 3500 = uk + 10k s u + 10 q = uk = 3500 10k If we use u instead of k then q will be q = 3500 10 x3500 10 + u

    Dr. Lina Shbeeb

    27

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