TRAFFIC FLOW

FUNDAMENTALS
Describing traffic is considered very difficult due to several factors that cause its irregularity
or unpredictability. These factors could be attributed to several events which could happen
on the road:
Accidents
Stalled vehicles
Lane changing or swerving
Parking maneuvers
Indiscriminate loading and unloading of PUV, etc.

Without these events, traffic flow could be expected to be fairly regular and predictable
within a day or even within a week
Types of •Traffic flow is usually classified as either:

Flow uninterrupted
flow occurring at long sections of road where
vehicles are not required to stop by any cause
external to the traffic stream

Interrupted
flow occurring at intersections or driveways
where vehicles are required to stop by any cause
outside the traffic stream – such as (STOP or YIELD),
traffic signal lights, etc.
 Major Uninterrupted flow can be described
using any of the following traffic
Traffic variables:
Variables
A.Flow rate or volume
B.Speed
C.Density or concentration
Flow Rate Flow rate is defined as the number of vehicles passing a
point during a specified period of time. It is often referred

or to as volume when measured over an hour.

Volume Flow rate (q) may be expressed as:

q = N/T

Where: N = number of vehicles

T = observation period

If T is set to one hour, q is called volume and will have a

unit of vehicles per hour
Example:
Suppose a 15-minute count of vehicles bound for Manila was conducted at a particular
location on Quezon Avenue. A summary is shown in the table below
TYPE 15-minute Count

Car / Van 420

Jeepney 300

Bus 16

Truck 28

Estimate the flow rate in vehicles per hour

Solution:
The total number of vehicles in 15 minutes is 764. This is expanded to one hour by multiplying by 4.
Therefore, q = 3,056 vehicles per hour
Speed Speed (u) is defined as rate of motion in
distance per unit time. When describing
traffic stream, two types of speed are
used:

A.Time Mean Speed

B.Space Mean Speed
A. Time Mean Speed

Also called spot speed. It is simply the arithmetic mean of the speeds of vehicles passing a point
within a given time interval. Strictly speaking, distance or length of road must be known in order to
measure speed. However, with the use of radar, spot speed can be measured at a certain point on
the road.
The known distance is normally called trap length in spot speed studies. With the use of stopwatch, the
time it takes for the vehicle to traverse this strap length is measured. Individual speed of vehicles is
then computed by dividing this trap length by the measured time.

Knowing the individual speeds of n vehicles observed within time T, the time mean speed or spot speed
of the traffic stream is computed.
n
Σ ui
ut = _________
i= 1
n
Example:
The speed of 25 cars were observed. 10 cars were noted to travel at 35 kph, 8 cars at 40 kph, 2
cars at 50 kph, and 5 cars at 45 kph. Assuming that each car was traveling at constant speed,
determine the time mean speed.

Solution:
u = [(10x35) + (8x40) + (2x50) + (5x45)] / 25
= 39.8 kph

It is common practice among traffic engineers to report “spot speed” for a given location. Spot speed
is often used as basis for establishing speed limits.
B. Space Mean Speed
Space mean speed is used to describe the rate of movement of a traffic stream within a given
section of road. It is the speed based on the average travel time of vehicles in the stream within the
section. It is also called the harmonic mean speed.
n
_________
n
us =
Σ 1
__
Example: i= 1 ui
Using the previous example, determine the space mean speed

Solution:
u = 25 / [(10/35) + (8/40) + (2/50) + (5/45)]
= 39.26 kph
Density Density (k) is defined as the number of vehicles in a given
length of road at an instant point in time.

k=n/L

Among these three variables, density proves to be the

most difficult or expensive to observe. Aerial photography
is the most commonly used method to get its exact values.
It will be seen later that these three variables are actually
related to each other and that density can be derived if
volume and speed are known.
Other Traffic Time Headway (h)
Time headway is defined as the time interval

Variables between passage of consecutive vehicles at a specified

point on the road with a unit of time per vehicle.

h=1/q
Example:
During morning peak hour, the average headway of UP-Katipunan jeepneys is determined at 5
minutes. If the passenger demand during the same period is 240, determine whether there is a need to
increase the number of jeepney units (or shorten the headway) for this route. Assume that passenger
demand is evenly distributed within that period and the average load/occupancy is 14 passengers per
jeepney.

Solution:
q = 60 / 5 = 12 jeepneys per hour
With an average load of 14 passengers per jeepney, the total number of passengers that can take a ride
is 12 x 14 = 168 passengers.
Since the demand is 240 passengers, it can be said that there is a need to increase the number
of jeepney units during peak period
Spacing (s)
Spacing is the distance between two vehicles measured from the front bumper of a vehicle to
that of another.

s=1/k

Example:
During heavy traffic congestion, it was observed that the average spacing of vehicles in queue in
the innermost lane of EDSA is 6.5 m. Determine the jam density or density of stopped vehicles.

Solution:
k = 1,000 / 6.5 = 153.85 vehicles / km
Time Occupancy
Another useful measure of traffic flow is time occupancy. It can only
be measured, however, if a detector is installed at a specific point on the
carriageway.

It is defined as the total time a detector is occupied divided by the total

time of observation.
RELATIONSHIP • Dimensional analysis will show
OF FLOW, that flow rate (veh/hr) is simply
SPEED, AND
DENSITY the product of density (veh/km)
and space mean speed (km/hr) or
q = k x us

3/28/2019
OBSERVED
RELATION

3/28/2019
Emperical • Speed-Density Relation
As Speed decreases, density increases (v.v.)

Relation Their relationship is linear

Free flow
speed (uf) –
speed
corresponding Jam density
to zero density (kj) – density
corresponding
to zero speed

3/28/2019
Example Data on density and speed were obtained from a four-
lane, two way rural highway (in one direction only):

Density, veh/km Speed, kph

75 45
15 85
142 10
100 30

Determine the relation between density and speed

3/28/2019
Volume-
Density
Relation

3/28/2019
Volume-
Speed
Relation

3/28/2019
Volume-
Speed
Relation

3/28/2019
CAPACITY AND Capacity – defined as the maximum hourly rate at which
persons or vehicles can reasonably be expected to
LEVEL OF traverse a point or uniform section of lane or roadway
SERVICE during a given time period under prevailing roadway,
traffic, and control conditions

Level of Service (LOS) – is a qualitative description of how

a certain facility is performing

Traffic engineers rely on capacity and level of service

analyses to determine the width and number of lanes
when planning for new facilities or when expanding
existing facilities that are already experiencing congestion
problems.
3/28/2019
CAPACITY AND The Philippine Highway Planning Manual (PHPM)
developed by the Planning service of the DPWH provides
LEVEL OF a methodology to carry out the process of such analysis.
SERVICE
The LOS concept uses qualitative measures that
characterize operational conditions within a traffic stream
and perception of these conditions by motorists and
passengers.

Six levels of service are defined for each facility (A-F). A is

the best operating condition and F the worst. In the
PHPM method, LOS are defined based on the computed
volume and capacity ratio and the space mean speed of
the traffic flow
3/28/2019
Level of Service Description
A Free flow, with low volumes and high speeds. Drivers are virtually unaffected
by the presence of others
B Comfort and convenience is somewhat less than at LOS A. Zone of stable flow
with operating speeds beginning to be restricted somewhat by traffic
conditions
C Still in zone of stable flow, but speed and maneuverability are most closely
controlled by higher volumes
D Approaches unstable flow. Speed and freedom to maneuver are severely
restricted, and the driver experiences a generally poor level of comfort and
convenience
E Flow is unstable, and there may be stoppages of momentary condition.
Freedom to maneuver within the traffic stream is extremely restricted
F Forced or breakdown flow. It is the point at which arrival flow causes the queue
to form

3/28/2019
Volume-capacity ratio and LOS

Level of Service Volume-capacity ratio

A Less than 0.2

B 0.21 - 0.5
C 0.51 – 0.7
D 0.71 – 0.85
E 0.86 – 1.0
F Greater than 1.0

3/28/2019
Example:
From the previous example, if the traffic volume in the same direction where capacity was
estimated was 2,050 vehicles per hour at a particular period, determine the level of service of the
higway (in that direction)

Solution:
qmax = 3,547.82 vehicles per hour

v/c = 2,050 / 3,547.82 = 0.578

From the table its LOS is C

3/28/2019
3/28/2019