Data Collection

Methods of Data Collection
Essentially two types: 1. Primary data are those which are collected for the first time and are original in character 2. Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have through some statistical analysis
Collection of Primary Data

Primary data may be collected thru: Experiments Surveys (sample surveys or census surveys) Observation Personal Interviews
Collection of Primary Data

Of 1. 2. 3. the above, the important ones are: Observation Method Interview Method Thru Questionnaires/Schedules
I. Observation Method
Observation becomes a scientific tool and the method of data collection, when it serves a formulated research purpose, is systematically planned and recorded and is subjected to checks and controls on validity and reliability Under observation the information is sought by way of investigators own direct observation without asking from the respondent
Observation Method
Main advantages are: Subjective bias is eliminated The information relates to what is currently happening This method is independent of respondents willingness to respond
Observation Method
Main Limitations are: It is expensive The information provided by this method is very limited Unforeseen factors may interfere with the observation task
Types of Observation
Essentially two types: 1. Structured vs. Unstructured Observation 2. Participant vs. Non-participant Observation
Structured vs. Unstructured Observation

Structured Observation when the observation is characterized by a careful definition of the units to be observed, the style of recording the observed information, standardized conditions of observation and the selection of pertinent data of observation Unstructured Observation when it takes place without the above characteristics
Participant vs. Non-participant

This distinction depends upon the observers sharing or not sharing the life of the group he is observing
II. Interview Method

The Interview Method of collecting data involves presentation of oral-verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral verbal responses
Personal Interview
PI Method requires the interviewer asking questions in a face-to-face contact with the person Collecting information thru PI is structured the use of a set of predetermined questions and highly standardized techniques of recording
Personal Interview
Thus, the interviewer in a structured interview follows a rigid procedure, asking questions in a form and order prescribed In unstructured interviews there is a flexibility of approach to questioning Unstructured interviews do not follow a system of pre-determined questions and standardized techniques of recording information
Other Interview Techniques

Focused Interview to focus attention on the given experience of the respondent and its effects The Interviewer has the freedom to decide the manner and sequence of questions to elicit/explore reasons and motives. The main task is to confine the respondent to a discussion of issues
Other Interview Techniques

Clinical Interview is concerned with broad underlying feelings or motivations or with the course of an individuals life experience. Eliciting information is left to the interviewers discretion Non-Directive Interview the interviewer's function is simply to encourage the respondent to talk about the topic with a bare minimum of direct questioning. The interviewer often acts as a catalyst to a comprehensive expression of the respondents feelings and beliefs
Advantages
1. More information and in greater depth can be obtained 2. Resistance may be overcome by a skilled interviewer 3. Greater flexibility an opportunity to restructure questions 4. Observation method can also be applied to recording verbal answers 5. Personal information can be obtained 6. Possibility of spontaneous responses and thus more honest responses
Disadvantages
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Expensive method Interviewer bias Respondent bias Time consuming Under the interview method the organization required for selecting, training, and supervising the field staff is complex with formidable problems 6. Establishing rapport to facilitate free and frank responses is very difficult
Data Collection Thru Questionnaires

Popular in major studies Briefly a Questionnaire is sent (by post) to the persons concerned with a request to answer the questions and return the Questionnaire A Questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed in a definite order on a form The Questionnaire is mailed to respondents who are expected to read and understand the questions and write down the reply in the space provided
Merits of Questionnaire Method

1. Low cost even when the universe is large and is widespread 2. Free from interviewer bias 3. Respondents have adequate time to think thru their answers 4. Respondents who are not easily approachable, can also be reached conveniently 5. Large samples can be used
Demerits
1. Low rate of return 2. Respondents need to be educated and cooperative 3. Inbuilt inflexibility 4. Possibility of ambiguous replies or omission of items 5. This method is slow
Features of a Questionnaire
Questionnaire is the heart of a survey needs to be carefully constructed Need to understand the features of the Questionnaire its general form, question sequence and question formulation and the wording of the questions
1. General Form
May be either structured or unstructured Structured Questionnaires are those in which there are definite, concrete, predetermined questions The questions are presented with exactly the same wording and in the same order to all respondents The form of the questions may be either closed (yes or no) or open (inviting free responses
General Form
Structured Questionnaires may also have fixed alternative questions in which responses are limited to the stated alternatives Thus, a highly structured Questionnaire is one in which all the questions and answers are specified and comments in the respondents own words are held to the minimum Unstructured Questionnaire when the above characteristics are absent, it is known as a unstructured Questionnaire The Interviewer is provided with a general guideline on the type of information to be obtained
2. Question Sequence
Proper sequence is needed to elicit valid responses Sequence must be clear that is, the relation of one question to the next To establish rapport and to gain cooperation from the respondent difficult questions, personal questions etc should preferably come at the appropriate time rather than at the begining
3. Question Formulation & Wording

Phrasing the questions must be clear and unambiguous Questions should be impartial and unbiased Should be easily understood Should be simple (one idea at a time) Should be concrete Form of questions may be multiple choice or open-ended
Data Collection Thru Schedules

Very similar to the Questionnaire method The main difference is that a schedule is filled by the enumerator who is specially appointed for the purpose Enumerator goes to the respondents, asks them the questions from the Performa in the order listed, and records the responses in the space provided Enumerators must be trained in administering the schedule
Other Methods of Data Collection

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Warranty Cards Distributor or Store Audits Pantry Audits Consumer Panels Mechanical Devices Depth Interviews Content Analysis Projective Tests
Collection of Secondary Data

Published data are available in: 1. Publications of State/Central govt.s 2. Publications of International Bodies 3. Technical and Trade Journals 4. Books, Magazines and Newspapers 5. Reports/Publications of various organizations (banks, stock exchanges, business houses, etc) 6. Reports by scholars, Universities, etc 7. Public records, Historical Documents, etc
Secondary Data must possess the following characteristics:

Reliability of data may be tested by checking: Who collected the data? What were the sources of the data? Was the data collected properly? Suitability of data data that are suitable for one enquiry may not be necessarily suitable in another enquiry Therefore, the researcher must scrutinize the definition of various terms and units of collection. Also, the objectives, scope and nature of the original enquiry must be studied Adequacy of data the data will be considered inadequate, if they are related to an area which may be either narrower or wider than the area of the present enquiry

Data Collection

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Methods of Data Collection

Collection of Primary Data

Collection of Primary Data

Structured vs. Unstructured Observation

Participant vs. Non-participant

II. Interview Method

Other Interview Techniques

Other Interview Techniques

Data Collection Thru Questionnaires

Merits of Questionnaire Method

3. Question Formulation & Wording

Data Collection Thru Schedules

Other Methods of Data Collection

Collection of Secondary Data

Secondary Data must possess the following characteristics:

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