Soybean

Banda University of Agriculture &
Technology,
BANDA, U.P. (210001)
Glycine max
(SOYBEAN)
THE STUDY [email protected]
BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586
Click to edit Master title style
Introduction :
Soybeans (Glycine max L. Merrill) are legumes
related to peas, clover & alfalfa. soybeans are
dicots.
Soybean is basically pulse crop but in India mostly
grown as oilseed crop.
Soybean is the world’s most important seed legume,
which contributes to 25 % of the global edible oil,
about two-third of the world’s protein concentrate
for livestock feeding.
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BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -

Origin & history of soybean :
o Soybeans originated in southeast Asia & were first domesticated by Chinese
farmers around 1100 BC.
o Soybean seed from china was planted by a colonist in the British colony in
Georgia 1765.
o The wild form, a slender twining vine, Glycine ussuriensis considered to be
progenitor of Glycine max occurs in china , Manchuria & Korea.
o First written record of the plants is contained in an ancient Chinese book “ Pen
Ts’ao Kong mu (Materia Medica) ” which is about 5,000 years old.
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Taxonomy of soybean :
 Botanical name : Glycine max (L.) merrill
 Kingdom : Plantae
 Order : Fabales
 Family
: Fabaceae
 Sub family
: Faboideae
 Genus
: Glycine
 Species
: max
 Chromosome no.
: 40
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Area & distribution :
o Soybean is one of the important crops of the world cultivated over an area of 125.14
million hectares with the production of 347.6 million tones.
o Important soybean growing countries are USA, China, Brazil, Mexico and Russia.
o Production of soybean in India at present time is restricted mainly to Madhya Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.
o In India soybean is grown over an area of About 11.40 million hectares with a total
production of about 11.50 million tones.
o Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and
Rajasthan are the major soybean producing states.
o Madhya Pradesh has 54 % country's area and 59 % of the total production of India and
deserve to be called Soya state.
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Area, production & productivity of world (2019-20) :

Country Area Production Productivity
Million Rank Million Rank Metric tons / Rank
hectare metric tons hectare
Brazil 34 1 124 1 3.65 1
USA 31 2 96.79 2 3.12 2
Argentina 18 3 51 3 2.83 3
India 11 4 11.50 5 1.04 6
China 9 5 18.1 4 2.01 5
Paraguay 3.57 6 9.9 6 2.77 4
Total 106.57 311.29 2.92
6 Source: https://www.statista.com/statistics/263926/soybean-production-in-selected-countries-since-1980/ 6
Area, production & productivity of India (2019-20) :

State Area Production Productivity
Million Rank Million tons Rank Tons / hectare Rank
hectare
Madhya 6.26 1 5.94 1 1.20 2
Pradesh
Maharashtra 3.87 2 4.85 2 1.05 3
Rajasthan 1.05 3 1.21 3 1.02 4
Andhra 0.28 4 0.34 4 1.45 1
Pradesh
Karnataka 0.24 5 0.30 5 0.70 5
Total 11.40 13.50 1.185
7 Source: agricoop.nic.in 7
Nutritional factsMaster
Click to edit of soybean : style
title
Nutritional value of soybean per 100
g:
Energy 1866 KJ / 446 Kcal
Water 9%
Carbohydrate 30 % (30.16 g)
Dietary fibre 37 % (9.3 g)
Protein 36 % (36.49 g)
Fat 20 % (19.94 g)
Vitamin A 1 µg
Iron 15.7 mg
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean#Nutrition
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o Soybean being the richest, cheapest and easiest source
of best quality proteins and fats.
o Soybean contributes two-third of global edible oil.
o It is widely used in industrial production of different
antibiotics.
o Soybean builds in the soil fertility by mixing large
amount of atmospheric nitrogen through the root
nodules.
o It can be used as fodder, forage, can be made in to hay,
Uses
silage etc.&ItsImportance of soybean
forage and cake :
are excellent nutritive
foods.
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Click to edit
Morphological Master title
description style :
of soybean
o Soybean is an herbaceous annual plant in the family fabaceae.

o Soybean plant is usually an erect bush with woody stem.
o Root - The root system of soybean consist of the tap root, large number of
secondary root & much branched adventitious root.
o Leaves - Tiny paired alternately arranged leaves.
o Flower - Flowers are normally self pollinated fertile.
o Pods are small, either straight flatted or cylindrical.
o Stomata are present on both the surface but three times as many on lower the
epidermis as on upper.
o Inflorescence – Flower are born on short axillary or terminal racemes & there are
usually 8 – 16 flower in cluster.
o The root conspicuous spherical swelling of roots cortex inhabited by
Bradyrhyzobium japonicum.
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Click to edit
Soybean Master
growth stages title
: style
 Vegetative stages of soybean are - VE, VC, V1, V2, V3, V4, V5.
 Reproductive stages of soybean - R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8.
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Varieties of soybean :
 High seed longevity varieties : JS 95-05, JS 95-60, JS
335, JS 80-21, NRC 2, NRC 37, Kalitur.
 Varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting : MACS
58, NRC 37, Type 49, Durga, Punjab-1.
 Rust tolerant varieties : PS 1024, PS 1029, Indira
soya 9, MAUS 61, MAUS 61-2.
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Classification :
Classification of soybean is done according to form, 'size' shape and colour of its seeds and
maturity period.
MANCHURIAN CLASSIFICATION : This classification is based on colour of
seeds.
A. Yellow group :
1. Yellow seeds with light hilum
2. Yellow seeds with golden hilum
3. Yellow seeds with brown hilum
B. Black group :
4. Large black seed
5. Flat black seed
6. Small black seed
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C. Green group :
1. Epidermis of seed green but embryo yellow
2. Epidermis as well as embryo green
MARTIN CLASSIFICATION : This
classification is based on shape and size of soybean
seed.
I. Soja elliptica
II. Soja spherica
III. Soja compressa
HERTZ CLASSIFICATION : It is based on
shape of pods.
IV. Soja platycarpa
V. Soja tumida
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Season & climatic requirements of soybean :
 Two cropping seasons of soybean kharif & spring.
 In case of kharif season most common time of sowing is onset of monsoon or last week of June to
first week of July while spring sowing is done between 15th of February & 15th of March.
TEMPERATURE :
 Soybean can be grown successfully on a wide range of temperature. Minimum & maximum
temperature for germination are approximately 5ºC & 40ºC.
 Optimum temperature for rapid vegetative growth rate is 30ºC, above 40ºC have adverse effect on
flower initiation & pod retention.
 Soil temperature of 15.5ºC or above favor rapid germination & vigorous seedling growth.
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MOISTURE :
 The optimum harvest moisture range is 13 % to 15 % for
maximum weight & minimum field losses.
 Threshing is difficult & more beans are crushed & bruised
when harvested with more than 18 % moisture.
RAINFALL :
 Soybean is moderately drought tolerant requiring a minimum
of 400mm of well distributed rainfall during the vegetative
growth period which lasts 3-4 months.
PHOTOPERIOD :
 Soybean are referred to as short day plants because short days
initiate flowering.
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Soil requirements of soybean:
 Soybean can be grown on almost all well
drained soil.
 Soil with pH 6-7 is suitable for crop growth
because in this pH adequate Ca & Mg ion is
normally available.
 Soybean is more productive fertile loamy
soil.
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Seed bed preparation :
 Land should be well levelled & be free from crop
stubbles.
 2-3 ploughing followed by planting are sufficient
to get proper tilth.
 This will improve moisture conservation of the
soil which is required for soil-seed interaction,
good seed germination, emergence, growth &
development.
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Seed & sowing of soybean :
SEED RATE :
 Seed rate of soybean depends upon germination percentage, seed
size & sowing time.
 If seed is of 80 % germination, 70-80 Kg seed per hectare is
required.
 For late planting & for spring crop, seed rate should be 100-120
Kg per hectare.
SEED TREATMENT :
 To protect from soil born diseases, seed should be treated planting
with one of the available fungicides; Captan, Dithane M-45,
Benlate & Tecto at 1.5-2 g per 1 Kg seeds.
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SEED INOCULATION :
 For efficient biological fixation of atmospheric nitrogen it is essential that soybean seeds should be
inoculated with suitable strain of Rhizobium japonicum.
 Peat base ‘Rhizobium culture’ is the best for this purpose.
 This should be used at the rate of 0.5 kg per 70 kg seed.
 Moist the seed with water & mix the culture uniformly in shade just before sowing.
Time of sowing : First fortnight of June is best time for sowing soybean.
Spacing : While sowing use row to row spacing of 45cm & plant to plant spacing of 4-7 cm.
Sowing depth : Sow seed at depth of 2.5-5 cm.
Method of sowing : Sow seed with the help of seed drill.
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Irrigation management of soybean :
 Number of irrigation varies with climatic conditions,
management practise & length of growing season.
 Moisture stress during flowering, pod filling & seed
development stages reduces yield.
 Usually 6-7 irrigations are required for spring soybean & 2-3
irrigations for autumn crop depending upon the rains.
 Therefore, irrigation must be given at the following stages :
 Three week after germination.
 Initiation of flowering.
 Pod filling stage.
 Seed development stage.
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Manure & fertilizer for soybean :
 For obtaining good yield of soybean apply 15-20 tones
of FYM or compost per hectare.
 Fertilizer requirement for soybean :
Nutrient Requirement Form

(kg/ha)
N 20 Urea
P2O5 60 SSP
K 2O 40 MOP
http://www.kisansuvida.com
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Weed Control Management in Soybean :
 Soybean field should be kept free of weeds for 30-40 days after sowing.
 Common weeds encountered in soybean are Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria spp.,
Cyprus rotundus, Euphorbia spp., Eclipta alba, Eleusine indica etc.
 Following herbicide can be used to control weed :
I. Nitrogen (Toke-25) : It is used as a pre emergence selective herbicide. It should
be applied at the rate of 1.5-2.0 kg per hectare in 800-1000L water before the
emergence of weed crop.
II. Fluchloralin (Basalin) : It is pre plant incorporate type herbicide. It should be
applied at the rate of 1 kg per hectare in 800-1000L of water after final land
preparation and before the sowing of soybean.
III. Metribuzin (Sencor) : This is pre- emergence herbicide effective against annual
grasses and broad leaved weeds. It should be applied before the emergence of
weed at the rate of 1 kg per hectare in 800-1000L of water.
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Some Important disease & control measure of soybean :
some important diseases :
 Seed, seedling rot : Poor emergence due to the seed rotting fungi.
The seed may rot soon after planting before it germinates. The seedling
may rot before or soon after emergence.Fungi responsible for these rot :
Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, fusarium sp. F. Semitectum,
Macrophomina phased etc.
Control measures : Seed treatment with Thiram at the rate of 4.5g/kg of
seed will control effectively these diseases.
 Frogeye leaf spot : This disease appears in the field about 2
month’s after planting. It is caused by a fungus Cercospora sojina. The
leaf spot has grey to light tan central area with a narrow reddish-brown
margin. Heavily spotted leaves may fall pre-maturely.
Control measure : Use certified seeds. Use resistant varieties like Bragg.
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 Pod blight or Anthracnose : This disease is caused by a fungus
Colletotrichum truncatum. The pod first become yellowish-green & soon
dry out. Consequently, seed formation is seriously affected. The seeds in
diseased pods may be shrivelled & mouldy.
Control measure : Spray Zineb at the rate of 2.5 kg per hectare in
1000 L water. Plant resistant varieties like Bragg.
 Rust : The leaves show brownish pistules, covering almost the entire leaf
surface. Loose brown powder, characteristic of rust may be present on the
leaves. Leaves turn brown within a period of time.
Control measure : Grown resistant varieties like Ankur. Spray Dithane M-
45 or Difolitan at the rate of 2.5 kg/ha in 1000 L water.
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 Yellow mosaic : This is the most damaging & wide spread disease
of soybean in India. The leaves show bright yellow, somewhat
diffused patches which increase in size & then coalesce, making the
leaf almost complete yellow. The newer leaves show yellow mosaic.
The casual organism is a virus which is transmitted by whitefly
(Bemisia tobaci). The same virus affected many other pulses crops.
Whitefly can breed on a large number of plants. If the plants are
infected within 75 days after planting, the yield reductions are
significant but infection after 75 days result into non-significant yield
losses.
Control measures : Use of regular insecticidal sprays e.g. Metasystox
25 EC at the rate of 1kg/ha in 1000L water at 10 days intervals followed
by rouging till crop is 75 days old is recommended. Grow resistant
varieties like Alankar, Shilajit etc.
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Insect pest management :
 Stem fly : It is a serious pest of soybean in northern region of India. Adult
feed by making multiple punctures which appear as white spots on leaves. Eggs
are laid in the soft tissue of the leaf & hatch in 2 to 7 days. Larvae start feeding
on the leaf & move toward the centre of the stem, penetrating through the
petiole. In 2 to 3 days maggots reach the stem & undergo 3 to 34 moults. When
an infected stem is split open a distinct tunnel can be corresponding to the area
eaten by the maggot. The infected plants show partly dries & drooping leaves.
Control measures : Apply Thimet 10% granules at the area of 10kg/ha or
Disystone 5% granules at the rate of 20kg/ha in soil before sowing.
 Bihar hairy caterpillar : It is a serious pest of soybean. A single female
may lay 1000-1500 eggs on the leaf surface. These pale greenish eggs hatch in
3 to 7 days. Newly emerged caterpillars are gregarious feeders on the leaf
epidermis, skeletonising entire leaves.
Control measure : Same as tobacco caterpillar.
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 Tobacco caterpillar : Females lay 1000-2000 eggs in batches. Egg
hatch in 3 to 7 days. The newly emerged larvae have green bodies & black
head. Young larvae feed gregariously. They feed on the epidermis, leaving
the main veins & thus skeletonising the leaves. Later instars feed
voraciously on young & old leaves & can completely defoliate plants.
Control measure : young caterpillar can be killed by dusting 10% BHC
dust at the rate of 25-30kg/ha. For full grown caterpillar spray 1.5L of
Thiodan 35EC in 1000L of water per hectare.
 Semi Looper : Adults are medium sized moths with a metallic yellow
patch in the fore wing. Eggs are laid singly on both side of leaves. In 3 to 4
days, the pale greenish-white larvae emerge & feed singly on the soft
tissues, leaving the veins. A severe infection will leaves the plant with only
its main branches.
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Control measure : Spray crop either with Phosphamidon at the

rate of 250ml/ha in 1000l water or Endosuif 35EC at the rate of
1L/ha in 800L of water.
 White fly : This is a serious pest of soybean in the Tarai, plains
of U.P. & Delhi regions. Adults are small, yellow bodied insects
with whitish-grey wings & are densely covered with a waxy
powder. Adults are known to transmit yellow mosaic virus. Plants
suffering from yellow mosaic virus disease have reduced pod
formation & yield.
Control measure : Spray a mixture of Malathion (0.1%) &
Metasystox (0.1%) or a Mixture of Thiodan (0.1%) & Metasystox
(0.1%) on 20th, 30th, 40th & 50th day after sowing.
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Rotation & mixed cropping :
 Mixed cropping of soybean with maize, mandua & sesamum
has been found feasible & more remunerative.
 In mixed stand of maize is not affected.
 In mixed cropping of maize & soybean plant, maize at 100cm
row spacing keeping plant to plant distance 10cm & soybean in
between maize rows.
 Some of the common rotation followed in north India are :
 Soybean – wheat
 Soybean – potato
 Soybean – gram
 Soybean – tobacco
 Soybean – potato – wheat
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Key to high yield of soybean :
 Good genetics.
 Maximize days suitable growing.
 90 to 95% light interception at flowering (R1)
through beginning seed (R5).
 Adequate nutrients.
 Adequate, timely water & air.
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31 31

Soybean: International scenario (Source: AMIS, FAO) :
 As per FAO Agricultural Market Information System,

global soybean production forecast for 2019-20 slashed
downward to 346.2 million tones from 364.1 million
tones estimated for 2018-19.
 Domestic soybean utilization in 2019-20 is estimated at
359.21 million tones, up from 352.1 million tones during
2018-19, reflecting higher utilization in Argentina, Brazil
and China.
 Global soybean trade estimates scaled up on higher
import forecast for China and several other countries,
which improved export prospects of major producers.
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32 32

Indian institute of Soybean Research :
 National research centre for soybean was established in
1987 in Indore( M.P).
 IISR is maintaining 4000 accessions of soybean.
 Under the AICRPS system, 102 improved varieties have
been developed.
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33 33

Harvesting of soybean :
 The maturity period of soybean ranges from 90-
140 days depends on the varieties.
 When plant reaches maturity leaves become
yellow and drop, soybean pods dry out quickly
moisture content during harvest is 15 percent.
 Harvesting can be done by hands or with sickle.
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Threshing of soybean :
 Threshing can be done either with mechanical
soybean thresher or some conventional methods.
 Threshing should be done carefully any kind of
severe beating or trampling may damage the seed
coat and thus reduces seed quality and variability.
 Soybean can be threshed by wheat thresher after
little modification.
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35 35

Communication Series
Havenly Miss. Sapna

Shiv Singh Yadav Study- CSAUAT , Kanpur
Study – Banda University Of Agriculture and technology
Bnada,
THE STUDY [email protected]

BY36
SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586
Click to edit Master
References : title style
 https://www.statista.com/statistics/263926/soybean-production-in-selected-countries-since-1980/
 agricoop.nic.in
 http://www.kisansuvida.com
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean#Nutrition
 Field crop production Rajendra Prasad
Vol. Second.
 Modern techniques of Raising field crops
Chidda Singh
Prem Singh
Rajbir Singh
 USDA
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37
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Banda University of Agriculture &

BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -

Area, production & productivity of world (2019-20) :

Area, production & productivity of India (2019-20) :

BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

o Soybean is an herbaceous annual plant in the family fabaceae.

BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

Nutrient Requirement Form

BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

Control measure : Spray crop either with Phosphamidon at the

BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

 As per FAO Agricultural Market Information System,

BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586

Havenly Miss. Sapna

THE STUDY [email protected]

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