Index

The Book

Basics

Glossary

A Lebanese touch for

Arabic Cooking

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Your guide to Arab Cooking in...

Salads Appetizers Pastries Soups Rice Pulses & Grains

Vegetables Chicken Meat Fish Pickles Beverages

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Arabic Cooking
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(c) Copyright 1996 :

Arabization & Software Center

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Arabic Cooking
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Arabic Cooking
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CREDITS :
Editor in chief: Lina Bassam Chebaro & Nada M. Halwani Food preparation & garnishing: Goodies. Programing : Clio sarl Tel 961-1-344650, Beirut Lebanon Arabiztaion & Software Center, Beirut Lebanon

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Arabic Cooking
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System Requirements:
IBM or compatible MPC or equivalent with: * 33 MHz 80386 or better * Minimum 4MB RAM * DOS 6.0 or later * Windows 3.1 or later * MPC - 2 compatible CD-ROM drive (2X or faster) * SVGA monitor / display minimum at 256 color 640x480 * MPC compatible audio board * Mouse MACINTOSH or compatible System 7 software with over 30 MHz Processor, CD-ROM and audio capabilities

Technical Notes for IBM MPC AND MACINTOSH

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Arabic Cooking
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General Installation Instruction:

1. Insert the Arabic Cooking CD into the CD-ROM drive. 2. Using file manager, select your CD drive. 3. Double click on SETUP EXE to begin installation procedure. . The contents of the Arabic cooking is published to be read by the ADOBE Acrobat Reader version 2.1 and above on Macintosh , Windows , DOS , and UNIX. This software installs the ADOBE Acrobat Reader.

Technical Notes for IBM MPC AND MACINTOSH

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Arabic Cooking
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If you encounter a problem, you can call our technical support department: Arabization & Software Center P .O.Box: 13-5574 Samar Bldg., Snoubra Mme Curie Str. Beirut - Lebanon Mon. - Friday 8.30 - 3.30 pm 961-1- (860138 - 811373 - 811385) 1-212-478-2486 e-mail address: [email protected]

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Arabic Cooking
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Opening (title) Page

Selection Menu

Basics Introduces Arabic cooking requirements and knowledge base

The Book Introduces the various sections of the book

Index Accesses the various recipes by topics.

Glossary Provides comprehensive explanation of the various ingredients used in Arabic cooking

Help Assists you with both your installation, Adobe Reader and the Navigation within the Cookbook

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Arabic Cooking
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The Main Page

This area contains the title of the recipe. This is the picture of the recipe. Clicking on this area will load the preparation page. This area contains the alternative spelling of the recipe in Arabic and in French. This indicates the number of servings.

Quick Introduction for IBM MPC AND MACINTOSH

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Arabic Cooking
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The preparation Page

This area contains the title of the recipe. This is the picture of the recipe. Clicking on this area will make you go back to the section index

Quick Introduction for IBM MPC AND MACINTOSH

This contains the steps for preparing the recipe Note: Underlined, italic, and blue coloured words or sentences indicates that you have to refer to the basics section.

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ALLSPICE ALMONDS ALUMINIUM FOIL ARTICHOKES BAKING POWDER BASIL BAY LEAVES BEETROOT SODIUM BICARBONATE BROAD BEAN/ FAVA BEAN BURGHUL CABBAGES CARAWAY CARDAMOM CARROTS CASHEW NUTS

CAULIFLOWER CELERY CHESTNUTS CHICKPEAS CINNAMON CLOVES COARSE ROCK SALT CORIANDER CORNFLOUR COUSCOUS CUCUMBER CUMIN DANDELION EGGPLANT FLOUR, ALL PURPOSE GARLIC

GINGER GOURD GROUND CHILIES HONEY JEWS MALLOW (MELOKHIA) KAHWA LEEKS LEMONS LENTILS LIMA BEAN/ BUTTER BEAN LOOMI MARJORAM MINT MISTICHA/ MASTIC MUSHROOMS NUTMEG

OKRA OLIVES OLIVE OIL ONIONS ORANGE BLOSSOM WATER PARSLEY PASTRY- FILO PASTRY PEAS PEPPER PINE NUTS PISTACHIO NUT POMEGRANATE THICKENED JUICE PURSLANE RADISH

RAISINS RICE ROMAINE LETTUCE ROSE WATER SAFFRON SESAME PASTE/ TAHINI SESAME SEED SEVEN SPICES SEVILLE ORANGE SHORTENING SHRIMP SPINACH SUGAR SUMAC SWEET PEPPER

SWISSCHARD TARO THYME TOMATOES TOMATO PASTE TRUFFLES TURMERIC TURNIP VEGETABLE OIL VINE LEAVES VINEGAR WALNUT ZAATAR ZUCCHINI

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ALLSPICE
Though it is a spice from the new world, allspice has been adopted in Middle East cooking for its similarity to the combined flavors of clove, cinnamon and nutmeg. Commonly referred to as bahar.

ALMONDS
ALMONDS are one of the most extensively used nuts in the world. They can be eaten either fresh from the cracked shells or roasted and salted.

ALUMINIUM FOIL
It is a special aluminium paper. Soft and thin used in wrapping cooking. It protects from leakingor burning.

ARTICHOKES
Also known as globe artichokes. The large flower buds of a type of thistle, grown primarily in the Mediterranean. The tightly packed cluster of tough, pointed, prickly leaves conceal tender, gray-green flesh at the vegetables center the heart.

BAKING POWDER
Powder used instead of yeast as a raising agent in baked goods. Baking powder usually comprises two parts acid (cream of tartar) to one part alkali (bicarbonate of soda).

BASIL
Related to the mint family and also known as sweet basil, it has long slender leaves of up to 2.5 cm in length, and tender stems. It is bright green, but turns pale brown when dried.

BAY LEAVES
Whole, dried leaves of the bay laurel tree. Pungent and spicy, they flavor simmered dishes, marinades and pickling mixtures.

BEETROOT
A root vegetable which is a member of the beet family. It is native to the Mediterranean region. The root shape may be globular, cylindrical or conical; the color of the skin is dark purple-red and the foliage above ground is green. Beetroot is usually baked or boiled whole and unpeeled as it loses its red juices if the skin is pierced. It may be eaten hot or cold as a vegetable on its own, as part of a salad or used in soups and savoury dishes.

BICARBONATE OF SODA
Combined with cream of tartar, the foundation of baking powder. Bicarbonate of soda is an alkali, often used with acids, such as soured milk or buttermilk, to make scones and cakes rise. A pinch of bicarbonate of soda added to the cooking water helps green vegetables to stay good in color.

BROAD BEAN/ FAVA BEAN

The seed of a dwarf climbing plant. Native to Asia. It grows as a long green pod containing pale green, oval-shaped beans which are best eaten when very young as a boiled legume. The broad bean is available in fresh, dried or canned form; the dried bean is cream or pale-brown colored.

BURGHUL
Hulled wheat, steamed until partly cooked, dried then ground. Available in fine and coarse grades. Recipes specify which grade to use. It has a nut-like flavor making it a popular food for those following natural food diets. It is widely used in Lebanon, Syria and neighboring countries. Available at Middle East, Greek and Armenian food stores and specialty food stores.

CABBAGES
The hard, solid cores of green or red cabbages must be cut away before the cabbage can be shredded for cooking.

CARAWAY
Arabic : Carawiya Caraway is originally from the countries of temperate Asia, including Iran and Turkey. It has been used as a spice for 5,000 years. A biennial plant, caraway grows up to 60 cm in height with feathery leaves and creamy white flowers. It comes in different forms: dried ground leaves, fresh tap roots, and dried seeds. Purchase from Middle East and Armenian foods stores.

CARDAMOM
(Cardamon, Cardamum) Native to Asia and South America, Cardamom is the dried fruit of a plant (Elettaria Cardamum) belonging to the ginger family. The pods are cream-colored and the seeds inside are brownish-black. The spice is bitter-sweet, very aromatic and has a slightly Lemony aftertaste. Ground cardamom is widely used in Scandinavian, Eastern and Italian dishes and is also one of the ingredients in curry powder. The seeds are sometimes used whole in pickling spice and marinades.

CARROTS
This popular root vegetable, eaten raw or cooked, is an excellent source of vitamin A and betacarotene, an antioxidant thought to play a role in preventing cancer. For best texture, flavor and nutritional value, buy and cook them fresh.

CASHEW NUTS
Arabic:Caju The fruit of the pear cashew tree, cultivated in tropical countries and grow profusely in India. The curvaceous cashews have a distinctively mild delicate, slightly sweet flavor and are used in sweet and savoury dishes.

CAULIFLOWER
A vegetable which is a member of the cabbage family. Native to either the eastern Mediterranean or Asia. It consists of a sturdy stalk topped by a closely-packed, fleshy white head of immature flowers fringed with green leaves. A good cauliflower should have a creamy-white head with a firm, tightly packed texture. Cauliflower may be eaten, boiled or steamed, used in vegetable salads or in cooked dishes.

CELERY
A vegetable native to many countries in its wild state. It grows as a cluster of stalks or stems, closely packed at the base to form a heart, opening out in separate stems with leafy tops and fibrous ridges running up and down the outside of each stem. The natural color of stems and leaves is green.

CHESTNUTS
More starchy and floury than most other nuts and lower in protein and fat. Dried chestnuts are becoming more readily available; these should be soaked overnight before use.

CHICKPEAS
Native to Asia and widely cultivated at the Mediterranean region. The chickpea is a legume which contains only two or three seeds in each pod. The main use of it is as a dried pulse. The color of the dried chickpeas is light brown and it looks more like a small, knobby nut than a pea or bean, with different kinds varying in size and color. Being both nutritious and flavorful, it is used in many basic dishes in the Middle East.

CINNAMON
A spice native to the Far East, cinnamon is made from the dried bark of an evergreen tree (cinnamo mum zeylanicum) belonging to the Laurel family and is available ground or in sticks (made from quills of rolled bark). Extensively used, cinnamon is said to be the worlds most important spice and its sweet, spicy and pungent flavor is pleasing in baked goods, stewed fruits, marinades, and hot winter punches.

CLOVES
Cloves are dried, unopened, dark brown buds. The flavor of the spice is strong, sweet, very aromatic and unmistakable.

COARSE ROCK SALT

Coarse or crystal rock salt can be used in the kitchen or on the table. It can be used for curing foods; rubbing meats and fish with it is an ancient technique.

CORIANDER
(Chinese Parsley) Fresh coriander (Cariandrum Satirum) looks like unwrinkled leaves of vivid green parsley and is much used in eastern Mediterranean, Asian and Japanese cookery. Dried, ripe seeds of coriander are exported from North Africa, the Balkans and South America. The seeds are relatively small and range in color from white to dark yellow. They are available whole or ground and the flavor resembles grated Lemon peel mixed with sage. Coriander is used in curry powder and mixed pickling spice. When ground, it also makes a pleasing flavoring for cakes and biscuits.

CORNFLOUR
This fine, powdery flour ground from endosperm of corn-the white heart of the kernel- is used as a neutral- flavoured thickening agent. Also known as cornstarch.

COUSCOUS
A North African cereal traditionally served with a lamb stew containing chickpeas. It is made, basically, from semolina which is rubbed between dampened hands to form the tiniest of dumplings, about the size of seed pearls. Although still made by hand in its countries of origin, couscous is now available ready-prepared and packeted.

CUCUMBER
A vegetable (Cucumis Sativus) which is a member of the marrow family and native to Asia. It has been grown in India for over 3,000 years and was introduced to China some 2,000 years ago. The Cucumber is the fruit of a creeping plant and the Western salad variety is tubular in shape, usually narrowing to a short handle at the stem end. The Skin of most kinds is thin, green or yellow-green, may be smooth or rough and is generally ridged lengthwise. The flesh is very pale green in color; crisp, refreshing, but very watery. There is a soft central core which may have edible seeds. Different varieties vary in length from a stubby 10 cm /4 inches to well over 30 cm / 12 inches with a diameter of about 4 cm /1 1/2 inches. Some types of cucumber are suitable for use in pickles but most are best eaten raw in a salad or on their own. They may also be cooked and used in some recipes.

CUMIN
Middle Eastern spice with a strong, dusky, aromatic flavor, popular in cuisines of its region of origin. Sold either as whole, small, crescent-shaped seeds, or ground.

DANDELION
A plant (Taraxacum Officinale) which grows wild all over Europe and Scandinavia. The leaves can be used in Salads or as a vegetable and the root can be cleaned, dried and roasted and made into a natural coffee substitute without caffeine.

EGGPLANT
Variety of eggplant distinguished by its long, slender form. Asian eggplant generally has a finer flesh fewer seeds than the larger, rounder varieties.

FLOUR, ALL PURPOSE

The most common choice of flour for making pastries and quick breads, this bleached and blended (hard and soft wheat) product is available in all supermarkets.

GARLIC
A herb valued since time immemorial, garlic (Allium sativum) is said to have been given to men building the Egyptian pyramids to keep them healthy. Extensively cultivated world wide and also found wild, the herb is a perennial member of the onion family and grows in bulbs, each containing individually wrapped cloves. The flavor is strong, penetrating and is something of an acquired taste.

GINGER
The rhizome of the tropical ginger plant, which yields a sweet, strong-flavored spice. Whole ginger rhizomes, commonly but mistakenly called roots, may be purchased fresh in a supermarket or vegetable market. Ginger pieces are available crystallized or candied in specialty food shops. Ground, dried ginger is easily found in jars or tins in supermarket spices section.

GOURD
The fruit of trailing plants of the Cucurbita family; many gourds are inedible but the family also includes pumpkin, squash and vegetable marrow varieties.

GROUND CHILIES
Many commonly available chili powders are blends of a number of spices and seasonings, although almost all dried chili can be ground and used as a pure powder. For a home-made mixture, experiment with herbs and spices.

HONEY
The natural, sweet, syrup like substance produced by bees from flower nectar, honey subtley reflects the color, taste and aroma of the blossoms from which it was made. Milder varieties, such as clover and orange blossom, are lighter in color and better suited to general cooking purposes.

Jews Mallow (MELOKHIA)

A secondary source of jute grown in Egypt and India. In Egypt the younger shoots are harvested and the oval leaves, 4-8 cm (1 1/2-3 inches) long, are stripped from the long stalks and used as a pot herb for a soup of the same name. The herb has the viscous properties of okra and it is favored more for this then for its flavor. Jews mallow sometimes makes its appearance in Western city markets during late spring and summer. Strip leaves from stalks, wash well, drain and shred very finely, using about 500g (1 lb) leaves in place of the 1 1/2 cups dried leaves. Dried jews mallow is available at Greek and Middle East food stores.

KAHWA
(Turkish Coffee) In the Middle East every household has its rakwi (long-handled coffee pot). To impress your Arabic host or your guests, know the right coffee talk-murrah for sugarless coffee, mazboutah for medium sweet and hilweh for very sweet. Coffee is always served in tiny, bowl-shaped cups. To each Arabic coffee cup measure of water, add a level teaspoon sugar for medium sweet, a heaped teaspoon for very sweet. Stir sugar in water over heat until dissolved and boiling. Add 1 heaped teaspoon pulverized coffee (usually a dark roasted coffee) for each cup water, stir well and cook until foam rises to the top of the pot. The pot is removed from the heat and the base rapped on a flat surface to reduce foaming. Heat twice more, with raps in between. Pour immediately into the cups. To flavor the coffee, cardamom pods are ground with the beans (3 or 4 with each 250g or 8 oz beans). Traditionally few drops of orange blossom water would be added to individual taste.

LEEK
A vegetable which is a member of the onion family. The leek grows as a multi-layered cylinder of tightly packed, curved leaves which open out towards the top. Although the natural color is green, the leek is earthen-up to blanch the stem to a very pale green or off white. Its size is 20-25 cm long, with some of the fibrous green top removed, and about 2.5 cm diameter. When cooked, it is the mildest and sweetest of the onion family and may be eaten on its own or used in savoury dishes.

LEMONS
This citrus fruit is almost unpalatable when raw, but its kitchen uses are many. The juice, flesh and skin are valuable flovouring; the acidic juice can also be used as a cooking agent.

LENTILS
It is a legume which grows as a pod on a branching plant from which the bean is extracted; the bean is then dried and used as a pulse. There are several main types of lentil. The tiny, bright orange variety, often sold as a split lentil, is a brown-skinned bean with the casing removed; it may also be bought in the unskinned state as a brown lentil. Lentils are high in protein, have a pleasant flavor, are easy to pure when cooked and are a popular ingredient in many Mediterranean and Asian dishes.

LIMA BEAN/BUTTER BEAN

For export purposes, the bean is dried and used as a pulse. The name butter bean is derived from its pale, buttery color although some kinds have a very pale shade of green. All types have the kidney shape. Butter beans have a good texture and flavor and are suited to many savoury dishes. All varieties of butter bean must be boiled briskly for the first 15 minutes of cooking time to destroy harmful toxins found in the outer skin which can prove very dangerous to the human body. Ready-cooked beans are sold in cans.

LOOMI
(Dried Limes) They are necessary flavor additive to gulf cooking and are also used in Iran and Iraq. While the Gulf cooks use Loomi either whole or powdered, they are only used whole in Iran and Iraq. When using them intact, they must be pierced with a skewer or fork on each side so the cooking liquid can travel through the lime to take the flavor.

MARJORAM
A herb native to Western Asia and to Mediterranean. The graygreen leaves are dried and are slightly aromatic with minty overtones.

MINT
Arabic: (Naahnah) These herbs grow in temperate zones of the world and bear deep green leaves with an unmistakable strong and tangy scent and flavor.

MISTICHA / MASTIC
Arabic: (Mistiki) Misticha is a resin from a small ever green tree, with most of the worlds supply coming from the Greek island of Chios. From ancient times it has been used as a chewing gum. The powdered resin is used to flavor sweet breads. In Egypt a small piece of misticha is often added to boiling chicken to remove unwanted flavors.

MUSHROOMS
Wild, cultivated or dried, the mushroom is a versatile and flavorsome ingredient. Mushroom take well to most cooking methods : sauting, braising, baking and microwaving. They are also delicious uncooked. We used mainly button mushroom in our recipes.

NUTMEG
Arabic: Jawzat Al Teeb Popular baking spice that is the hard pit of the fruit of the nutmeg tree. May be brought already ground or, for fresher flavor, whole.

OKRA
Arabic : Bamia Also called ladiesfingers and gumbo. Native to Africa, it is an angular pod tapering to a point. Young okra are preferred. The vegetable has viscous properties, and while it is used for these properties in western cooking, the preparation of the vegetable in the Middle East is so devised that these properties are lessened. If you like the glutinous texture, then do not use the vinegar treatment, though a brief blanching will firm the vegetable. Okra is also available dried, canned and frozen.

OLIVES
BLACK OLIVES: Through the Mediterranean, black olives are cured in various combinations of salt, seasonings, brines, vinegars and oils to produce a range of pungently flavored results. Good-quality cured olives are available in ethnic delicatessens, specialty-food shops and well-stocked supermarkets. GREEN OLIVES: Olives pickled in their unripened, green state and cured in brine-sometimes with seasonings, vinegars and oil-to produce results generally more sharp tasting than ripe black olives. Sold in ethnic delicatessens, specialty-food shops and well-stocked supermarkets.

OLIVE OIL
A golden-green oil with a rich and fruity flavor. The best is known as virgin oil and comes from the first pressings of small, ripe black olives from Mediterranean and Balkan countries. In Latin countries, it is used for general cooking and frying purposes; in other areas, it is generally reserved for salad dressings and mayonnaise. The oil is a good source of mono saturated fatty acids.

ONIONS
Finely chopped, sliced or whole, the onion is one of the most useful vegetable flavorings available to the cook. Native to Asia, it has been a kitchen ingredient for thousands of years. Types of onions used: Yellow onions, spring onions. Yellow onion is strong in taste and available year round. Spring onion should have firm bulb and green stem.

ORANGE BLOSSOM WATER

A fragrant liquid distilled from orange blossoms and used to flavor syrups and pastries. Available at Middle East and Greek food stores. Chemists (druggists) sell a concentrated essence; if this is all you can obtain, use in drops rather than the teaspoon or tablespoon measures given.

PARSLEY
A nutritious herb, packed with trace elements and vitamins. There are two main types in common use: curly (Petroselinum Crispum) and Flat-leafed (P. sativum), which has a superior flavor. There is also a third type which has a fern-like appearance. Parsley grows worldwide and is used both in cooking and as a garnish. It is bright green when fresh but turns a greenish-brown when dried.

PASTRY- FILO Pastry

Tissue-thin sheets of flour-and-water pastry used throughout the Middle East as crisp wrappers for savory or sweet fillings. Usually found in the supermarket frozen-food section, or purchased fresh in Middle Eastern delicatessens; defrost frozen filo thoroughly before use. The fragile sheets, which generally measure 25 by 35 cm, must be separated and handled carefully to avoid tearing. As you work with the filo, keep the unused sheets covered with a lightly dampened towel to keep them from drying out.

PEAS (Garden Pea)

A vegetable (Pisum Sativum) which grows as the fruit of a climbing plant, possibly native to northern India. It is now cultivated worldwide except in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Peas grow in an elongated flat pod or shell which becomes tabular in shape as the peas inside swell and mature. Both pod and pea are green in color and the pod has a thin, fibrous, inedible lining. There are many varieties and all are sweet and best when the pea itself is relatively small. Most pea pods are sold at 7.5-10 cm/3-4 inches long and about 1 cm/1/2 inch wide. Fresh young peas may be eaten raw by themselves or in a salad, lightly boiled or used in cooked dishes; older peas should be cooked. The pods of some varieties such as mange-tout do not have an inedible lining and these are picked before the pea seed has developed, to be eaten whole and unshelled. Peas are particularly well-suited to freezing and are also processed and sold in cans. Dried peas are available as pulses in the form of whole green peas and as yellow or green split peas.

PEPPER
Pepper, the most common of all savory spices, is best purchased as whole pepper corns, to be ground in a pepper mill or coarsely crushed as needed. BLACK PEPPER : Pungent black pepper corns derive from slightly underripe pepper berries, whose hulls oxidize as they dry. WHIT PEPPER : Milder white pepper corns come from fully ripened berries, with the husks removed before drying.

PINE NUTS
Small, ivory-colored seeds extracted from the cones of a species of pine tree, with a rich, slightly resinous flavor.

PISTACHIO NUT
Native to Syria, these are also grown in other areas of the Middle East, Italy and the USA Peridot green in color and uniquely bright, the nuts has a subtle taste and aroma and are related to the cashew family. They are the seeds of fruit grown on a small tree and have pale, creamy-colored shells which split naturally at one end. They are expensive and generally available roasted and salted, still in their shells. They have many culinary applications and need blanching to remove their skins.

POMEGRANATE THICKENED JUICE

To juice the fruit, place a handful of seeds at a time in a muslin bag and squeeze juice into a bowl. Freeze in ice-cube trays, then pack cubes in plastic bags and store in freezer. If fresh pomegranate juice is not available, use pomegranate molasses or syrup, dibs roman, available at Middle East food stores. Use 3-4 teaspoons dibs roman in 1 cup water for 1 cup pomegranate juice.

PURSLANE
(Common Purslane, Green Purslane) A herb-type plant (Portulaca oleracea) which probably originated in Asia and is found both wild and cultivated in many parts of the world. It has green, fleshy leaves which, when young, are suitable for use in salads. The flavor is mild but sharply distinctive and the texture is slightly sticky. Purslane is also used as a flavoring and can be dried.

RADISH
Native to southern Asia. There are many varieties of radishes, but we used red redishes. Crisp texture, and strong or mild flavor.

RAISINS
Variety of dried grapes, popular as a snack on their own. For baking, use seedless dark raisins or golden raisins (sultanas).

RICE
This cereal lives in a warm, moist climate and is cultivated in parts of North America, Asia, Africa, Australia and Southern Europe. It has a high starch content and is easy to digest. Varieties include longmedium and short grain, polished, Carolina, Basmati, Patna, Risotto, Brown, White, regular-milled, parboiled, ground, flakes, flour and wild.

ROMAINE LETTUCE
Popular variety of lettuce with elongated, pale-green leaves characterized by their crisp texture and slightly pungent flavor. Also called Cos Lettuce.

ROSE WATER
Distilled from fragrant rose petals, rose water is used for both savoury and sweet dishes. As the strength varies according to the quality, when using a new brand add cautiously and taste to judge how much is required. Rose water is available at Middle East and Greek food stores.

SAFFRON
Arabic: Zaaffaran It is the worlds most expensive spice. It takes the stamens almost a quarter million blooms to produce 500g of saffron. The use of saffron originated in Asia Minor in ancient times. Buy a reliable brand as there are cheaper versions sold which are not true saffron. Pound threads in a mortar and soak in liquid specified to bring out the fragrance and color.

SESAME PASTE / TAHINI

(Taheena, Tahina) A Middle Eastern sesame seed paste similar in consistency to mayonnaise and used in the preparation of hummus. Tahina by itself is spooned on to small plates in the same way as hummus, garnished with a sprinkle of olive oil, black olives and chopped parsley and eaten with pieces of pitta bread as an appetizer.

SESAME SEED
Pale cream seeds of a plant widely grown in tropical regions. Sesame seeds are oily and highly nutritious and used since ancient times in the Middle East. The seeds are used on breads and cookies and for tahini.

SEVEN SPICES
It is a combination of seven Lebanese spices which can be purchased at any Middle Eastern store.

SEVILLE ORANGE
The fruit of an evergreen tree native to South-East Asia, introduced to the Mediterranean earlier than the sweet orange. Because of its sharpness, it is not eaten as a dessert fruit but used in conserves such as marmalade and also to add piquancy to meat dishes. It is about 7.5 cm/3 inches in slightly darker coarser skin.

SHORTENING
While gee can be used in place of shortening, the flavor is not quite the same. Shortening is butter that has been melted to remove the water and milk solids, leaving pure butterfat, which has a much higher burning point: 180C (350F). 1- Melt the butter over low heat without stirring. When completely melted, remove the foam from the surface with a spoon. 2- Slowly pour the melted butter into a bowl leaving the milky solids behind. Alternatively, after skimming, pour through a sieve lined with muslin.

SHRIMP
Fresh, raw shrimp (prawns) are usually sold with heads already removed but the shells intact.

SPINACH
Be sure to wash thoroughly, in several changes of water, to eliminate all dirt and sand.

SUGAR
We used coarse granulated table sugar, also known as crystal sugar, unless otherwise specified.

SUMAC
The dried, crushed red berries of a species of sumac tree. It has a pleasant sour taste, rather lemony in flavor. It is advisable that sumac be purchased at Middle East and Armenian food stores.

SWEET PEPPER
Arabic: BIHAR HOLOU Powdered spice derived from the dried pepper; available in sweet, mild and hot forms. Buy in small quantities from shops with high turnover, to ensure a fresh, flavorful supply.

SWISS CHARD
(Leaf Beat, sea kale Beet) A vegetable (Beta vulgaris) which is a member of the Beetroot family cultivated for its greenery rather than its root. It grows as a cluster of stalks topped with crinkly, oval leaves which are wide and thick-veined and best harvested before maturity to eliminate stringiness. The leaf is green and its wide stalk is normally white but red varieties do exist. Swiss chard may be cooked and eaten whole but more often the green leaf is stripped off and used separately from the white stalk. The leaf is best steamed, as overcooking destroys the mild, spinach-like flavor.

TARO
Arabic: Kolkas There are species of colocasia native to tropical Asia and Africa. It is a large, starchy tuber with side tubers or corns. The taro is toxic if eaten raw; heating destroys the toxicity.

THYME
Fragrant, clean-tasting, small-leafed herb used fresh or dried as a seasoning for poultry, meat, seafood or vegetables.

TOMATOES
The fruit of a branching plant (Lycopersicum esculentum) native to South America. The tomato grows as a hanging fruit, initially green in color, but turning red or yellow with maturity. The size when ripe varies enormously with type and the fruit may be spherical, round with flattened tops and bottoms or pear-shaped. The thin skin encloses a pulpy flesh with a central core of small, soft and edible seeds. Tomato may be eaten raw by itself or in Salads and it is used in numerous cooked dishes where it adds a distinctive flavor. Commercially, the tomato is suitable for canning whole or turning into juice.

TOMATO PASTE
A concentrated paste made from Italian plum tomatoes which is widely used in Italian dishes, as well as adding flavor to many soups, sauces, stews and casseroles. It is usually available in tubes or cans.

TRUFFLES
The king of wild mushrooms, truffles have an incomparable flavor. Cost varies from year to year, and prices are prohibitively high. Wild truffles grow underground, around the roots of certain oak trees, and are gathered in the autumn. Black truffles, which look much like small lumps of coal, are most common.

TURMERIC
Pungent, earthy-flavored ground spice that, like saffron, adds a vibrant yellow color to any dish.

TURNIP
Small, creamy white root vegetable, tinged purple or green at its crown, with firm, pungent yet slightly sweet flesh. Generally cooked by boiling, braising or stewing. Choose smaller turnips that feel heavy for their size and firm to the touch.

VEGETABLE OIL
This is an oil obtained from blending a number of oils in various proportions, and types and quantities are not necessarily given on the label. It may contain coconut or palm oils, which are high in saturated fats. Vegetable oil has little aroma or flavor, making it popular as a all-purpose culinary oil.

VINE LEAVES
A familiar and popular wrapping, these have a pleasant lemony tang and are suitable for many cooking methods. Blanching before stuffing is imperative: fresh leaves need their slight bitterness subdued, and leaves packed in brine are very salty. Always adjust the seasoning accordingly when using preserved vine leaves.

VINEGAR
A sharp, sour liquid, containing varying amounts of an acetic acid, produced by fermentation of grapes, cider or malt. Cider vinegar has an acetic acid content of 50-60 %; malt contains a little less, about 50 %. Vinegar is used for pickling, in various sauces and salad dressings, and as a condiment.

WALNUT
It is known from millions of years. It grows mainly in Mediterranean areas. Used extensively in cooking, garnishing and in sweets. The outer layer should be removed then cooked in-order to remove the inner layer. Saut walnut with oil or butter until golden. It is available in the market: chopped, grounded or flaked.

ZAATAR SEASONING
Dry blend of roasted sesame seed, wild marjoram, thyme and sumac; available in Arabic specialty shops.

ZUCCHINI
A vegetable (Cucurbita pepo) which is a small variety of the marrow family with a dark green skin. The flesh is crisp and watery and there is a central core of edible seeds. It usually has a milder, sweeter flavor than larger types of marrow. It is best at about 10 cm/4 inches long and may be eaten raw or steamed, boiled, baked or fried. The terms courgette (French) and Zucchini (Italian) are used interchangeably for these varieties of small marrow as there is no English equivalent.