OHE & PSI

RAILWAY
PROJECTS

By: Anubhav Kumar Jain

(Manager)
Mo. : 7310109435
RAILWAYS

1
IN THIS SESSION WE WILL DISCUSS ABOUT

Introduction of traction System

Type of traction system

Need of traction System

Sectioning and power supply arrangement of traction system .

Different Activity of PSI.

Different Activity of railway electrification

Importance of Bonding and earthling in railway electrification .

 OHE & PSI
Railway Traction
System
History of electric Traction

In 1879 the first electric In 1936 the first steps to

In 1907,M/S Siemens
train run was run on 31st wards 50 c/s traction as
manufactured 1 phase
May in the Industrial fair known today was taken
Traction system,15 KV,
at Berlin by Earnest by Germany when they
25C/S,162/3rd C/S. This
Warner Siemens,3HP dc electrified 35 miles
system is also developed
series motor was used Hattenthal Railways in
in Americain 11KV,25C/S
and speed was 6-7 KMPH black forest
History of electric Traction in India

Electric traction took Sheoraphuli-

birth in India in 1925 Tarakeswar branch line In 1960 first
when 10 miles on 3000 V dc system. electrification on single
between Bombay VT – This work of 142 RKM phase , 25kv 50 c/s
Kurla of the Central or 423 TKM was traction system was
Railway was Electrified completed in Aug. done RKSN-DPS section
with 1500 volt DC. 1958.
Why 25 KV have been adopted

In the initial stage 15KV, 16⅔

c/s had attended perfection.
Later on when it was wanted To have same inductance
To have same drawl of
to change this system to 50c/s drop so that protection
power so that no of trains
Industrial frequency so as not equipment need not be
need not be changed
to change the equipment of changed.
15KV two consideration taken
into account :-
Why 25 KV have been adopted
Let V1 I 1 cosθ1 XL1 are the voltage, current power factor and impedance for 15KV 16⅔ c/s and V2 I2 cosθ2 XL2
are the voltage, current power factor and impedance for 25KV, 50c/s

Now for transmitting same power in same power factor.

V1 I1 cosθ1 = V2 I2 cosθ2
V1/ V2= I2/ I1 [cosθ1 = cosθ2]

For same percentage of Impedance drop

I1 X L1/ V1= I2 XL2/V2

I1/I2= V1 XL2/ V2 XL1

V2/V1= V1 2πf2/ V2 2πf1

[V2]2 = [V1]2 f2/ f1
V2= V1√ [f2/ f1]

V2= 15√ [50x3/ 50]

V2= 15√3=25KV [16⅔= 50/3]
Type Electric Traction Systems
• Direct Current (DC) electrification system
• Alternating Current (AC) electrification system
• Composite system.
DC Electrification System
• In this type of system, three-phase power received from the power
grids is de-escalated to low voltage and converted into DC by the
rectifiers and power-electronic converters.
AC Electrification System
• The Single phase 25KV at 50Hz is the most commonly used
configuration for AC electrification. It is used for heavy haul systems
and main line services since it doesn’t require frequency conversion.
This is one of the widely used types of composite systems wherein
the supply is converted to DC to drive DC traction motors.
Composite System
• Composite System (or multi-system) trains are used to provide
continuous journeys along routes that are electrified using more
than one system. One way to accomplish this is by changing
locomotives at the switching stations. These stations have overhead
wires that can be switched from one voltage to another. Another
way is to use multi-system locomotives that can operate under
several different voltages and current types. In Europe, it is common
to use four-system locomotives. (1.5 kV DC, 3 kV DC, 15 kV 16⅔ Hz
AC, 25 kV 50 Hz AC).
Principal of traction system
• There has to be a closed electrical circuit in order for the current to
flow and the train to move. The circuit can be completed through the
train wheels to the rails/rail with With Return Wire and then by
connecting them back to the feeder substation.
AC Electrification System
AC Electrification System
Current Rating of 25Kv Traction
system
• The Catenary wire comprises 19 strands of cadmium copper, having about 80%
conductivity and 65 sq. mm cross-sectional area. The contact wire is a solid
hard drawn grooved copper of 12.24 mm dia and 107 sq. mm cross-sectional
area.
• Total effective cross-sectional area of both the Wire =
(107x 98%)+(65x80%) (Cross-section x Conductivity)

=156.8
• Conductivity of 1mm cross-sectional area Copper = 4 A
• Total conductivity of 25KV Traction system (contact wire-107 Sqmm + Catenary
wire- 65 Sqmm ) = (156.8 x 4) A
= 600 A (Equivalent)
• The total current carrying capacity is 600 Amps.
Current Rating of TSS
• No voltage load :
• Primary side = 132 KV
• Secondary side = 27KV
• Secondary voltage at rated output = 25 KV
• Rated out put = 21.6 KV
• Rated secondary current = 21.6 MVA = 800 A
27 KV
Drawings for Railway Electrification
OHE
1. L-section.

2. ESP- Engineering scale plan.

3. Pre –pegging plan.

4. PSD- Power supply diagram.

5. SIP- signal Interlocking Plan.

6. Sectioning diagram.

7. Pegging Plan.

8. LOP- Layout plan.

9. CSD- Cross section Drawing.

10. SED- structure errection Drawing

11. AED- As erected Drawing.

Drawings for Railway
Electrification PSI
• Traction Sub Station Drawings
•  Location Plan and Schematic Diagram • Switching Station Drawings
• GAD and Bus bar Layout • Location Plan and Schematic
• Fencing Layout Diagram
• Structure Assembly Layout
• GAD and Bus bar Layout
• Foundation & Stub Details Drawing
• Cable Trench Layout • Fencing Layout
• Cable run Layout • Structure Assembly Drawing
• Earthing Layout • Foundation Layout
• Control Room Building • Cable Trench Layout
• Baffle wall Drawing
• Cable run Layout
• Transformer Oil drainage arrangement
• Oil soak pit drawing • Earthing Layout
• As-Built Drawings • As-Built Drawings
Sectioning of OHE
The overhead equipment is divided electrically into sections using neutral
sections, insulated overlaps, uninsulated overlaps and section insulators .
Under normal working conditions, electrical continuity is maintained by
bridging the insulated overlaps by means of interrupters or isolators. (OTHER
THAN SWITCHING STATION SINGLE POLE ISOLATOR IS TO BE PROVIDED )

Isolation of small sections of OHE for maintenance and repairs is possible.

Sectioning of OHE should be kept to a minimum in consistence with

operational requirements.

Excessive sectioning, results in having a large number of insulators,

overlaps, terminations, isolating switches, fee der wires, section insulators
etc. These can reduce reliability while increasing the need for maintenance.
Main Principles of Sectioning
a)Main running lines and loops should be electrically separate from
secondary lines and yard lines.
b)On double track section, OHEs of Up and Down tracks should be
electrically separate unless it is inevitable. The OHEs of Up and
Down lines should be supported on separate structures.
c) Lines for different activities should be electrically separate. In yards,
reception, dispatch, common exit and entry lines, engine run around
lines, loco shed lines and sidings should be separated from each other.
d) Electric locomotive lines used for locomotive pit lines, and sidings
where open wagons are loaded or unloaded, should be specially isolated
at both ends through short neutral sections and shall be provided with
earthing arrangement for the dead section at both ends, for the safety of
personnel working close to OHE.
Stations with loop line:

The first
CL OF STN. loop line
120 m adjacent to
the main line
is normally
designed to
120 m
be in the
same
FIG.3.12.2 elementary
section as
the main
line.
Stations provided with emergency cross
over and loops
• Where
space is
CL OF STN. available,
850 m 120 m
the
insulated
overlap and
B the isolator
A should be
120 m 850 m
provided
between the
FIG.3.12.4
points A and
B as shown
in Fig.
3.12.4.
Stations having a group of common
loops on one side

CL OF STN. • Sectioning
120 m arrangement
B
shown in
A Fig.3.12.7
should be
followed.
120 m

COMMON LOOP
120 m

FIG.3.12.7
Power supply arrangement
FIG.1.3.4
A SAMPLE OF GENERAL SUPPLY DIAGRAM

OBBREVIATIONS:- 1. BM : MAIN INTERRUPTOR.

2. BS : YARD INTERRUPTOR.
3. CB : CIRCUIT BREAKER.
FROM TRACTION SUB STATION 4. UVR : UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY.

5. : INTERRUPTOR.

CB CB 6. : CIRCUIT BREAKER.
TO LOCO SHED

BM BM BM BM BM BM BM BM CB BM

BM BS

DN DN

BM BM BM
UP UP

NEUTRAL SECTION / INSULATED OVERLAP TO YARD

BM BM 
SUB SECTOR SUB SECTOR SUB SECTOR
 U.V.R
SECTOR

FEEDING SUB SECTIONING SUB SECTIONING SECTIONING

POST & PARALLELING POST & PARALLELING POST & PARALLELING POST
(F.O) (S.S.P) (S.S.P) (S.P)
The power supply system includes

• Receiving 2 phases of 220/132/110/66 power in TSS premises

• Traction Sub Station-TSS
• Feeding Post (FP)
• Sectioning and Paralleling Post (SP)
• Sub Sectioning and Paralleling Post (SSP)
Traction Sub Station-TSS
The traction substations are normally separated from 50 to 60km
depending on the traffic density. 21.6 MVA transformers are used presently,
Neutral sections are provided in between two adjacent substations to
prevent the bridging of different phases while passing the electric
locomotive. The level of voltage is reduced from 220/132/110/66 kV to 25
KV for the end-use of locomotives by 21.6 MVA signal phase power
transformers placed at traction sub stations.
FUNCTIONING OF TRD
SYSTEM PSI
132 kV side
Transformer TPC/RCC
25 kV side

Low Voltage CB

Feeder CB

Interrupter OHE
TSS Main Components
• 132 KV side • 25 KV side (LV)
• 132 KV Double pole isolator • 25 KV current transformer
• 132 KV current transformer • 42 KV lightening arrestor
• 132KV Circuit • Capacitor bank & series reactor
breaker                                            • 25 KV circuit breaker
• 120 KV lightening arrestor • 25 KV single pole
• 21.6 MVA/132/27 KV traction isolator                                                
transformer • 25 KV potential transformer( for
• 132 KV porcelain insulators protection)
• 25 KV bus coupler interrupter.
• 25 KV porcelain insulators
Traction Sub Station-TSS
Traction Sub Station-TSS
 Incoming ac BUS Incoming ac BUS

X connection DPI DPI

DPI

DPI DPI

CT CT

HV CB HV CB

LA LA

TRACTION TRACTION
TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER

Bushing CTs

07/02/2022 31
 25 KV FEEDING
ARRANGEMENT TRACTION
TRANSFORMER
Bushing CTs
42 kV LA
CT 25kV CB

SP Isolator
AT 10 kVA AT 25 kVA
PT
CT
Bus Coupler
Interrupter 25kV Feeder CB

DP Isolator SP Isolator
25 kV
Interrupter
DP Isolators
PT PT
LA
DN line
IOL

07/02/2022
Up line 32
Execution of TSS
S.NO DESCRIPTION
1 132KV Equipment Foundation
2 25KV Equipment Foundation
3 Fencing Foundation
4 Baffle wall
5 Building
6 Fencing Panel Erection
7 Structure Erection
8 Equipment's Erection
9 CR Room Equipment's Erection
10 Earthing
11 Cabling
12 Testing
Different methods of connection of interrupters are:
a) Bridging Interrupter -

An interrupter which is provided at the neutral section to

extend the feed from one substation to the overhead
equipment normally fed by the other substation in
emergencies or when the latter is out of use. This
normally remains in the open position.

b) Sectioning Interrupter -

An interrupter which connects adjacent sub-sectors

together to maintain continuity of supply. This normally
remains in closed position.
c) Paralleling Interrupter -

An interrupter which connects overhead equipments of

two different tracks. This normally remains in closed
position to reduce the voltage drop.
FP- Feeding Post
The 25kV AC power from the substation is normally led by two feeder
Wires to a feeding post. Normally both feeders supply power to the OHE.
For Single line section there will be a minimum of Two interrupters and
for Double line section there will be a minimum of four interruptors. As
the interruptor will require periodical maintenance, arrangements are
made for its total isolation by a double pole isolator. The two incoming
feeders from the traction substation are kept separate at the feeding post.
FP-Sectioning
Feeding Arrangement
Post
TSS

FP

SSP SP

Sub Sector Sub Sector

Sector
37
FP- components
• 25 KV interrupter
• 25 KV double pole isolator
• 25 KV potential transformer
• 42 KV lightening arrestor
• 25 KV porcelain insulator
SP- Sectioning and Paralleling post
The layout of the SP is similar to the feeding post ( FP) except that in SP
there are no incoming feeders. Being the tail end of the feed from the sub-
station the sectioning post is also to act as a paralleling post for the feeds
on either side. Bridging interrupters are provided at the sectioning post in
case the feed has to be extended because of any difficulty at a sub-station.
To prevent short circuit between adjacent sections, Neutral Sections are
provided. The portion of the OHE between a Feeding Post and the next
neutral zone on one side is called a section of the traction supply. A
Sectioning and Paralleling Post (SP) is provided near the neutral zone, that
has two paralleling Interrupters to keep the two portions of the OHE (one
in each direction) supplied in parallel. For bridging, Since the neutral
section remains ‘dead’ warning boards are provided in advance to warn
and remind the Driver of an approaching electric locomotive /EMU to open
locomotive CircuitBreaker (DJ) before approaching ‘neutral section’.
SP- Sectioning and Paralleling post
SP- Sectioning and Paralleling post

LA 42 kV LA 42 kV

Neutral DPI
Section
Paralleling Intr

LA 42 kV LA 42 kV

AT
PT

Bridging
Interrupter
SP
09/03/2016 41
Sectioning and Paralleling post- components
• 25 KV interrupter
• 25 KV double pole isolator
• 25 KV potential transformer
• 42 KV lightening arrestor
• 25 KV porcelain insulator
•  10 KVA 25 KV/240 V
SSP- Sub-Sectioning and Paralleling
post
Depending on the distance between an FP and SP (Feeding post to a
Neutral section) 1 to 3 Sub sectioning and paralleling posts are created.
This is the simplest of all posts as its purpose is only to sectionalize/
parrallel the different sections of the overhead equipment. Paralleling
interrupters are provided at SSP to parallel the Up & Down track OHE, in
order to reduce the voltage drop and to facilitate movement of traffic in
case one subsector or one or more elementary section is faulty or taken up
for maintenance.
SSP- Sub-Sectioning and Paralleling
post
SSP- Sub-Sectioning and Paralleling
post PT DPI

LA 42 kV LA 42 kV

IOL
DPI

Paralleling INTR
IOL

LA 42 kV LA 42 kV

PT AT
Sectioning SSP
Interrupter
09/03/2016 45
Sub-Sectioning and Paralleling post- components
• 25 KV interrupter
• 25 KV double pole isolator
• 25 KV potential transformer
• 42 KV lightening arrestor
• 25 KV porcelain insulator
• 10 KVA 25 KV/240 V
Safety
TESTING and otherCHECKING
AND JOINT Eqipments
OF SUB STATIONS AND SWITCHING
STATIONS :
• Sub station has equipment on 132 & 25 Kv which includes transformers, lighting
arrestors, circuit breakers, isolators, interrupters, etc. The sectioning stations
have specified earthing requirements for equipment, entire system on 132 as
wlll as 25 kv side and on LT i.e. control room area. Certain safety equipment are
to be provided in these locations availability of which are to be ensured.
i) TRACTION SUB STATION
• Shock treatment chart
• Fire bucket stand
• Fire extinguishers
• List of doctors within the vicinity of traction sub station
• P&T phone
• Discharge rod
• First aid box
ii) SWITCHING STATIONS
• Shock treatment chart
• Fire bucket stand
• Fire extinguishers
• Discharge rod 47
2 X 25 KV SYSTEMS

Experience of Indian Railway

 In 1986 Indian Railway decided to
award a consultancy contract to
JEC through RITES for 2x25kV
Traction System.
2 X 25 KV SYSTEMS

Experience of Indian Railway

 The 2X25kV System has been
commissioned in BINA- KATNI-
ANUPPUR- BISHRAMPUR / CHIRMIRI
Section in 1995 for regular running
of Train Services.
2 X 25 KV SYSTEMS

Experience of Indian Railway

 The consultancy contact for Design of

2X25kV System was awarded by RITES to
Japan Electrical Consulting Co. Ltd. (JEC).

 JEC designed the 2x25kV System

specifically as per the
requirements/conditions of BINA-KATNI
Section of Indian Railway.
2 X 25 KV SYSTEMS

Experience of Indian Railway

 This was later extended to KATNI-

ANUPPUR-BISHRAMPUR/CHIRMIRI Section.

 In this section 4 Nos. TSS have been

provided with spacing of TSS at an average

of 80Km.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE 2 X 25 KV
SYSTEMS
• In 2x25 kV system, power is fed from the TSS at 50 kV and utilization is achieved at 25 kV by
providing Auto-transformers of adequate capacity and by providing one additional conductor
normally referred as feeder wire (similar to the return conductor in BT/RC system). Centre point
of the Auto Transformer is connected to the earth/Rail. This arrangement facilitates +25 kV
Voltage between OHE and rail and -25 kV voltage between earth/Rail and the Feeder Wire.
2 X 25 KV SYSTEMS
Advantage of 2X25kV system
• (a) The 2X25 kV AT feeding system is suitable to meet larger power supply needs with the inherent advantage of
less voltage drop in feeder circuit for a given spacing of traction substations. To meet the larger power supply
requirements, 2X25kV system is used in various countries including DFCCIL in India. File
No.RDSO-TI0LKO(PSI)/1/2022-O/o PED/TI/RDSO Page 4 of 27
• (b) Power is generally obtained from 220 kV or 132 kV three phase networks from the power utility to reduce
voltage unbalance on the transmission network. In the 2X25kV TSS, the three phase supply is utilized at the
Traction Sub-station.
• (c) The 2X25 kV Auto Transformer (AT) system is having feeding voltage of 50 kV from the substation which is
dropped to 25 kV by the AT installed at about 10 to 18 Km spacing along the track for supply to overhead
equipment and rolling stocks. A pilot project for this system was provided in Bina-Katni Section. The design of the
system was done with the help of Japanese Consultants.
• (d) Better voltage regulation even at higher load currents.
• (e) Minimized rail currents resulting in reduction in rail potential rise. Return current through ground also
reduces considerably.
• (f) In 2X25kV system, the return current flows through the feeder wire. Since the direction of current in the
feeder wire is opposite to the direction of current in the catenary wire, it minimizes the effect of the
electromagnetic Interference in the proximity of the traction line.
• (g) Preferred solution across the globe to meet higher power requirement for Traction Purpose.
TYPE OF TRACTION SUB STATION (TSS) IN 2X25kV
SYSTEM
• Mainly Two Types of Traction Sub-Station are used in 2X25kV System.
• Traction Sub-Station with Scott connected Transformer.
• Traction Sub-Station with three Single Phase Transformer (V connection or Open Delta).
Scott Connected Transformer Scheme
• In this scheme two Scott connected Transformers & four Auto-transformers are to be installed at
a TSS along with associated switchgear for Control & protection. The two windings of a Scott
transformer i.e. Main and Teaser windings are of equal power rating and feed either side of the
TSS independently. The supply of both the windings is at a phase difference of 90 degree and
separated by neutral section provided near TSS. Out of two Scott transformers, only one is in
operation and the other is on standby.
Scott Connected Transformer
Scheme
Scott Connected Transformer:
• Scott- connected transformer of 60/84/100 MVA (ONAN/ONAF/OFAF) is used to feed power to
the traction system. It has a voltage input of 220kV or 132kV, 3 phase, 50 Hz and two
independent secondary winding for output at 50 kV. The Transformer has two secondary
windings, known as the main winding and teaser winding. The two windings are identical in
voltage and current rating but are in phase difference of 90 degree. These two windings of equal
power rating i.e. Main & Teaser windings, feed power on either side of the TSS. The feed of
different phase is separated by neutral section provided near TSS. The Scott Connected
Transformer in ONAN Mode shall feed the 30MVA Power to each side of the TSS.
Auto Transformers:
Auto- transformers are used at TSS, SP and SSP. The transformer winding of 50kV with Centre tapped neutral with both
the terminals of the Autotransformer winding connected to feeder and contact /Catenary wire. The neutral terminal of
the ATs is connected to rail. Two adjacent ATs feeding on the network share train loads on the section between them
and transfer the load current on 25 kV circuit to 50 kV circuit, consisting of contact wire and AT feeder. This reduces the
voltage drop on feeding network remarkably. Furthermore, it minimizes the return current on the rail, which results in
reducing induced voltage on nearby telecommunication lines. In the Scott connected arrangement for 2 Line section,
12.3 MVA Auto transformers are to be installed at the TSS and 8MVA Auto transformers to be used at the SP & SSP, as
adopted by DFCCIL in Western Corridor. Further, the Scott connected arrangement for 3 Line and 4 line sections have
been provided with 12.3 MVA auto transformers at TSS and 16.5 MVA auto transformers at SP/SSP. Moreover, no
independent AT post has been proposed in any scheme.
V Connected Transformer Scheme:
• In this scheme, three single phase transformers are connected to different pairs of three phase
of incoming supply forming an open delta connection on the primary side. Out of the three
single File No.RDSO-TI0LKO(PSI)/1/2022-O/o PED/TI/RDSO Page 5 of 27 phase transformers, first
transformer feeds the OHE on one side of the TSS, second transformer (mid one) remains as
standby and third transformer feeds the OHE on the other side of the TSS. The power supply on
either side of TSS is at a phase difference of 120 degree and therefore separated by a neutral
section provided near TSS.
V- Connected Transformer:
• In the above arrangement, three 38/53/63 MVA (ONAN/ONAF/OFAF) Transformers are provided
at TSS along with associated switchgear for Control and Protection. Each single phase
transformer has a voltage input of 220kV or 132kV, 50 Hz and two independent secondary
windings, to be connected externally in such a manner (two inner terminals of these secondary
windings are connected with each other and also connected to earth/Rail) so as to give an
output voltage of 2X25kV. The outer terminals of the windings are connected to Feeder wire and
overhead contact/catenary wire respectively. Two transformers shall be in operation at a time
and one shall be on standby. In the V connected Scheme, each transformer in ONAN mode shall
feed the 38MVA Power in either side of the TSS.
V- Connected Transformer:
Auto Transformers:
• i. Auto- transformers are used at SP and SSP. The transformer winding is 50 kV with Centre
tapped neutral with both the terminals of the winding connected to AT feeder and the contact
wire. The neutral terminals of the ATs are connected to rail.
• ii. Two adjacent ATs feeding on the network share train loads on the section between them and
transfer the load current on 25 kV circuit to 50 kV circuit, consisting of contact & catenary wire
and AT feeder. This reduces the voltage drop on the feeding network remarkably. Furthermore,
it minimizes the return current on the rail, which results in reducing the induced voltage on
nearby telecommunication lines.
• iii. Auto transformers are not used at the TSS. However, these have been provided at SP/SSP of
16.5 MVA capacities. Moreover, no independent AT post has been proposed.
Spacing of the TSS & Switching post (SP/SSP)
• Two-line section – Considering the load requirement of 0.5MVA/TKM in ONAN mode on the main line
section, the spacing of TSS in Scott connected scheme of 60-70 Km is suggested. In the proposed V
connected scheme, the transmission of full power from the transformer is not at 50 kV and therefore the
spacing of the TSS in V connected scheme for 2 Line system has been kept same as in Scott connected
scheme i.e. 60-70 KM with power requirement of around 0.6MVA/TKM in ONAN mode.
• Three line sections – In the 3 Line section, the loading in MVA/TKM basis will be less than the 2 line
system as all the three lines will not be fully loaded at a time. Therefore, the load requirement of around
0.4 MVA/TKM in ONAN Mode for 3 Line section has been considered and accordingly the spacing of TSS
in Scott connected scheme is suggested as 50-60 KM. In the proposed V connected scheme for 3 line, the
transmission of full power from the transformer is not at 50 kV and therefore the spacing of the TSS in V
connected scheme for 3 Line system has been kept same as in Scott connected scheme i.e. 50-60 KM
with power requirement of around 0.5 MVA/TKM in ONAN mode.
• Four line section– In the 4 Line section, the loading in MVA/TKM basis will be less than the 3 line system
as all the four lines will not be fully loaded at a time. Therefore, the load requirement of less than 0.4
MVA/TKM in ONAN Mode for 4 Line section has been considered and accordingly the spacing of TSS in
Scott connected scheme is suggested as 40-50 KM. In the proposed V connected scheme for 4 line, the
transmission of full power from the transformer is not at 50 kV and therefore the spacing of the TSS in V
connected scheme for 4 Line system has been kept same as in Scott connected scheme i.e. 40-50 KM
with a power requirement of around 0.5 MVA/TKM in ONAN mode.
Scott connected vs V Connected Scheme
• i. Considering the three phase utilization equally in the Scott Connected scheme, it is better in reducing
the unbalancing at point of common coupling with the utility as compared to VConnected scheme. The
point of common coupling is already defined in the clause no. 2.2 of RDSO Instruction no. TI/IN/0019
(09/09).
• ii. The Voltage Unbalance in Scott Connected Transformer Scheme is least and therefore the Railways
should preferably provide Scott Connected Transformer wherever the voltage unbalance problem is seen.
The detailed study regarding this is available in clause no. 2.1.13 of Chapter 1, Part-II in Volume-1 of
Treatise on Electric Traction Distribution, which can be readily referred (page no. 125 of Volume-1).The
problem of unbalancing has been raised by few power utilities and therefore Scott or V connected
arrangement should be chosen judiciously after coordinating with the power utilities.
• iii. Scott Connected Transformer is more complex and costlier than the V connected Transformer but
Scott connected Transformer effectively checks the voltage unbalance. iv. Initially, in Bina-Katni Section of
IR, the Scott Connected Transformers were imported; however, Transformers for V connected scheme
were supplied by an Indian Manufacturer.
• v. The maintenance/Overhauling of the Scott Connected Transformer is more complex in comparison to
Single Phase Transformer. V connected scheme is economical in comparison to Scott Connected scheme.
• vi. Since, no AT is to be used at the TSS of V connected scheme; it is simpler than Scott Connected
scheme.
Traction Sub Station-
TSS
 SITE PHOTOGRAPHS

SITAPUR AEE OFFICE SITAPUR PSI DEPOT SITAPUR TYPE-II BLOCK-3 SITAPUR TYPE-IV BLOCK-1
PHARDHAN PSI DEPOT

SITAPUR TYPE-II BLOCK-1 SITAPUR TYPE-II BLOCK-2 SITAPUR TYPE-II BLOCK-4 SITAPUR TYPE-III BLOCK-1
 SITE PHOTOGRAPHS

SITAPUR AEE OFFICE SITAPUR PSI DEPOT SITAPUR TYPE-II BLOCK-3 SITAPUR TYPE-IV BLOCK-1
PHARDHAN PSI DEPOT

SITAPUR TYPE-II BLOCK-1 SITAPUR TYPE-II BLOCK-2 SITAPUR TYPE-II BLOCK-4 SITAPUR TYPE-III BLOCK-1
 SITE PHOTOGRAPHS

SITAPUR AEE OFFICE SITAPUR PSI DEPOT SITAPUR TYPE-II BLOCK-3 SITAPUR TYPE-IV BLOCK-1
PHARDHAN PSI DEPOT

SITAPUR TYPE-II BLOCK-1 SITAPUR TYPE-II BLOCK-2 SITAPUR TYPE-II BLOCK-4 SITAPUR TYPE-III BLOCK-1
 SITE PHOTOGRAPHS

SITAPUR AEE OFFICE SITAPUR PSI DEPOT SITAPUR TYPE-II BLOCK-3 SITAPUR TYPE-IV BLOCK-1
PHARDHAN PSI DEPOT

SITAPUR TYPE-II BLOCK-1 SITAPUR TYPE-II BLOCK-2 SITAPUR TYPE-II BLOCK-4 SITAPUR TYPE-III BLOCK-1
Choice &Location of site
The choice and location of sub-station sites are of prime importance. A far-
sighted policy is essential in the selection of sub-station sites. The site selected
should permit bringing in and taking out the feeders, both incoming HT and
outgoing 25 kV.
Adequate access from a public road is desirable for traction sub-stations to
facilitate handling of plant. A Railway siding will be an advantage if it can be
conveniently provided. The site for substations must be free from water
logging , should preferably be a site which requires less or no filling for leveling .
It is further desirable to locate the site near overlaps, if OHE already exists.
Though teeing-off method is simple and cheap but it does not afford the
facilities necessary on an important higher voltage network.
Where outdoor switchgear is installed, it is necessary to provide a room for the
control equipment, protective relays, instruments and testing equipment. This
building should have a room set apart for the maintenance personnel who will
be required to work under varying conditions in an emergency.
TYPICAL SCHEMATIC OF TRACTION POW ER SUPPLY FEEDING ARRANGEMENT

INCOMING EHV SUPPLY

(220/132/110/166kv

DP
ISOLATOR
CT

CIRCUIT BREAKER
LIGHTNING
ARRESTER
TRACTION
TRANSFORMER

25 kv
42 kv LIGHTNING
CT
ARRESTER
TO BURIED RAIL &
NEAREST RUNNING 25 kv CIRCUIT BREAKER
TRACK 25 kv CT
25 KV SP ISOLATOR 25 kv SP ISOLATOR
NORMALLY CLOSED 100 kva, 25 kv/240 VLT SUPPLY
25 kv SP ISOLATOR TRANSFORMER
25 kv CT
25 KV/110V PT
25 kv FEEDER CIRCUIT BREAKER
(PROTECTION)
25 kv SP ISOLATOR
25 kv BUS COUPLER
INTERRUPTOR
(NORMAL OPEN)

25 kv INTERRUPTOR
25 kv SP ISOLATOR

25 kv PT
SUB SECTIONING &
PARALLELING STATION (SSP)

42 KV LA STATION TYPE:
HEAVY DUTY

SECTIONING AND PARALLELING POST (sp) S P BRIDGING

SUB - SECTOR SUB - SECTOR SUB - SECTOR INTERRUPTOR

SECTOR
Scope
 This code of practice caters for general arrangements
of system and equipment earthing at 220/25 kV or
132/25 kV or 110/25 kV or 66/25 kV traction
substations, 25 kV switching stations, booster
transformer stations and auxiliary transformer
stations.

 Low voltage (LT) electrical power distribution

system, 25 kV overhead equipment system as well as
signal and tele-communication equipment do not
come within the purview of this code.
TERMINOLOGY
• The following terms wherever occurring in this code
shall, unless excluded or repugnant to the context,
have the meaning attributed thereto as follows:

Combined Earth Resistance:

• The resistance of an earth electrode(s) with respect to
earth, with the earth electrode(s) connected to the
metal work of electrical equipment other than parts
which are normally live or carry current and the
mast/structures but without connection with the
traction rail(s).
Earth:
• The conductive mass of the earth, whose electrical
potential at any point is conventionally taken as zero.

Earth electrode:

• A conductor (mild steel pipe) or group of conductors

in intimate contact with and providing an electrical
connection to earth.
Earthing grid:

• A system of a number of interconnected, horizontal

bare conductors buried in the earth, providing a
common ground for electrical devices and metallic
structures, usually in one specific location.
 SPACINGASPER CALCULATION
M.S.FLAT
M.S.ROD
BURIED GRID CONDUCTOR WITHIN 1 METRE OF FENCE

75mmX8mmMSFLATS
FROMPOWER
TRANSFORMER
SECONDARY WINDING
TERMINAL
WELDEDAT
CROSSING
BURIEDRAIL
75 mmX8 mmM.S.FLATS
TONONTRACKCIRCUITED
RAIL NEUTRAL POINT OF
IMPEDANCE BOND
Equipment earthing:

• Earthing of all metal work of electrical equipment

other than parts which are normally live or current
carrying. This is done to ensure effective operation of
the protective gear in the event of leakage through
such metal work, the potential of which with respect to
neighboring objects may attain a value which would
cause danger to life or risk of fire.
System earthing:
• Earthing done to limit the potential of live conductors
with respect to earth to values which the insulation of
the system is designed to withstand and thus to ensure
the security of the system.

Step Voltage (Estep):

• The potential difference between two points on the

earth’s surface separated by distance of one pace, that
will be assumed to be one meter in the direction of
maximum potential gradient.
Traction Rail:

• Traction Rail means a non-track circuited rail of a

wired track, not required for signaling purposes and
which may be earthed. In non-track circuited
sections, both the rails of a wired track are traction
rails and in single rail track circuited sections, the
traction rail is the non-track circuited rail.
Touch Voltage (Etouch):

• The potential difference between a grounded metallic

structure and a point on the earth’s surface separated
by a distance equal to the normal maximum
horizontal reach of a person, approximately one
metre.
Object of Earthing

• The object of an earthing system is to provide as

nearly as possible a surface under and around a station
which shall be at a uniform potential and as nearly
zero or absolute earth potential as possible. The
purpose is to ensure that generally all parts of the
equipment, other than live parts are at earth potential
and that attending personnel are at earth potential at all
times.
• Also by providing such an earth surface of uniform
potential under and surrounding the station, there can
exist no difference of potential in a short distance big
enough to shock or injure an attendant when short
circuits or other abnormal occurrences takes place.
The primary requirements of a good earthing system
are:
• It should stabilize circuit potentials with respect to ground and
limit the overall potential rise.

• It should protect men and materials from injury or damage due

to over voltage.

• It should provide low impedance path to fault current to ensure

prompt and consistent operation of protective devices during
ground faults.

• It should keep the maximum voltage gradient along the surface

inside and around the substation within safe limits during earth
faults.
Earth Resistance
• At each power supply installation, an earthing system as
specified in this Code shall be provided. The combined
resistance of the earthing system shall be not more than the
following values:-

S.N. Name of the station The limit of combined

earth resistance in Ohm
1. Traction substation 0.5
2. Switching station 2.0
3. Booster transformer station 10.0
4. Auxiliary transformer station 10.0
Earth Electrodes

1. The earth electrode shall normally be of mild steel

galvanized perforated pipe of not less than 40 mm
nominal bore, of about 4 m length provided with a
spike at one end and welded lug suitable for taking
directly MS flat of required size at the other end.
TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF AN EARTH ELECTRODE
• The pipe shall be embedded as far as possible
vertically into the ground, except when hard rock is
encountered, where it may be buried inclined to the
vertical, the inclination being limited to 30 degree
from the vertical. The connection of MS flat to each
electrode shall be made through MS links by bolted
joints to enable isolation of the electrode for testing
purposes.
2. Earth electrodes shall be embedded as far apart as
possible from each other. Mutual separation between
them shall usually be not less than 6.0 m (which is twice
the length of the electrode).

3. If the value of earth resistance specified can not be

achieved with a reasonable number of electrodes
connected in parallel such as in rocky soil or soil of high
resistivity, the earth surrounding the electrodes shall be
chemically treated. The earth electrode shall be
surrounded in an earth-pit by alternate layers of finely
divided coke, crushed coal or charcoal and salt at least
150 mm all-round.
 Though substantial reduction in earth resistance can be
achieved by coke treated electrode, yet as this method
results in rapid corrosion not only of electrode but also of
steel frame work to which it is bonded, coke treatment
shall be used only where absolutely necessary and such
electrodes shall not be situated within 6.0 m of other
metal work.

4. In high embankments, it may be difficult to achieve

specified earth resistance even after chemical treatment
of electrodes. In those locations, use of electrodes longer
than 4 m so as to reach the parent soil is recommended.
5. As far as possible, earth electrodes for traction sub-
stations/switching stations shall be installed within
and adjacent to perimeter fence. At large sites, apart
from securing a sufficiently low resistance and
adequate current carrying capacity a reasonable
distribution of electrodes is also necessary.
Earthing Arrangement
at
Traction Substation
Earthing grid:

1. An earthing grid is formed by means of bare mild steel

rod buried at a depth of about 600 mm below the ground
level and connected to earth electrodes. The connection
between the earth electrode and the grid shall be by
means of two separate and distinct connections made
with 75 mm x 8 mm MS flat. The connection between
the MS flat and the MS rod shall be made by welding,
while that between the earth electrode and the MS flats
through MS links by bolted joints. The earth electrodes
shall be provided at the outer periphery of the grid.
As far as possible the earthing grid conductors shall
not pass through the foundation block of the
equipments. All crossings between longitudinal
conductors and transverse conductors shall be jointed
by welding. The transverse and longitudinal
conductors of the earthing grid shall be suitably
spaced so as to keep the step and touch potentials
within acceptable limits; the overall length of the
earthing grid conductors shall not be less than the
calculated length.
2. The size of the earthing grid conductor shall be
decided based on the incoming system voltage and
fault level. The fault level considered shall take into
account the anticipated increase in fault current
during the life span of the station. The size shall be
as given below:
 Diameter of the grid
S. System
Fault level MVA conductor (MS rod)
No. Voltage kV
mm
Upto 4000 32
1 66 Above 4000 upto 5000 36
Above 5000 upto 6000 40

Upto 6000 32
2 110 Above 6000 upto 8000 36
Above 8000 upto 10000 40

Upto 7000 32
3 132
Above 7000 upto 10000 36

Upto 12000 32
4 220 Above 12000 upto 16000 36
Above 16000 upto 20000 40
Buried rail

1. A steel rail of section 52 kg/m (the one used for the

railway track) and length about 13 m shall be buried
near the track at the traction substation at a depth of
about one meter to form part of the earthing system.
Two separate and distinct connections shall be made
by means of 75 mm x 8 mm MS flat between the
earthing grid and the buried rail.
 The buried rail shall also be connected by means of
two separate and distinct connections made of 75 mm
x 8 mm MS flat to the rail(s) in a single-rail track
circuited section and to the neutral point(s) of the
impedance bond(s) in a double-rail track circuited
section.

2. In cases where the feeding post is located separately

away from the traction substation, the buried rail shall
be provided at the feeding post (where one terminal of
the secondary winding of the traction power
transformer of the substation is grounded).
System earthing

1. One terminal of the secondary winding (25 kV winding)

of each traction power transformer shall be earthed
directly by connecting it to the earthing grid by means of
one 75 mm x 8 mm MS flat, and to the buried rail by
means of another 75mm x 8 mm MS flat.

2. One designated terminal of the secondary of each

potential, current and auxiliary transformer shall be
connected to the earthing grid by means of two separate
and distinct earth connections made with 50 mm x 6 mm
MS flat.
Equipment earthing

• The metallic frame work of all outdoor equipments

such as transformers, circuit breakers, interrupters
and isolators, as well as steel structures shall be
connected to the earthing grid by means of two
separate and distinct connections made with MS flat;
one connection shall be made with the nearest
longitudinal conductor, while the other shall be made
to the nearest transverse conductor of the grid.
 S. Equipment System voltage and fault level Ground
No. conductor conductor size
1 Equipments on 66 kV, upto 3000 MVA 50mm X 6mm
the primary side
110 kV, upto 5000 MVA 50mm X 6mm
of traction power
transformer 132 kV, upto 6000 MVA 50mm X 6mm
220 kV, upto 10000 MVA 50mm X 6mm
66 kV, above 3000 upto 6000 MVA 75mm X 8mm
110 kV, above 5000 upto 10000 MVA 75mm X 8mm
132 kV, above 6000 upto 12000 MVA 75mm X 8mm
220kV, above 10000 upto 20000 MVA 75mm X 8mm
2 Equipments on the secondary side of traction power 50mm X 6mm
transformer
3 Fencing uprights steel structures 50mm X 6mm

4 Doors/fencing panels
6 SWG G.I.
Wire
Earthing inside control room

• An earthing ring shall be provided inside the control

room by means of 50 mm x 6 mm MS flat which shall be
run along the wall on teak wood blocks fixed to the wall
at a height of about 300 mm from the floor level. The
earthing ring shall be connected to the main earthing grid
by means of two separate and distinct connections made
with 50 mm x 6 mm MS flat. The earthing ring shall also
be connected to an independent earth electrode by means
of two separate and distinct connections made with 50
mm x 6 mm MS flat.
The metallic framework of control and relay panels, LT ac
and dc distribution boards, battery chargers, remote control
equipment cabinets and such other equipments shall be
connected to the earthing ring by means of two separate and
distinct connections made with 8 SWG galvanized steel wire.
The connections shall be taken along the wall and in recess
in the floor. All recesses shall be covered with cement plaster
after finishing the work. Connections between the MS flats
shall be made by welding.
Earthing of lightning arrestor

• In addition to the earth electrodes provided for the

main earthing grid an independent earth electrode shall
be provided for each lightning arrestor. This earth
electrode shall be connected to the ground terminal of
the lighting arrestor as well as to the main earthing
grid by means of two separate and distinct connections
made with 50 mm x 6 mm MS flat for the 25 kV side
lightning arrestors, and with 75 mm x 8 mm MS flat
for the primary side lightning arrestors.
• The earth electrode shall be provided as close as
possible to the lightning arrestor and the connections
shall be as short and straight as possible avoiding
unnecessary bends. For lightning arrestors provided
for the traction power transformers, there shall also be
a connection as direct as possible from the ground
terminal of the lightning arrestor to the frame of the
transformer being protected; this connection shall also
be made by means of two separate and distinct
connections made with 50 mm x 6 mm MS flat for 25
kV side arrestors, and with 75 mm x 8 mm MS flat for
primary side lightning arrestor.
Earth Screen

• The area covered by outdoor substation equipments shall

be shielded against direct strokes of lightning by an
overhead earth screen comprising 19/2.5 mm galvanized
steel stranded wire strung across the pinnacles of the
metallic structures.

• The earth screen wires shall be stung at a height as

indicated in the approved traction substation layouts (not
less than 2.5 m above the live conductors) and shall be
solidly connected to the traction substation earthing grid at
each termination by means of 50 mm x 6 mm MS flat.
Earthing of fencing uprights and panels

• Each metallic fencing upright shall be connected to the

traction substation main earthing grid by means of two
separate and distinct connections made with 50 mm x 6
mm MS flat. In addition, all the metallic fencing panels
shall be connected to the uprights by means of two
separate and distinct connections made with 6 SWG G.I.
wire.

• All the metallic door panels shall also be connected to the

supporting uprights by means of two separate and distinct
connections made with 6 SWG G.I. wire.
• Earthing at the point of 240 V ac 50 Hz supply for
oil filtration plant.

• The 240 V ac 50 Hz distribution board for power

supply to oil filtration plant shall be connected to the
main earthing grid by means of two separate and
distinct connections made with 50 mm x 6 mm MS
flat.
Earthing Arrangement
at
Switching Station
1. A minimum number of three earth electrodes (excluding
the one to be provided separately for the remote control
cubicle earthing) shall be provided by each switching
station, and they shall be interconnected by means of 50
mm x 6 mm MS flat forming a closed loop main earthing
ring.

2. This ring shall be connected by two separate and distinct

connections made with 50 mm x 6 mm MS flat, to the
traction rail in a single-rail track circuited section and to
the neutral point of the impedance bond in a double-rail
track circuited section of the nearest track, so as to limit
the potential gradient developing in the vicinity of the
switching station in the event of fault.
2. System earthing

• One designated terminal of the secondary of

each potential, current and auxiliary transformer
shall be connected to the main earthing ring by
means of two separate and distinct connections
made with 50 mm x 6 mm MS flat.
3. Equipment earthing

a) All masts, structures, fencing uprights, and all

outdoor equipment pedestals including auxiliary
transformer tank shall be connected to the earthing
ring by means of two separate and distinct
connections made with 50 mm x 6 mm MS flat. All
fencing panels shall be connected to the supporting
uprights by means of two separate and distinct
connections made with 6 SWG G.I. wire. All the
metallic door panels shall be connected to the
supporting uprights by means of two separate and
distinct connections made with 6 SWG G.I. Wire.
b) The metal casing of potential and current
transformers shall be connected to the mast/structures
by means of two separate and distinct connections
made with 50 mm x 6 mm MS flat.

c) The ground terminal of lightning arrestor shall be

connected directly to the earth electrode by means of
two separate and distinct connections made with 50
mm x 6 mm MS flat. The earth electrode shall be so
placed that the earthing leads from the lightning
arrestor may be brought to the earth electrode by as
short and straight a path as possible.
4. Earthing inside remote control cubicle

• An earthing ring shall be provided inside the remote

control cubicle by means of 50 mm x 6 mm MS
flat; the earthing ring shall be run along the wall on
teak wood blocks fixed to the wall at a height of
300 mm from the floor level. The earthing ring
shall be connected to the main earthing ring as well
as to an independent earth electrode by means of
two separate and distinct connections made with 50
mm x 6 mm MS flat.
• The metal casing of LT ac and dc distribution board,
battery chargers, terminal board, remote control
equipment cabinets and other such equipments shall
be connected to the earthing by means of two
separate and distinct connections made with 8 SWG
G.I. Wire. The connections shall be taken along the
wall and in recesses in the floor. All recesses shall
be covered with cement plaster after finishing the
work. Connections of earth strips to each other
shall be made by welding.
9. Earthing of Neutral of Local Power Supply
System

• At traction substations and switching stations

where power supply at 415 V/240 V, ac, 50 Hz, is
taken from the local supply authority and having
neutral earth at some distant point in the premises
of the supply authority, the neutral of such supply
shall also be earthed by means of two separate
and distinct connections made with 6 SWG GI.
Wire by connecting to an independent earth
electrode.
11. Earthing Arrangement at Auxiliary
Transformer Station

a) The combined earth resistance at the auxiliary

transformer station shall be not more than 10
Ohm. Normally one earth electrode is
sufficient for an auxiliary transformer station.
The earth electrode shall be connected to the
mast on which the auxiliary transformer is
mounted by means of two separate and
distinct connections made with 50 mm x 6 mm
MS flat.
 In addition the mast shall be connected to the nearest traction
rail or to the neutral point of the nearest impedance bond in a
double rail circuited section by means of a 50 mm x 6 mm MS
flat.

b) The earthing terminal on the transformer tank shall be

connected to the mast on which the transformer is mounted by
means of two separate and distinct connections made with 50
mm x 6 mm MS flat. One terminal of the secondary winding
of the auxiliary transformer shall be connected to the earthing
terminal on the transformer tank and as well as to the mast by
means of 50 mm x 6 mm MS flat. These connections shall be
as short and straight as possible and avoiding unnecessary
bends.
12. Method of Jointing

• All the joints between the MS flats, MS rods or

between MS flat and MS rod shall be made by
welding only. No soldering shall be permitted.
For protection against corrosion, all the welded
joints shall be treated with red lead and
afterwards thickly coated with bitumen
compound.
13. Painting of MS Flats

• For protection against corrosion, all the

exposed surfaces of earthing connections (MS
flats) above ground level shall be given all
around two coats of painting to colour grass
green, shade-218 of IS:5.
14. Crushed Rock Surface Layer

• At the traction substations and switching

stations, a surface layer of crushed rock shall
be provided to a thickness of about 100 mm.
If considered necessary from the point of view
of containing the step and touch voltages
within the acceptance limits, higher
thicknesses may be provided depending on
calculation based on site conditions.
TRANSMISSION LINE FROM GRID TO TSS

125
HV SIDE 220/132kV. OF TSS

126
LV Side 25KV. & Gantry

07/02/2022 127
Supply From TSS TO OHE

07/02/2022 128
HV SIDE ( 220/ 132kV. ) EQUIPMENT IN T S S .

 DOUBLE POLE ISOLATOR

 CURRENT TRANSFORMER ( CT )
 CIRCUIT BREAKER (CB)
 LIGHTING ARRESTER (ACLA)
 TRACTION POWER TRANSFORMER

07/02/2022 129
 132 / 27.5 KV AC TRACTION SUB STATION
HVCB

HVCT
HV DP ISO

07/02/2022 130
 HVC.B.

HVL A

Power Transformer

07/02/2022 131
 HVC.T.

07/02/2022 132
Metering (3-PHASE-4 WIRE (3 ELEMENT)
METER )

07/02/2022 133
HV.DOUBLE POLE ISOLATOR
RDSO SPEC. No : ETI/PSI/122 (3/89)

TYPE : Manually operated single or Double break upright

mounting with the moment of blade(s) in a horizontal

plane with or without earthing switch and suitable for

out Door in stallion.

 No of Pole : Two/ Three
 Nominal system Voltage : 66, 110,1 32, 220 kV
 Highest System Voltage : 72.5, 123, 145, 245 kV
 Rated current : 1250, 1250, 1250, 1250 A
 Rated short time withstand
07/02/2022 Current For one second : 31.5,31.5,25, 31.5 kA ( rms ) 134
HV.DOUBLEHV.DOUBLE
POLE ISOLATOR
POLE ISOLATOR
RDSO SPEC. No : ETI/PSI/122 (3/89)

07/02/2022 135
 HV.CURRENT
HV.CURRENT TRANSFORMER ( CT )
TRANSFORMER
( CT ) RDSO SPEC. No : ETI/PSI/117 (7/88)
Type : Single phase, oil filled, self cooled , outdoor type
Rated (System) voltage : 220,132,110,66 KV
Frequency : 50 Hz +- 3%
Rated primary current : 200-100, 400-200, 400-200, 800- 400A
Rated secondary current : 5 A

07/02/2022 136
HV.CURRENT TRANSFORMER
HV.CURRENT TRANSFORMER ( CT )
RDSO SPEC. No : ETI/PSI/117 (7/88)

07/02/2022 137
• Current transformer is used to step down the
current of power system to a lower level to make it
feasible to be measured by small rating Ammeter
(i.e. 5A ammeter). A typical connection diagram of
a current transformer is shown in figure below.
 HV.CIRCUIT BREAKER
HV.CIRCUIT BREAKER (CB) (CB)

RDSO SPEC. No : TI/SPC/PSI/CB 0000

Rated (System) voltage : 66,100/110,132, 220 kV.

Rated Normal Current : 1250,1600,1600, 2000A
Rated Short Circuit
breaking Current : 31.5,40,40,50 KA
Rated breaking Capacity : 2284,4920,5800,12250 MVA
Frequency : 50 Hz

07/02/2022 139
HV.CIRCUIT BREAKER (CB)
RDSO SPEC. No : TI/SPC/PSI/3CB 0000

07/02/2022 140
HV.LIGHTING ARRESTER
HV.LIGHTING ARRESTER (ACLA)

07/02/2022 141
TRACTION POWER
TRANSFORMER
RDSO Spec. No.ETI/PSI/118 (10/93)
Type : ONAN cooled single phase , step Down Power
Transformer Double limb wound , Core Type out door
Installation .
Winding : Uniformly insulated concentratric
Frequency : 50 Hz
Rated Primary Voltage : 66, 110,132, 220 kV
Rated Secondary Voltage : 27kV
Rated Power : 21.6 MVA

07/02/2022 142
TRACTION POWER
RDSO Spec. No.ETI/PSI/118 (10/93)
TRANSFORMER

07/02/2022 143
TRACTION POWER
TRANSFORMER HV BUSHING
BUCHHLOZ RELAY

RADIATOR

TAP CHANGER

MARSHALLING BOX

132/25 KV TRANSFORMER
L V SIDE ( 25 kV. ) EQUIPMENT

 DOUBLE POLE ISOLATOR

 SINGAL POLE ISOLATOR
 CURRENT TRANSFORMER ( CT )
 POTENSIAL TRANSFORMER (PT)
 CIRCUIT BREAKER (CB)
 LIGHTING ARRESTER (ACLA)
 AUXILARY TRANSFORMER (AT)

07/02/2022 145
42 kV LIGHTING ARRESTER
 System - Single phase ac traction
 Nominal system - 25 kV (phase to earth)Possible
variation in the traction supply
 Voltage - 22.5 to 27.5 kV sometime touching 30kV
 Rated frequency - 50 Hz
Type of lighting arrested. - Non-linear metal oxide
resistor type without gap.
 Linedischarge class - Class 3
Continuous operating voltage capability - 35 kV (rms)
 Max. discharge voltage at At
Nominal discharge current - 125 kVp
 Nominal discharge current (8/20 wave) - 10 k Amps.
 Pressure relief class - class ‘A”
 Power frequency voltage withstand for
07/02/2022
arrested insulation. - 105 kV (rms) 146
 25 kV LIGHTING ARRESTER (ACLA)
25 kV LIGHTING ARRESTER (ACLA)
RDSO SPEC. No : ETI/PSI/71(Rev.)I (1/87)

07/02/2022 147
25 kV INTERRUPTER
RDSO SPEC. No.ETI/PSI/159 (10/94)

 System : Single phase ac traction

system
 Nominal system : 25 kV variation from 19kV
voltage to 27.5kV – occasionally
touching 30kV
 Rated frequency : 50 Hz +/- 3%
 Number of poles : One
 Class : Outdoor
 Rated voltage class : 52kV

07/02/2022 148
Operation and working of Interrupter

Interrupter

OHE
Insulated Overlap

Interrupter Close The uncharged side of OHE is ON.

Interrupter Open The charged side of OHE is OFF.

25 kV INTERRUPTER

07/02/2022 150
AUXILARY TRANSFORMER
(AT) RDSO SPECIFICATION No. ETI/PSI/15 (08/03)
Type : Double wound, single phase, ONAN (oil natural
air natural) cooled, step-down transformer for
out door installation.
Rated voltage of
primary winding : a) Nominal Voltage 25 kV
b) Minimum Voltage 19 kV
c) Maximum Voltage 27.5 kV
Rated voltage of
secondary winding : 240 V
Rated frequency. : 50 HZ +/- 3%
Rated power at rated
nominal voltage : 5,10,25,50KVA
07/02/2022 151
AUXILARY TRANSFORMER (AT)
RDSO SPECIFICATION No. ETI/PSI/15 (08/03)

07/02/2022 152
25 kv CIRCUIT BREAKER
25 kv CIRCUIT (CB)
BREAKER (CB)
RDSO SPEC. No : TI/SPC/PSI/CB 0000
Rated (System) voltage : 25kV.
Rated Normal Current :1600A
Rated Short Circuit
breaking Current : 20 KA
Rated breaking Capacity :550 MVA
Frequency : 50 Hz

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25 kv CIRCUIT BREAKER (CB)

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25 kV a c Single Pole Isolator (SP)
RDSO Specification No. ETI/OHE/16 (1/94)
Type : Manually operated, horizontally mounted on
pole, vertical break type and suitable for
outdoor.
Number of phases : One
Number of poles : One or two (as specified by the purchaser)
Isolating distance : 500 mm (min.) (In air)
Rated voltage : 25 kV (nominal) 30 kV maximum
Rated current :
Type- I : 1250 A ( Isolator used at Sectioning and
paralleling post & Sub-sectioning and
paralleling post).
Type – II : 1600 A ( Isolator used at Feeding post &
Traction substation)
07/02/2022 Rated frequency : 50 Hz. +/-3% 155
25 kV a c Single Pole Isolator (SP)
RDSO Specification No. ETI/OHE/16 (1/94)

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Dynamic Reactive Power Compensation Equipment (DRPC)

RDSO :TI/SPC/PSI/DRPC/0050

System :Single phase ac Traction System

Nominal System voltage : 25 kV ( phase to earth)
Variation in the Traction :19 kV- 27.5 kV (up to 30kV at instant
Equipment Voltage class:52 kV
Rated Frequency : 50 Hz
Average power factor of : Between0.7 and0.8 lagging
the traction system

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Dynamic Reactive Power Compensation Equipment
(DRPC)
RDSO :TI/SPC/PSI/DRPC/0050

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CURRENTCURRENT TRANSFORMER ( CT )
TRANSFORMER
( CT )
Type : OCT – 47 AD/01
CTR : 1500 / 750 /5
Burden : 60 VA
Insulation Level : 35/ 250 kV.

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25kV CURRENT TRANSFORMER
( CT )

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25 kV POTENTIAL
TRANSFORMER (PT)
Type : I
PTR : 27.5 kV./ 100v.
Burden : 30VA

Type : II
PTR : 27.5 kV./ 110v.
Burden : 100VA

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25 kV POTENTIAL
TRANSFORMER (PT)

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• Potential Transformer (P.T.) is used to step down the
voltage of power system to a lower level to make is
feasible to be measured by small rating voltmeter i.e.
110 – 120 V voltmeter. A typical connection diagram
of a potential Transformer is showing figure below.
 Mode of operation

Analog Inputs

Analog-Digital-Conversion

yes Fault detection no

Protection program Routine program

Command and information output

 HISTORY OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS
ON IR

UP TO 1984 Electro-Magnetic type Relays

1984 TO 2000 Static / Microprocessor based relays

Since 2001 Numerical type Relays

 Protection Scheme at TSS
UP Line

DOWN Line

Feeder Protection Feeder Protection

DPR, WPC, Inst. OCR, PTFF & DPR, WPC, Inst. OCR, PTFF & Auto
Auto reclosure relay reclosure relay

OCR2 OCR2
IDMT IDMT
REF REF
DFR DFR
TTr1 TTr2
OCR1 OCR1
IDMT + HF IDMT + HF
REF REF

110/100/22kv 110/100/22kv
Incoming Supply Incoming Supply
166
 Transformer OCR Protection

ORC1 190% of Full Load Current of Transformer

IF=0

110KV

ORC2 180% of Full Load Current of Transformer

R
25KV I1 I2 IF=0

OHE

167
 summary of transformer protection IDMT & definite time OCR relays setting is as under

Relay element HV side LV side

Current setting Time setting % Current Time setting

in % of setting of
transformer transformer
rated current rated current
REF 10 Instantaneous i.e. 10 Instantaneous i.e.
20ms 20ms
IDMT 190 500-600ms as per 180 250-300ms as per
curve for bus fault curve for bus fault
Stage-1 OCR 120 360 sec 110 300 sec

Stage-2 OCR 150 180 sec 140 120 sec

Stage-3 OCR 180 120 sec 170 60 sec

Post over load 110 5 sec 100 5 sec

168
 Comparison of existing & new Panels
Existing TSS C&R Panel using static relays New developed C&R Panel with numerical relays

Width : 1850 mm Width : 1200 mm

Length: 1700 mm Length: 2200 mm
Height : 2300 mm Height : 2300 mm

Front view
Reduction in size and weight:
 16% reduction in area and volume.
 Panel weight is considerably reduced due reduction in
Front view size and reduction in relay module by integration of
protection function.

169
 Comparison of existing & new Panels

Existing TSS C&R Panel using static relays New developed C&R Panel with numerical relays
Lay out of equipments on the panel:
• All protective relays except master trip relay are
provided on front panel which provide simplicity in
accessibility to operator.
• Increase space between panel equipment.
• Panel door provided on rear side.

Rear view Rear view

170
 Comparison of existing & new Panels

Existing shunt cap. C&R Panel using static New developed shunt cap C&R Panel with numerical
relays relays

Front view Front view

171
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