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LABORATORY REPORT
Basic Circuits & Systems Laboratory
Course: ELEC 275 Lab Section: CI-Y
Experiment No.: 4 Date Performed: 2024-08-05
Experiment Title: Transformers and three-phase power measurements
Name:
Lab Partner
I certify that this submission is my original work and meets the Faculty’s Expectations of Originality
Signature: Date: 2024-08-06
Contents Introduction.....................................................................................................2 Objective..........................................................................................................2 Procedure.........................................................................................................3 Part A.........................................................................................................3 Part B.........................................................................................................3 Results and discussion.....................................................................................3 Part A: Transformer test................................................................................3 Transformer ratio.......................................................................................3 Impendances.............................................................................................4 Voltage regulation.....................................................................................5 Power efficiency........................................................................................5 Part B: Three-phase power...........................................................................5 Conclusion.......................................................................................................6 References.......................................................................................................6
Introduction During this experiment, it will be possible to measure several components of a transformer with no load, R load and an RL load. Those measurements will give the relationship between the load type and the power generated as well as find the power efficiency. Finally, five various loads will be compared while using a three-phase transformer.
Objective The objective of the experiment is to study the characteristics of a single-phase transformer and to measure the power in a three-phase circuit using wattmeters. Procedure Part A 1) Check the variac fuses while there are no connections made to the variac by turning the knob full y clockwise. Three indicators should glow showing that all fuses are working. 2) Check the other fuses by measuring the continuity of the current terminals of the wattmeters and the R terminal of the load unit using an ohmmeter. 3) Build the circuit shown in figure 4.5 of the lab manual without connecting the load. 4) Slowly turn the knob of the variac fully clockwise and measure the no- load primary and secondary voltages across the input terminals. 5) Turn the variac source off. 6) Make sure that the R load is set to 100Ohms and connect it to the circuit. 7) Repeat step 4 with the R load connected. 8) Measure the primary and secondary power using the wattmeters. 9) Turn the variac source off. 10) Measure the primary and secondary ide currents by replacing the wires indicated by an C on the figure 4.5 of the lab manual with an ammeter. Every time there is a change made in the circuit turn off the variac source. 11) Using an oscilloscope, record the time shift between the CT and VT. 12) Set the R load to 43.5 ohms and repeat steps 7 to 10 with an RL load.
Part B 1) Build the circuit shown in Figure 4.6 of the lab manual. 2) Slowly turn the variac until the output of Chanel 1 is about 3 VRMS. 3) Measure the power W1 and W2 on the wattmeters. 4) Using the oscilloscope, obtain the time shift. 5) Repeat step 1 to 4 with the other 4 loads.
Results and discussion
Part A: Transformer test Table 1:No load voltages Type of voltage Voltage value (V) Primary Vp 123.51 Secondary Vs 70.71
Transformer ratio V p 123.51 n= = =1.74 V s 70.71
1.74−1.733 Error= ∗100=0.4 % 1.733
The error between the experimental and the specified turns ratio is less than 1%, thus, this low error shows that the measurements performed were accurate. Table 2 Measured values for the R load
Parameter Value Vp 121.11V Vs 63.6 V Ip 367 A Is 618 A Pin 45 W Pout 39 W
Table 3 Measured values for the RL load
Parameter Value Vp 122.55V Vs 67.6 V Ip 291 A Is 482 A Pin 16 W Pout 12 W
Impendances Secondary impedance magnitude Vs 67.6 Zs= = =0.140 Ohms Is 482
Impedance angle −3 ∅ =360 f ∆ t=360∗60∗2.2∗10 =47.52 Primary impedance magnitude Vp 122.55 Zp= = =0.42Ohms Ip 291
Verification 2 2 Zp=n ∗Zs=1.74 ∗0.140=0.42 Ohms
The relationship between Zp, n and Zs gives the same value for Zp as the one found using voltage and current measurements, thus this relationship holds.
(V RMS) (mV RMS) (msec) R 3.072 394 0.5 75 70 L 3.072 111.1 3 16 -8 C 2.997 102.9 4.5 -10 8 RL series 3.051 103.4 2 20 -15 RL parallel 3.003 47.9 1.8 6 6.5 to C Table 5 Comparison between the theoretical and experimental data
P Error PF Error P exp PF Load theor in P theor in PF (W) exp y (W) (%) y (%)
2.4376 105.11 0.3739 0.7092 89.684
RL series 76 5 34 34 96 74 Rl parellel 3.1547 84.151 0.9182 0.3801 58.607 to C 91 0.5 09 92 03 56
The errors between the experimental and theorical values are very high in all of the cases. This could be due to an error during the measurements, poor induction of the wires or a calculation mistake.
Conclusion In conclusion, the power of various loads was measured using a transformer and wattmeters. The error of the turn ratio between the specified and experimental values was very low. However, the power and power factor measured of a three-phase transformer was very different form the expected results which could be because of a wiring or calculation mistake.
