Chapter 2

Communicating Over the

Network
CIS 81 Networking Fundamentals
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
[email protected]

Fall 2011
This Presentation

 For a copy of this presentation and access to my web site for other
CCNA, CCNP, and Wireless resources please email me for a
username and password.
 Email: [email protected]
 Web Site: www.cabrillo.edu/~rgraziani

2
NOTE

 Overview only!
 Quick look!
 More detail throughout the semester!
 Don’t worry about knowing this right now!

3
The Platform for Communications
Elements of Communication

5
Communicating the Messages
Continuous stream of bits

00101010100101010101010101010101010

I have to wait…

 Single communications (e.g. video, e-mail message) could be:

 Continuous stream of bits
 Take over (hog) the network.
 Significant delays
 Inefficient use
 Any loss - resend entire message
6
Communicating the Messages
Segmentation

001010 001010 001010

001010 001010 001010

 Better approach – segmentation.

Multiplexing:
 Different conversations can be interleaved.

7
Communicating the Messages

Benefits
Reliability (3)
 Different paths
 Alternate path
 Only the missing segments need to be retransmitted

8
Disadvantage
of
Segmentation

 Disadvantage – added level of complexity.

 Analogy: 100 page letter one page at a time
 Separate envelopes
 Sequencing

9
Components of the Network

 Devices (hardware)
 End devices, switch, router, firewall, hub
 Media (wired, wireless)
 Cables, wireless mediums
 Services (software)
 Network applications, routing protocols, processes, algorithms
10
End devices

 End devices or hosts:

 The source or destination of a message.
11
 Source Address: 209.67.102.55
Destination Address: 107.16.4.21

209.67.102.55 107.16.4.21

 Each host is identified by an address.

 IP (Internet Protocol) address (later)
12
Servers and Clients

Client

Server

 A host
 Client, Server, or both.
 Software determines the role.
 Servers provide information and services to clients
 e-mail or web pages
 Clients request information from the server.
13
 switch switch
Intermediary or hub or hub
Devices routers

 Intermediary devices:
 Connectivity to and between networks
 Examples (4):
 Network Access Devices (Hubs, switches, and wireless access points)
 Internetworking Devices (routers)
 Communication Servers and Modems
 Security Devices (firewalls)

14
Intermediary Devices and their Role on the
Network
 Processes running on the intermediary network devices perform these
functions:
 Regenerate and retransmit data signals.
 Maintain information about what pathways exist through the network and
internetwork.
 Notify other devices of errors and communication failures.
 Direct data along alternate pathways when there is a link failure.
 Classify and direct messages according to QoS priorities.
 Permit or deny the flow of data, based on security settings .

15
Network
Media

 Network media: The medium over which the message travels.

 Metallic wires - electrical impulses.
 Fiber optics – pulses of light
 Wireless – electromagnetic waves.

16
Network
Media

 Different media considerations (4):

 Distance it will carry signal
 Environment it works in
 Bandwidth (speed)
 Cost

17
Local Area Network (LAN)

 Local Area Network (LAN)

 An individual network usually spans a single geographical area, providing
services and applications to people within a common organizational
structure, such as a single business, campus or region.

18
Wide Area Network (WAN)

 T1, DS3, OC3

 PPP, HDLC
 Frame Relay, ATM
 ISDN, POTS

 Wide Area Networks (WANs)

 Leased connections through a telecommunications service provider
network.
 Networks that connect LANs in geographically separated locations
 Telecommunications service provider (TSP) interconnect the LANs at the
different locations.
 Voice and data on separate networks or converged networks

19
The Internet –
A Network of
Networks

 ISPs (Internet Service Providers)

 Often also TSPs
 Connect their customers to the Internet.
 The Internet – ISPs connected to other ISPs

20
CENIC – ISP for K-12, Community Colleges, CSU and UC

21
Network
Representations

 Network Interface Card (NIC)

 Ports and interfaces (used interchangeably)
 Physical Port
 Interface - Connect to individual networks.

22
Protocols
Protocol

 Protocol – Rules that govern communications.

 Protocol suite - A group of inter-related protocols
 Example: TCP/IP 24
Message uses Multiple protocols (encapsulated)
HTTP
Data
Protocols Header

App
Frame Header IP Header TCP Header Header Frame Trailer

Data
 Message:
 Data
 Multiple protocols
25
Multiple protocols (encapsulated)
HTTP
Data
Protocols Header

App
Frame Header IP Header TCP Header Header Frame Trailer

Data
 Encapsulation – Process of adding a header to the data or any previous set of
headers.
 Decapsulation – Process of removing a header.
26
Example: Protocol – IPv4
Frame Header IP Header TCP Header HTTP Frame Trailer
Header
Data

27
209.67.102.55 107.16.4.21

Frame Header IP Header TCP Header HTTP Frame Trailer

Header
Data

209.67.102.55
107.16.4.21

28
Protocols

 Networking protocols suites include rules for: (4)

 Format
 Accessing the media
 Error detection
 Setup and termination

29
Protocol Suites and Standards

 Early days – proprietary network equipment and protocols.

 Now – Industry standards
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 Examples: 802.3 (Ethernet), 802.11 (WLAN)
 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
 Internet standards
 RFCs (Request for Comments)
 Example: TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP
30
Example: RFC 791 IPv4

31
Interaction of
Protocols

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

 Protocol that governs interaction between web server and a web client.

32
Interaction
of segment
Protocols

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

 Responsible for controlling the information exchanged between the server and
the client:
 Size of data
 Flow control
 Reliability

33
 packet

Internetwork Protocol (IP)

 Assigns the appropriate source and destination addresses,
 Original source address of host
 Final destination address of host
 Used by routers in selecting the best path

34
Interaction
of
Protocols

frame

Network access protocols (Data link and Physical layer protocols)

 Format and physical transmission of data on the media.

35
 Technology-Independent Protocols

Frame Header IP Header TCP Header HTTP Frame Trailer

Header

IP Packet
IP Packet
Ethernet Ethernet

 T1, DS3, OC3

 PPP, HDLC
 Frame Relay, ATM
 ISDN, POTS

 IP is a protocol that will travel over different types of media.

36
Using Layered Protocols
Layered
Model

38
Benefits of
a Layered
Model

 Using a layered model:

 Fosters competition
 Prevents changes in one layer from affecting other layers above and
below.
 Provides a common language to describe networking functions and
capabilities.

39
Protocol and Reference Models

40
Protocol and Reference Models

 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is the most widely known
internetwork reference model.
 The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) released the OSI 41
reference model in 1984, was the descriptive scheme they created.
TCP/IP Model

 TCP/IP Model and Protocol Suite is an open standard.

42
 The Communication Process - Encapsulation
Data Link IP TCP HTTP Data Link
Data Trailer
Header Header Header Header

Server
HTTP Data

 Encapsulation – Process of adding control information as it passes down

43
through the layered model.
 The Communication Process - Decapsulation
Data Link IP TCP HTTP Data Link
Data Trailer
Header Header Header Header

Client

HTTP Data

 Decapsulation – Process of removing control information as it passes

44
upwards through the layered model.
Wireshark will let us examine protocols!

45
The
Communication
Process

 Protocol Data Unit (PDU) - The form that a piece of data takes at any layer.
 PDUs are named according to the protocols of the TCP/IP suite.
 Data - Application layer PDU
 Segment - Transport Layer PDU
 Packet - Internetwork Layer PDU
 Frame - Network Access Layer PDU
 Bits - A PDU used when physically transmitting data over the medium

46
Getting Data to the Right Application

 Layer 4 (TCP/UDP) contains a port number which represents the application

or service carried in the IP packet.
 Destination port – destination application
 Source port – source application

47
Getting Data to the Right Application

 Destination port number tells the OS (TCP/IP) stack which application to hand
the data to.
 Examples:
 80 = HTTP (www)
 23 = Telnet
 20, 21 = FTP
 25 = SMTP 48
Chapter 2
Communicating Over the
Network
CIS 81 Networking Fundamentals
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
[email protected]