BASIC ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING
Scheme/Year :C-16/1st YEAR
Subject code : EE-106 BY
R. SIVAPRASAD,
LECTURER IN EEE,
GOVT. POLYTECHNIC, SATYAVEDU
 CHAPTER-4
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

2
 CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Magnet and magnetism
 Coulomb's laws of magnetism
 Magnetic field lines around a current carrying conductor
 Field patterns
 Direction of magnetic field
 Work law
 Laplace law
 Permeability and reluctance
 Mechanical force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic
field
 Fleming’s left hand rule
 Force between two parallel current carrying conductors
 Problems on magnetic Field
 Magnetic circuits
 Problems on magnetic circuits
 Comparison between magnetic circuit and electric circuit 3
INTRODUCTION

4
 MAGNET AND MAGNETISM
 Magnet : Any body which possess the power of
attracting magnetic substances such as pieces of
iron or steel or its ores is known as “magnet”
 Magnetism : The property of a body by virtue of

which the attraction takes place is known as

Magnetism

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PROPERTIES OF MAGNET

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TYPES OF MAGNETS

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TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL MAGNETS

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9
10
 DEFINTIONS
 Magnetic Field:- The space or region around a magnet
up to which the influence of the magnet can be
experienced
 The magnetic field is strongest near the pole and goes

on decreasing in strength as we move away from the

magnet
 Magnetic Lines Of Force :- The magnetic fields around

a magnet is represented by imaginary lines is called

magnetic lines of force

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 Properties Of Lines Of Force:-

1. They are always starts from N-Pole and end in the S-pole and are
continuous trough the body of the magnet
2. Each line forms a closed loop
3. They never intersect each other
4. They are like stretched rubber bands and always try to contract length
wise
5. The lines of force which are parallel and travelling in the same direction
repel each other
6. They always prefer a path offering least opposition
7. The magnetic field line patterns show the relative strength of magnetic
fields, close lines means a strong field
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 Magnetic Flux(φ) :- The total number of
magnetic lines of force existing in the magnetic
field is know as ‘Magnetic flux’
 It is denoted by φ (Phi)
 The unit of magnetic flux

is Weber(wb)
 1Weber = 108 Lines of force
 Pole strength:- The capacity or ability of a pole

to radiate or accept certain number of magnetic

lines of force is known as pole strength
 Unit is Weber

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14
 Magnetic field strength or Magnetic
field intensity or Magnetic force(H)
It is force experienced by unit north pole
It is denoted by letter ‘H’
Unit – Newton/Wb or Ampere/Meter or Ampere-turns/Meter

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COULOMB’S LAWS OF MAGNETISM

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COULOMB’S FIRST LAW OF MAGNETISM

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COULOMB’S SECOND LAW OF MAGNETISM

 SECOND LAW : It stats that the force of attraction or repulsion

between any two magnetic poles is
i. F α m1 x m 2
ii. F α 1/d2
iii. Depends on the nature of the medium between them
Here m1 & m2 are the pole strength of magnets
d=distance between two magnets
F= Attraction or repulsion force between two magnets

m 1m 2 m 1m 2
F F  k
d2 d2
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 COULOMB’S SECOND LAW
m 1m 2
F  k
d2
1
Here, k  , Here ' k' is the proportion al constant and
4π 0μ r
depends on nature of the medium between magnets

Here,  0 is absolute permeability of vacuum or air or free space,  0  4  10 7 Henry/meter

Here, r is relative permeability of the medium in which magnetic poles are placed.
Its value is 1 for air or vacuum or free space. And different for different mediums

m 1m 2
F  2
Newton
4  0  r d

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MAGNETIC FIELD LINES AROUND A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR

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 DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD
 The direction of the magnetic field around the current
carrying conductor depends upon the direction of the current
 The direction of magnetic field can be found by Right Hand

Thumb Rule
 Right Hand Thumb Rule:- Hold the current carrying conductor

in the right hand such that the thumb pointing in the direction
of current then the fingers encircling the conductor point in
the direction of the magnetic field around it

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FIELD PATTERNS OR APPLICATIONS OF RIGHT HAND THUMB RULE

MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO STRAIGHT CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR

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FIELD PATTERNS OF A SOLENOID

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FIELD PATTERN OF A TOROID

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CONCEPT OF CROSS(x) AND DOT(.)

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 WORK LAW
 STATEMENT: The work done on or by a unit N-
pole in moving once around any complete path
is equal to the product of current and number of
turns enclosed by that path
 Mathematically

H d r r  NI
Here H  Magnetisin g force
d  Distance
N  no.of conductors enclosed
I  Current passing trough conductors

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 Applications of work law

A long straight current

A long solenoid
carrying conductor

H= AT/m H= AT/m

NI NI
2r l

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Magnetising Force Of A Long Straight Conductor
 If a unit N-pole is placed at point C, it will
experience a force of H Newton
 When the unit N-pole is moved once around the

circular path, then

 Work don W=Force x Distance= Hx 2πr joules
 According to work law

H  2 r  NI
I
H AT / m [N  1]
2r
NI
H AT / m [For N conductors]
2r

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 Magnetising Force Of A Long Solenoid
 Suppose a unit N-pole is place at point A
outside the solenoid and is moved once round.
 Then it will experience a force of ‘H’ newton
over the length of ‘l’.
 Work done = Force x Distance
= H x l Jouls
According to the work law
H x l = NI
NI
H AT / m
l

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 LAPLACE LAW (BIOT-SAVART’S LAW)
 STATEMENT: The magnetising force produced at a point P due to
an incremental length dl of a conductor carrying current of I
ampere
 Imagine a unit N-pole at point P which is at a distance of r metre
from the conductor as shown in figure
 According to Biot-Savart’s law, the magnetising force is:
1. dH α dl
2. dH α I Idl sin
dH 2
AT / m
3. dH α dlsinθ r
1
4. dH α r 2 Idlsin
dH  k 2
AT / m
 Here k=(1/4π) r

Idl sin 
dH  2
AT / m
4r 30
 Applications of BIOT-SAVART’S Law
1
Around a straight conductor H AT / m
2r

At any point on the axis of a circular conductor I 3

(H  sin )AT/ m
2r

At centre of a circular conductor I

H  AT / m
2r
On the axis of a solenoid
NI
At mid point H  AT / m
l

Towards either end

NI
H  AT / m
2l
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 PERMEABILITY
 Definition: The property of the material which allows
flux freely through it

 Permeability high =>

conductivity of magnetic flux is high
 Soft iron has higher permeability

because it is easily magnetized

 Air or vacuum has lowest permeability because it is the

poorest conductor of magnetic flux

 Permeability of every magnetic medium is compared

with the permeability of air

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 For any material there are two permeability
◦ Absolute permeability (µ)
◦ Relative permeability (µr)

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 ABSOLUTE PERMEABILITY(µ)
 Absolute permeability (µ): It is defined as the ratio of
magnetic flux density ‘B’ in a particular medium to the
magnetic field strength ‘H’ producing that flux density
 Denoted by µ (Greek latter mu)
 Measured in Henry/meter(H/m)

µ=B/H
B=µH
 The ratio of magnetic flux density ‘B’ to the magnetic

field strength ‘H’ in vacuum or air or a free space is

called permeability of free space
 Denoted by µ =4πx10-7 H/m
0
 The value of µ0 is constant every where in the free
space or air or vacuum
 µ = (B /H)
0 0
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 RELATIVE PERMEABILITY(µr)
 Relative permeability (µr) : It is defined as the ratio of
flux density produced in the medium ‘B’ to the flux
density produced in vacuum or Air ‘B0’
 Denoted by µ
r

µr=B/B0
 It has no units
 For free space or vacuum

or air µr = 1
 For example the relative

permeability of iron is 1000

means it is 1000 times more
magnetic than the free space
or air

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 RELATION BETWEEN ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE
PERMEABILITIES
 According to the absolute permeability
B
 in medium
H  B/H B
 
B0 0 B0 / H B0
0  in free space or vacuum
H

According to the relative permeability

B
r 
B0

  r     0  r
 B 0
  r
0 B0
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 RELUCTANCE
 Definition: The property of a magnetic material which
opposes the magnetic flux through it
 Denoted by ‘S’
 Measured in ‘AT/wb’
1
S l S
a
l
Sk
a
Here ‘ l’ length of magnetic circuit and ‘ a’ is cross - sectional area of the magnetic material
1 l l
and ' k ' is the proportional constant, k  S  
μ a  0  r a

l
 Relucatnce , S  AT / Wb
0ra
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 MAGNETO MOTIVE FORCE(M.M.F)
 Definition: The force required to drive the
magnetic flux through the magnetic circuit
 Denoted by m.m.f
 Measured in Ampere-Turn(AT)
 Mathematically,
 m.m.f = Number of turns x current
 m.m.f = NI Ampere-Turns(AT)
 It can also expressed as
 m.m.f = Flux X Reluctance
 m.m.f =φS AT

 finally =>m.m.f =NI= φS

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 RETENTIVITY
 Definition: The property of a magnetic material
which retain magnetism even after the removal
of magnet is known as ‘Retentivity’

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Mechanical Force On A Current Carrying
Conductor In A Magnetic Field

Uniform magnetic field Magnetic field due to current

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 Mechanical Force On A Current Carrying
Conductor In A Magnetic Field

 The mechanical force experienced by the conductor placed in a

uniform magnetic field at an angle θ with respect to magnetic field is
F α B (Flux density of uniform magnetic field)
F α I (Current flowing through the conductor)
F α l (Length of the conductor)
F α sin θ
F=BIl Sinθ Newton
 Case(i): If θ=90 => F=BIlSin90=Bil(1) => F=Bil Newton
 Case(ii): If θ=0 => F=BIlSin0 =Bil(0) => F=0 Newton
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Expression for the Force On A Current Carrying Conductor
In A Magnetic Field
According to the Biot - Savart law, the magnetising force dH produced by ‘ dl’ at point ‘ P’ is
I .dl. sin 
dH 
4r 2
 .I .dl. sin 
We know that B  µ.dH  B 
4r 2
If magnetic pole strength ‘ m’ is placed at point ‘ P’ , it will experience d a force of
m. .I .dl . sin 
dF  2
newton
4r
m . 2
Here B  2
wb / m
4 r
 dF  B.I.dl. sin 
l l l
Total force, F   dF   B.I .dl. sin   B.I . sin  dl  B.I .l. sin 
0 0 0

Total force , F  B.I.l. sin  newton

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 FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE
 It is used to finding the direction of force acting on current
carrying conductor placed in uniform magnetic field
 Statement: Hold the thumb, fore finger and second finger of the
left hand at right angles to each other.
◦ Fore finger------------ Direction of the magnetic field
◦ Second or middle finger Direction of the current flowing in the conductor
◦ Thumb -------------- Direction of the force acting on the conductor

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FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCOTRS

 When current carrying conductors are placed parallel

to each other then a mechanical force acts on each
other because current carrying conductors produces
magnetic field
 The force between two conductors may be attraction
or repulsion depends upon the direction of current
through the conductors

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Nature of the force with different direction of the currents

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Nature of the force with different direction of the currents

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 EXPRESSION FOR THE FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL
CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTORS
According to the work law, the field strength due to current I1 in conductor1 is
I1
H1 
2d
The flux density of the field due to conductor 1 is
 0 I1
B1  0 r H1  0 H1  [r  1 _ for _ air ]
2d
Now the force acting on conductor 2,
 0 I1  .I .I .l
F1  B1 I 2 l  .I 2 l  0 1 2 newton
2d 2d
The force acting on conductor 2 in any medium
 . .I .I .l
F1  0 r 1 2 newton
2d
The force acting on conductor 1 also same as force acting on conductor 2

0 .r .I1.I 2 .l
F  F1  F2  newton
2d 47
 DEFINITION OF AMPERE
 We know that the force acting between
conductors in air F   0 . I 1 . I 2 .l newton
2 d

 If I1=I2=1A, l=1m and d=1m and

µ0=4πx10-7 H/m then
4   10  7  1  1  1
F   2  10  7 newton
2  1

 Definition: The current which when flowing in

each of two parallel conductors situated in
vacuum and separated by one metre between
centres, produces on each of the conductor a
force of 2x10-7 Newton per meter length 48
Problems on magnetic field

49
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
 The complete closed path
followed by any line or group of
lines of magnetic flux in known as 
“Magnetic Circuit”
 An electrical circuit provides path

for current
 A magnetic circuit provides path

for magnetic flux

 A magnetic circuit consists of a

high permeability material called

core
 The high permeability material

allows magnetic flux through it

very freely
 In general the permeability of

magnetic material is much greater

than that of the surrounding air
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MAGNETIC CIRCUIT ANALOGY WITH ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

51
OHM’S LAW OF MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

l l 1
We know that, R   ohms[ ( resistivit y )  ]
a a  (conductivi ty )

l l
For magnetic circuits, S   AT / wb
a  0  r a
52
53
 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT WITH AIR GAP
 Energy conversion devices which
consist of moving parts have
necessarily air gaps in their
magnetic circuits
 Air gaps are provided to permit
part of a magnetic circuit to move
 Air gap is also provided to make
the magnetization characteristics
of the circuit more linear because
the permeability of air is constant
 The length of the air gap is equal
to the distance between the two
magnetic surfaces
 The cross-sectional area of air gap
will be equal to the cross sectional
area of the core material
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 SERIES MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
 When a magnetic circuit composed of various materials of different
permeabilities , different lengths and different cross sectional areas are
connected one after the other such circuits are called series magnetic
circuits

l1 l2 l3
S1  AT / wb S2  AT / wb S3  AT / wb
 0  r1a1 0 r 2a2  0  r 3 a3

Total reluctance S T  S 1  S 2  S 3
l1 l2 l3
ST    AT / wb
 0  r1a1  0  r 2 a2  0  r 3 a3
Total m.m. f NI
Total flux   
Total reluctance ST

Total m.m.f,NI    ST   (S1  S2  S3 )

 S1  S2  S3
Total m.m.f  m.m.f1  m.m.f2  m.m.f3 55
 m.m. f ( NI )
We know that H   m.m. f  H  l ( AT )
l
Total m.m.f  m.m.f1  m.m.f2  m.m.f3

Total m.m.f  H1l1  H2l2  H3l3

B1 B2 B3
Total m.m.f  l1  l2  l3 [B  H  0r H ]
0r1 0r 2 0r 3

B1 B2 B3
H1  ,H2  , H3 
 0  r1 0r2 0r3

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SERIES MAGNETIC CIRCUIT WITH AIRGAP
 The total m.m.f = NI ampere-turn
 m.m.f setup magnetic flux (φ)
 ag=ai
 Total reluctance=Reluctance of iron
path + Reluctance of air gap
 ST=Si+Sg
li lg
ST  
 0  ri a i  0  rg a g
Total m.m.f NI
Total flux,   
Total Reluctance S T

Total m.m. f   .S T    ( S i  S g )  S i  S g
Total m.m. f  m.m.f of iron path  m.m.f of air gap

Total m.m. f T  m.m. f i  m.m. f g

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 PARALLEL MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
 A magnetic circuit which has
more than one path for the
flux is known as a parallel
magnetic circuit
 A coil of ‘N’ turns is wound on
the limb AD(central limb)
carries a current of ‘I’ amperes
 Total m.m.f =NI .AT

 This m.m.f will setup by flux ‘φ’ in the limb AD

 Φ divides into two parts at point ‘A’ as φ1 and φ2
 The flux φ1 passes in the right limb(limb1) through the path ABCDA
 The flux φ2 passes in the left limb(limb2) through the path AFEDA
m .m . f
 Total flux    1   2 
Reluctance
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PARALLEL MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

l1
Let S 1  Reluctance of path ABCDA 
 0  r1 a1
l2
Let S 2  Reluctance of path AFEDA 
 0  r2 a 2
lc
Let S C  Reluctance of path AD 
 0  rc a c

For path ABCDA, m.m.f. NI  SC  1S1

For path AFEDA, m.m.f. NI  SC   2S 2
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 PARALLEL MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

Total m.m.f required  m.m.f required for central limb  m.m.f required for any of outer limb

The total m.m.f, NI  m.m.f C  m.m.f1 (or ) m.m.f 2

The total m.m.f, NI   S C  1 S 1 ( or ) S C   2 S 2
In parallel magnetic circuits the m.m.f across parallel brancehs is same
1S1  2 S 2
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PARALLEL MAGNETIC CIRCUIT WITH AIRGAP

The reluctance of central limb, S C  S i  S g

li lg
SC  
 0  ri a i  0  rg a g

m.m.f of central limb  m.m.f of iron core GD  m.m.f of airgap AG

m.m.fC  m.m.fGD  m.m.fAG

Total m.m.f  m.m.f GD  m.m.f AG  m.m.f ABCD (or) m.m.f AFED

61
 MAGNETIC LEAKAGE
 The flux in the air gap is used to
produce the desired effect is known
as ‘Useful flux’ and denoted by φu
 Some flux leaks through the air and
does not take part in the operation,
such flux known as ‘Leakage flux’ and
denoted by φl
 Total flux=useful flux +
leakage flux
 Φ=φu + φl
 For well designed magnetic circuits
leakage flux will be 15 to 20% of the
total flux produced
 Leakage flux lowers the efficiency of
the machine
 Leakage flux can be minimized by
placing windings very close to air gap 62
LEAKAGE CO-EFFICIENT OR LEAKAGE FACTOR
 The ratio of total flux to the useful flux
known as leakage coefficient or leakage
factor
 Denoted by ‘λ’
 Always λ>1and it’s value about 1.15 to 1.25

Total flux t
Leakage co - efficient,   
Useful flux u

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MAGNETIC FRINGING

64
PROBLEMS ON MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

65
COMPARISONS BETWEEN MAGNETIC CIRCUIT AND ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

66
COMPARISONS BETWEEN MAGNETIC CIRCUIT AND ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

67
COMPARISONS BETWEEN MAGNETIC CIRCUIT AND ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

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THE END

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