Introduction to Electrical Machine

Week 1
1

KL3074
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
SITI SALASIAH MOKRI
EXT:6309
 Learning Outline
2

 Definition of electrical machine 

 Applications of electrical machine 
 Electromagnetism 
 Analogies between magnetic and
electrical circuit 
 Magnetic Behavior 
 Faraday’s Law 
 Electromagnetic Force 
Definition of Electrical Machines
3

Electrical machine:
Electrical Power Mechanical Power
(V/I) (Tork/angular velocity)
Definition of Electrical Machines
4

Electrical machine:
Electrical Power Mechanical Power
(V/I) (Tork/angular velocity)
 Classification: DC Machine
5

DC Machine

Permanent Series Shunt Compound

Magnet Wound Wound Wound
Classification: AC and Universal
6
Applications of Electrical Machine
7

In general, electric motors:

- refrigerators, freezers, vacuum cleaners,
blenders, air conditioners, fans etc
Generators
- Supply power used for these motors
Applications of Electrical Machine:
Industry
8
 DC Machines
- Rolling mills, Elevators, Conveyors, Rapid transit
system, Crane and hoist, Machine tools, Blowers and
fans
 Asynchronous machines
- Petroleum and chemical pumps, Compressor,
Cooling towers, Crushers, Drilling machines
 Synchronous machines
- Power generation, wind energy turbine, voltage
regulation improvement in transmission line, servo
drives, gasoline engine drives
Example: Washing machine
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 Example: Industry
10

Driving pumps

Hydrogenerator

Compressor
drive
 Electromagnetism
11

 The principles of electromagnetism play an

important role in the operation of an
electromechanical machines.

Electrical Power Mechanical Power

(V/I) (Tork/angular velocity)

Magnetic
Field
 Production of Magnetic Field
12
 A magnetic field is produced around a
conductor when current flows through the
conductor.
 In other word, the magnetic field only exists
when electric current is flowing
 The production of magnetic field by a
current is governed by Ampere’s Law
 

 H . d  i
 Where H is the magnetic field intensity produced
by current i
 Magnetic Field Intensity: H
13
 Magnetic field encircle their current source.
A circular magnetic field
field is perpendicular
to the wire and that the develops around the wire
field's direction follows right-hand grip rule
depends on which
direction the current is
flowing in the wire

 The field weakens as you move away from the wire

 
 Ampere’s circuital law  H . d i - the integration path
length is longer
 Magnetic Field Intensity: H
14

 An electromagnet can be made by winding the

conductor into a coil and applying a DC voltage.
voltage
 The lines of flux, formed by current flow through the
conductor, combine to produce a larger and stronger
magnetic field.
 The center of the coil is known as the core. In this
simple electromagnet the core is air.
air
 Magnetic Field Intensity H
15

 Iron is a better conductor of flux than air.

air The air core
of an electromagnet can be replaced by a piece of soft
iron.
 When a piece of iron is placed in the center of the coil
more lines of flux can flow and the magnetic field is
strengthened.

MZS FKEE,
UMP
 Strength of Magnetic Field
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 Because the magnetic field around a wire is
circular and perpendicular to the wire,
wire an easy way
to amplify the wire's magnetic field is to coil the
wire
 The strength of the magnetic field in the DC
electromagnet can be increased by increasing the
number of turns in the coil. The greater the
number of turns the stronger the magnetic
field will be.

MZS FKEE,
UMP
 Simple Magnetic Circuit:
Current carrying wire wrapped around a ferromagnetic core

17 

 Ampere Law: I

CSA
 

 H . d  i N turns

 The magnetic field intensity around

is a results of total electric mean path length, l c

current density passing thru any surface linking that contour

Hlc  Ni
 Path of integration lc H 
Ni
lc

NI
 Also B = H =
c
B = magnetic flux density (webers per square meter, Tesla (T))
µ= magnetic permeability of material (Henrys per meter)
H = magnetic field intensity (ampere-turns per meter)
 Simple Magnetic Circuits: (Con’t)
Current carrying wire wrapped around a ferromagnetic core
18


 relative permeability r 
o
 To measure the flux flowing in the core, A is the cross sectional
area of the core    BdA
A

 Assuming that the flux density is constant in the core, then A is

constant and we have
  BA
NiA

c
 Magnetic Circuit
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 The flow of magnetic flux induced in the ferromagnetic core is
analogous to electrical circuit
A 

+ +
V R F=Ni Reluctance, R
-
(mmf) -

 F is denoted as magnetomotive force (mmf) = (emf) in

electrical circuit (emf). F is the force which pushes magnetic
flux around a ferromagnetic core at a value of Ni:

F  R  V  iR
Analogies of Magnetic Circuit and Electrical circuit

20
Analogies of Magnetic Circuit and Electrical circuit
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 Analysis of Magnetic Circuit
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 Reluctance, R (A turn/weber). The measure of material

resistance to the flow of magnetic flux.
 Follow the Series and Parallel Rules.

 Series Req  R1  R2  R3  R4
 Parallel 1 1 1 1
Req    
R1 R2 R3 R4
 Inverse of Reluctance is Permeance, a measure of conductivity
of a material
1 A
P 
R c
Analysis of Magnetic Circuit: Example 1
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 The magnetic flux density is uniform throughout the magnetic

core cross sectional area and is perpendicular to the cross
sectional area
 The magnetic flux remains within the core and the air gap is
defined by the cross sectional area of the core and the length of
the gap (no leaking field at the gap)
Analysis of Magnetic Circuit: Example 1
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 Magnetic Circuit – Question 1
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A ferromagnetic core is shown. Three sides of this core are of uniform width,
while the fourth side is somewhat thinner. The depth of the core (into the page)
is 10cm, and the other dimensions are shown in the figure. There is a 200 turn
coil wrapped around the left side of the core. Assuming relative permeability µ r
of 2500, how much flux will be produced by a 1A input current?
 Magnetic Circuit – Answer 1
3 sides of the core have the same csa, while
26 the 4 th side has a different area. Thus the
core can be divided into 2 regions:
(1) the single thinner side
(2) the other 3 sides taken together
1 0.45m
R1    14,300 A.turns / weber
A1 2500(4  10 )(0.01m )
7 2

2 1.3m
R2    27,600 A.turns / weber
A2 2500(4 10 )(0.015m )
7 2

Rtotal  R1  R2  41,900 A.turns / weber

F  Ni  200 1A.turns
F
  0.0048Wb
R
TRY : Example 2
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 Magnetic Material Properties
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• Nonmagnetic material: constant permeability – Flux is proportional
to current (Air)
• Iron/ferromagnetic material: permeability is nonlinear
•Thus permeability of a medium determines its magnetic
characteristics
Saturation region

Magnetization curve of ferromagnetic material

 Magnetic Material Properties
29
Saturation:
The state reached when an increase in applied external magnetic field H
(magnetizing force NI) cannot increase the magnetization of the material
further, so the total magnetic field (flux density) levels off
Ferromagnetic materials are composed of magnetic domains that act like
tiny permanent magnets. Before the external magnetic field is applied to the
material, the domains are oriented in random directions, cancel each other
out so that the material has no overall net magnetic field. When external
field H is applied to the material, it penetrates the material and aligns the
domains, parallel to the external field, adding together to create a large
magnetic field which extends out from the material (magnetization)
Saturation occurs when all the domains are lined up, so further applied
fields cant cause further alignment of domains.
 Hysteresis loss in ac magnetic field
30

Magnetism increase as
magnetic field magnetized
unmagnetized iron b
Bm
Iron becomes
Applied field is reduced; the magnetism
magnetically
reduced thru diff. curve since iron tends
saturated
to retains magnetized state - hence
produced permanent magnet, Residual
Flux, res unmagnetized Material

c Hm
a
Magnetic field intensity

AC increased in negative direction,

magnetic field reversed , the iron
reversely magnetized until
If continue apply ac current, curve
saturated again
continue to follow S-shaped curve
(hysteresis curve)
d

The area enclosed by hysteresis curve is energy loss per unit volume per cycle – heats the iron and is
one reason why electric machines become hot
Therefore, it is required to select magnetic materials that have a narrow hysteresis loop
 Hysteresis Loss
31

• During a cycle of variation of i (hence H), there is a

net energy flow from the source to the coil-core
assembly and return to the source.
•Energy flowing is greater than energy returned.
• This energy loss goes to heat the core.
• The loss of power in the core due to the hysteresis
effect is called hysteresis loss.
 Eddy Current Loss
32

•Time changing flux induces voltage within the core

•This voltage causes current to flow within the core –
eddy currents
•Energy is dissipated as current moves in a resistive
material (core)
 Eddy Current Loss
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• Eddy current can be reduced in 2 ways:

1. Adding a few percent of silicon to iron to increase

the resistivity.

2. Laminate core with thin laminations and

insulated from each other.

Hysteresis loss + eddy current loss = Core loss

 Faraday’s Law
34

 How the existing magnetic field affect its

surroundings:
1. Induced Voltage from a Time Changing
Magnetic Field
2. Production of Induced Force on a Wire
3. Induced Voltage on a Conductor Moving
in a Magnetic Field
1. Induced Voltage from Time
Changing Magnetic Field
35


 Faraday’s Law : If a flux passes through a turn
of a coil of wire, voltage will be induced in the a
turn of the wire that is directly proportional to the b
rate of change in the flux wrt to time
V = induced voltage
 N = no of turns in coil
V N
t  = change of flux in coil
t = time interval
 Lenz’s Law : if the loop is closed, a connected to
b, the current would flow in the direction to
produce the flux inside the coil opposing the
original flux change. (in other words, Lenz’s Law
will determine the polarity of the induced voltage)
 2. Production of Induced Force on
Wire
36

 A current carrying conductor presents in a uniform magnetic

field would produce a force to the conductor/wire.
 This force is called Electromagnetic force/Lorentz force
Force induced
on the
conductor:  - angle between
F = ilB F  ilB sin  the conductor
Unit:
and the
(N) direction of the
magnetic field
Thumb
(resultant force)

The direction of
Index Finger force is given by
(current direction) the right-hand
rule.
Middle
Finger
(Magnetic Flux Direction)
3. Induced Voltage on a Conductor
Moving in a Magnetic Field
37
 Faraday’s Law for moving conductors :
If a conductor moves/cuts through a magnetic field, a voltage will
be induced between the terminals of the conductor .

The value of the induced voltage depends on the velocity of the

wire assuming that the magnetic field is constant.
 The value of the induced voltage is given by

E = Blv=(v x B)l cosθ The polarity of induced

where voltage is given by the
E = induced voltage (V) right-hand rule.
B = flux density (T)
l = active length of the conductor in the magnetic field (m)
v = relative speed of the conductor (m/s)
Class Exercise: Submit Individually
1. A coil of 2000 turns surrounds a flux of 5 mWb
produced by a permanent 38 magnet. The magnet is
suddenly withdrawn causing the flux inside the coil to
drop uniformly to 2 mWb in 1/10 of a second. What is the
voltage induced?

2. A stationary conductors of a large generator have an

active length of 2 m and are cut by a field of 0.6 T,
moving at a speed of of 100 m/s. Calculate the voltage
induced in each conductor.