1.planning of Farmstead and Farm Residence

Planning of Farmstead
and Farm Residence
Dr. M Madhava
Associate Professor
Farmstead
• Farmstead is the area within the farm occupied by buildings, corrals,
fences and gates and used generally as a center of operations for farm
works and activities.
Location of farmstead
• Farmstead should be located near the centre of the farm or in the
middle of the long side.
• Location at one side or even at a corner near a road is always helpful
in procuring the farm supplies and in disposing of farm produce.
• This will facilitate better social life and protection, common water
supply arrangement and other conveniences
• A site having high elevation and good natural drainage should be
selected.
• The farmstead should be located near a source of permanent water supply.
existing well can be considered
• Sites which have trees around will provide protection against high wind
velocities and dust storms, and will provide shade for human beings and
animals.
Size and Arrangement of the Farmstead
• The farmstead area is usually varies from 3 to 5% of the farm area.
• Residential buildings should be located away from the cattle shed and other
buildings. To ensure privacy and reduce the nuisance of flies and smell
• Residences and animals houses should be so located that the prevailing wind
will not blow from the animal houses to the residences.
• Various buildings are arranged to provide the minimum of walking from one
to the other in doing the required work.
• The silo pits and feed storages should be located near the animal
shelters.
• The milk room or milk house is generally placed about 6m away from the
barn
• The layout of the farmstead should allow for possible future extension of
buildings.
• Care should be given, in designing the buildings to get maximum
convenience without much additional cost of construction.
• Unnecessary ornamentation or carving on the buildings does not add to
the convenience, and on the other hand involves extra expenditure
Planning of Farm Residence
The residential building on a farm is the heart of the farmstead

It should be so designed and constructed that the owner has the satisfaction of staying in a
most comfortable and attractive place. It must provide conveniences for all the life
activities.
 There must be places for cooking, dining, sleeping, study, guests, and other special
requirements, to take maximum advantage of the sun light, the residence should face south
or north.
Facing the residence onto the main road and rivers or streams in another desirable feature.
However, the traditional designs of village houses have the following defects
• Construction is unsatisfactory and not water proof.
• Windows are too small
• Rooms are too small
• Kitchen are not properly constructed to remove the smoke
• Animals are also kept in or around the house
• Surroundings are often used as a waste disposal place.
Hence, a good house should have the following facilities
• Bedrooms-the number depends on the size of the family.
• Verandahs both for sitting out and house work.
• A Kitchen with good ventilation
• Food grain store
• Fuel wood store
• Animal shelter
• Animal fodder store
• Latrine cum urinal and a bathing place
• Sitting room cum DALAN
• Open space inside or outside the house well enclosed for social gatherings.
• Space for biogas plant and slurry dump
• Space for kitchen garden
• Space for washing purposes
• Space for farm tools and machinery storage
Improved Farm House Design:
A farm house should be designed to provide maximum utility and comfort.
The various rooms should be so located as to provide adequate comfort and
minimum time and energy wastage in going from one to the other.
Bed Room :
A typical be room of 3.6 x 3 m will accommodate two single beds of 1 x 2 m.
Cross ventilation with one side exposed to the prevailing breeze is a
desirable feature in design.
Every bed room should be provided with attached toilet facilities or should
have an independent access to the common toilet room.
Some storage space is essential in every bed room.
Drawing Room :
• The drawing room generally serves as the room for recreation and
social gathering.
• The minimum size of the drawing room is 4.5 x 3.6 m. large room of
about 6 x 4.5 m to serve as a drawing room cum dining room.
• The drawing room is best suited to be on one side of the house, and
should generally open into the front porch, kitchen, and bed room.
• Wall space in the drawing room should have plenty of provision for
natural light and ventilation.
Kitchen
• The kitchen is preferably place near the living room but away from the
bed rooms, It should be equipped with a sink and many built-in-racks
for storage of utensils and supplies.
• Floor space of kitchens usually varies form 9.3 to 14 sq. m.
• Store rooms and fuel storage space should be attached to the kitchen.
• Besides a large size chimney to carry out the smoke from the built-in-
cook stove, the kitchen should have cross ventilation.
• One of the windows and a door must directly open to the kitchen
garden.
• The kitchen must have an eastern location if possible, so that the rays
of morning sun can provide adequate light.
Toilet Rooms
• For Indian families, bath room and lavatory should usually be separated. In the
bath room, provision should be made for both a shower and a direct tap bath.
• If the water supply is not maintained throughout the day and night, a small water
reservoir may be a part of the bath room.
• A hanger for towels and a rack for soap, etc., are very useful. For the lavatory, a
flush arrangement is essential.
Store room
The store room should be situated near the kitchen. For a small family, store room of
about 3×1.8 m is adequate. It should be provided with rows of shelves on all sides.
Guest room:
Access to the drawing room and front verandah and must have an independent
across to the common toilet room, unless a special toilet room is attached to it.
A common size of a guest room is 3.6×3 m
Doors and Windows:
Double leaf doors and windows are usually preferred.
The doors used in the living and bed rooms should be 2.1 x 0.9 m,
where as those of the kitchen and bath rooms may be about 2 x 0.75 m.
Wooden door frames with only three pieces of 10.5 x 0.75 cm size each
are preferred to steel frames.
• The window dimensions generally preferred is 1.2 x 0.9 m with double
pans on it.
• The bottom of the window is at 0.75 m above the floor surface so that
the tops of all windows are at the same height as that of the doors.
• The wooden frame is made of 10 x 7.5 cm cross-section.
• Doors and windows in many places in India are provided with wire mesh
to keep the flies out of the room.
Reactions of Animals to Thermal & Other environmental
factors
• It is important to determine the design conditions of building
• Worm blooded animals (cattle, sheep, swine , poultry etc) give off
heat and moisture
• Rate of releasing heat and Moisture depends on environment
• Homeothermic animals maintain relatively constant temperature(1-2
degree range)
Mormal temperature of farm animals & human beings
Chicken 41.7
Dairy and cow 38.6
Beef cows 38.3
Pigs 39.2
Sheep 39.1
Human being 36.88(37)
Animal Temperature, °C Moisture g/kg/h Total heat kJ/kg/h
1.Cow 7 0.67 9.1
10 10.7 7.9
27 1.87 6.7
2.Poultry
a) Layers 13 2.96 20.1
b) Broilers 32 4.86 14
i) 2 weeks age 29 -- 35.8
ii) 7 weeks age 24 10.73 27.9
3.Sheep 10 -- 11.6
Cows
Moisture is released as temperature increases
Cow produces well in 4-24 °C. above 32 °C production as low as 50%
Milk production decreases as temp below 50°F or above 90-85°F
Poultry
More no and largest size of eggs- at 13-24 °C
Above 38 °C proved lethal
Sheep and cattle
•Temperature is not a serious problem
Influence of climate
Temperature
• Cattle exposed to constantly high temperature
• Raise its body temperature
• Decline feed rate
• Increase in water intake
• Decline in milk production
• Change in milk composition
• Loss of weight
• Low reproduction
Humidity
• Heat loss from animal depends on air temperature, humidity, surface area,
water in body etc
• High humidity and temp causes depression in food intake – reduction in
production
Solar radiation
• Causes sun burns, skin cancer etc
• Heat load increases
• Absorption depends on skin color, length of radiation, intensity and density
of hair.

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Planning of Farmstead

and Farm Residence

The residential building on a farm is the heart of the farmstead

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