Nutrition Across The Lifespan

Nutrition Across the Lifespan
Nutrition in
Pregnancy
and Lactation
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC
• Nutrition requirements
increases tremendously
during pregnancy and
lactation as the
expectant or nursing
mother not only has to
nourish herself but also
the growing fetus and
the infant being
breastfed.
Pregnancy is a period of great physiological stress for a
woman as she is nurturing a growing fetus in her body.
Some changes occur in mother’s body which influences the
need for nutrients and the efficacy with which the mother’s
body uses the nutrients.
1. BMR
- fetal growth and development increases the BMR by 5%
during the 1st trimester and 12% during the 2nd and 3rd
trimester, thus increases the total energy requirement.
2. GI changes
- there is an alteration in GI function which causes nausea,
vomiting, and constipation. In later trimester of
pregnancy absorption of nutrients like vitamin B12, iron,
and calcium increases in order to meet the nutritional
needs of mother and fetus
3. Changes in body fluids
- mother’s blood volume increases so as to carry the
appropriate amount of nutrients to the fetus and
metabolic waste away from the fetus. With increase in the
volume the concentrations of plasma proteins,
hemoglobin, and other blood constituents is lowered..
1. Mother has to nurture the fetus, health
of the newborn depends on nutritional
status of the mother during and prior to
Importance of conception.
Good Nutrition
During 2. A well nourished woman prior to
Pregnancy conception enters to pregnancy with
reserve of several nutrients that meets
that needs of the growing fetus without
affecting her own health.
3. A well nourished woman suffer fewer
complications, and few chances of
premature births.
Importance of 4. A well nourished mother will give birth
Good Nutrition to a healthy child.
During 5. Maternal diet during pregnancy has a
Pregnancy direct influence on fetal growth, size and
health of the newborn.
6. Poor diet affects mother’s health, a
malnourished mother provides
nutrients to the fetus at the expense of
Importance of her own tissue
Good Nutrition 7. Poor nutrition increases the risk of
During complications such as prolonged labor
Pregnancy and death
8. Inadequate diet affect the health of the
baby during early infancy (anemia,
rickets, etc. due to lack of good immunity)
•First Trimester
- a time of rapid cell division, organ development, and
preparation for the demands of rapid fetal growth that
occur during second and third trimester
- no significant increase in the size of the fetus thus only
qualitative improvement in nutrients intake is required
during this time.
Critical nutrition during this phase
1. Protein 3.Vitamin B12
2. Folic acid 4. Zinc
• Second and Third Trimester
- an increase nutrient intake is suggested. Energy intake is
equally important since 90% of fetal growth occurs during the last
half of gestation.
Critical nutrition during this phase.
1. Protein 4. Magnesium
2. Iron 5. Vitamin B (folate)
3. Calcium 6. Omega 3, fatty acid,
Optimal Weight gain During Pregnancy
BMI before Ideal Weight Rate of Weight Gain
Pregnancy Gain after 1st Trimester
Under weight 12.5 – 18 kg 0.5 kg/week
(BMI <18.5)
Normal 11.5 -16 kg 0.4 kg/week
(BMI 18.5 –
24.9)
Over weight 7 – 11.5 kg 0.3 kg/week

(BMI 25 – 29.9)
Obesity <7 kg 0.3 kg/week

(BMI > 30)
Foods to Avoid
1. Fish and seafoods with metals, mercury
- shark, ray, swordfish, barramundi, germ fish, bluefin tuna
- eat other type of fish twice a week to obtain nutritional
benefits
- avoid all types of shellfish, prawns and smoked fish
2. Raw and seared fish
- sushi, sashimi, , uncooked fish
3. Red meat and chicken
- all meet and chicken thoroughly cooked or well done
4. Deli foods
- high risk for listeria, has the ability to cross the placenta and
may infect the baby leading to infection or blood poisoning
which maybe life threatening
- processed and sliced meats (salami, smoked meats), and any
foods served from open containers (cheeses, olives, salads)
5. Fruits and vegetables
- washed thoroughly before eating
- do not use any that have gone moldy
6. Soft serve ice cream and yoghurts
- there is a list of listeria
7. Eggs and mayonnaise

- raw egg can contain salmonella, make sure all eggs are c
cooked
- avoid sauces and Caesar dressing
- avoid fresh mayonnaise as it could contain raw eggs
8. Peanuts
- to reduce chance of allergy
9. Eating out
- eat food that is served steaming hot
- avoid prepared salad (salad bars)
- check your burger patties if thoroughly cooked
10. Food additives (artificial sweeteners, MSG- can cause headache
and stomach upset )
11. Water – drink purified, filtered, bottled water
12. Alcohol – can caused detrimental effects on the unborn baby
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
Diet and Feeding Patterns
1. Lactating mother requires larger quantities of body building and
protective and protective foods to facilitate the formation and
secretion of breast milk
2. Fluid intake should be increased as fluids are essential for adequate
quantity of milk production.
3. No foods should be restricted except highly spiced and strongly
flavored foods, as they impart flavor to milk which may be repulsive
to baby
4. To enhance nutrients, lactating mother should have 5-6 meals in a
day.
Comparison of Nutrient Requirements in
Pregnancy and Lactations
Nutrient Normal Recommended Recommended
Recommended Intake During Intake During
Intake Pregnancy Lactation
Energy (kcal) 2,000 2,450 2,500
Protein (g) 46 71 71
Vitamin A (ug) 700 770 1,300
Iron (mg) 18 27 9
Folic acid (ug) 400 600 500
Iodine (ug) 150 220 290
Zinc (mg) 8 11 12

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Over weight 7 – 11.5 kg 0.3 kg/week

Obesity <7 kg 0.3 kg/week

7. Eggs and mayonnaise

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