DIET DURING

PREGNANCY
AND LACTATION
COMMON CONCERNS DURING
PREGNANCY
NAUSEA
CONSTIPATION
HEART BURN
EXCESSIVE WEIGHT GAIN
PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION (PIH)
COMMON CONCERNS DURING
PREGNANCY
PICA
ANEMIA
 Iron-deficiency
 Folate-deficiency
FETAL
ALCOHOL
SYNDROME
(FAS)
 premature and have a low birth weight.
 Physical characteristics may include a
small head, short eye slits that make
eyes appear to be set far apart, a flat
midface, and a thin upper lip. There is
usually a growth deficiency (height,
weight), placing the child in the lowest
tenth of age norms.
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
Every pregnant woman should be tested for diabetes
between 16 and 28 weeks of gestation
Blood glucose monitoring
Oral glycemic /insulin
LACTATION
 the production and secretion of breast milk for the purpose
of nourishing an infant
 Hormones: Prolactin/oxytocin
 most nutrient requirements are increased during lactation
 It is important that the nursing mother have sufficient
fluids to replace those lost in the infant’s milk. Water and
real fruit juice are the best choices.
DIET DURING INFANCY
 The first year of life is a period of the most rapid growth in
one’s life. A baby doubles its birth weight by 6 months of
age and triples it within the first year.
 breast milk provides all the nutrients an infant needs for
the first 4 to 6 months of life
 Mother’s milk provides the infant with temporary
immunity to many infectious diseases
 Breastmilk is sterile
BOTTLE FEEDING
 .Burping helps prevent regurgitation
 Synthetic milk is commonly made from soybeans (for
allergies)
 Infants should not be put to bed with a bottle.
INTRODUCTION TO SOLID
FOODS
An infant’s readiness for solid foods will be demonstrated by:
1. the physical ability to pull food into the mouth rather than always pushing the tongue
and food out of the mouth (extrusion reflex disappears by 4–6 months),
2. a willingness to participate in the process (Figure 12-6),
3. the ability to sit up with support,
4. having head and neck control, and
5. the need for additional nutrients. If the infant is drinking more than 32 ounces of
formula or nursing 8 to 10 times in 24 hours and is at least 4 months old, then solid
food should be started.
PREMATURE INFANTS
 An infant born before 37 weeks gestation is considered to
be premature.
 The sucking reflex is not developed until 34 weeks
gestation, and infants born earlier must be fed by total
parenteral nutrition, tube feedings, or bolus feedings
 Best food: breastmilk
CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF)
 Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease.
 CF causes the body to produce abnormally thick, sticky secretions
(mucus) within cells lining organs such as the lungs and pancreas
 Malabsorption of fat is also associated with CF; therefore, the
recommendation is 35% to 40% of total calorie intake to be fat.
 Digestive enzymes are taken in capsule form when food is eaten,
and supplementation of fat-soluble vitamins should also be done at
mealtime.
FAILURE TO THRIVE
 Weight for height is the first parameter affected when
determining FTT.
 Other signs might be slow development or lack of physical
skills such as rolling over,
 Failure to thrive can have many causes, such as watered-
down formula, congenital abnormalities, AIDS, lack of
bonding, child abuse, or neglect
METABOLIC DISORDERS:
GALACTOSEMIA
 Galactosemia is a condition, affecting 1 in 30,000 live
births, in which there is a lack of the liver enzyme
transferase.
 When transferase is missing
 and the infant ingests anything containing galactose, the
amount of galactose in the blood becomes so excessive
that it is toxic. The newborn suffers diarrhea, vomiting,
and edema, and the child’s liver does not function
normally
PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU)
 In phenylketonuria (PKU), infants lack the liver enzyme
phenylalanine hydroxylase, which is necessary for the
metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine.
 Infants seem to be normal at birth, but if the disease is not
treated, most of them become hyperactive, suffer seizures
between 6 and 18 months, and become mentally retarded.
 DIET DURING
ADOLESCENCE
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
 Anorexia nervosa, commonly called anorexia, is a psychological
disorder more common to women than men
 The causes of anorexia are unclear. Someone with this disorder (an
anorexic) has an inordinate fear of being fat.
 These young women usually set a maximum weight for themselves
and become an expert at “counting calories” to maintain their
chosen weight. They also often exercise excessively to control or
reduce their weight. If the weight declines too far, the anorexic will
ultimately die.
TREATMENT REQUIRES THE
FOLLOWING:
1. Development of a strong and trusting relationship between the client
and the health care professionals involved in the case.
2. That the client learn and accept that weight gain and a change in
body contours are normal during adolescence
3. Nutritional therapy so the client will understand the need for both
nutrients and calories and how best to obtain them.
4. Individual and family counseling so the problem is understood by
everyone.
5. close supervision by the health care professional.
6. Time and patience from all involved
BULIMIA NERVOSA
 Bulimia is a syndrome in which the client alternately binges and
purges by inducing vomiting and using laxatives and diuretics to
get rid of ingested food.
 Bulimics are said to fear that they cannot stop eating.
 Treatment usually includes limiting eating to mealtimes, portion
control, and close supervision after meals to prevent self-induced
vomiting.
 Diet therapy helps teach the client basic nutritional facts so that he
or she will be more inclined to treat the body with respect.
Psychological counseling will help the client to understand his or
her fears about food. Group therapy also can be helpful
 SPECIAL
CONSIDERATION FOR
CHRONICALLY ILL
OLDER ADULT
OSTEOPOROSIS
 Osteoporosis is a condition in which the amount of
calcium in bones is reduced, making them porous
 Causes: It is thought that years of a sedentary life coupled
with a diet deficient in calcium, vitamin D, and fluoride
contribute to it, as does estrogen loss, which occurs after
menopause.
 A diet with sufficient calcium and vitamin D plus an
appropriate exercise program begun early in the adult
years is thought to help prevent this disease
PERIODONTAL DISEASE
 Periodontal disease is characterized by bone loss in the
jaw, which can lead to loosened teeth and infection in the
gums.
ARTHRITIS
 Arthritis is a disease that causes the joints to become
painful and stiff.
 It results in structural changes in the cartilage of the joints.
 A client with arthritis should be especially careful to avoid
overweight
OTHER DISEASES
Cancer
Hypertension
Heart Diseases