Ch 5.

Tabular Presentation

Class XI
 Methods of presenting data in a systematic form.
1. Tabular Presentation
2. Diagrammatic Presentation
3. Graphical Presentation
Textual Presentation
The data can also be presented through Textual Presentation.
• When data is presented in the form of text, it is known as
Textual Presentation.
• It is more suitable when the quantity of data is not too large.

• For Eg: -

In 2018, out of a total of 2000 applicants in a college, 1200 were

from Commerce background. The number of girls was 750, out of
which 330 were from Science stream. In 2019, the total number of
applicants was 3500 of which 2200 were boys. The number of
students from Science stream was 1100 of which 610 were girls.
 Tabulation
Meaning –
• Tabulation is a systematic presentation of
numerical data in rows and columns. It is
designed to simplify presentation and facilitate
analysis.
• Such presentation facilitates
comparison by bringing
related information close to
each other and helps in
further statistical analysis
and interpretation.
 Definition of Tabulation
Acc. to - L.R. Connor Acc. to Tuttle
• “Tabulation involves • “A statistical table is
the orderly and the logical listing of
to make systematic related quantitative
something
clearer by presentation of data in vertical
explaining
it
numerical data in a columns and
form designed to horizontal rows of
elucidate the problem numbers, with
under consideration”. sufficient explanatory
and qualifying words,
phrases and
statements in the form
of titles, headings and
footnotes to make clear
the full meaning of the
data and their origin
Tabulation is one of the most important devices
for presenting the data in a condensed and
readily comprehensible form. It attempts to
furnish the maximum information in the
minimum possible space, without sacrificing the
quality and usefulness of the data.
Objectives of Tabulation
Tabulation means to summarize a mass of
numerical information into the simplest possible
form.
• To simplify the complex data
• To economize space
• To facilitate comparison
• To facilitate statistical analysis
• To provide reference
 Classification Vs Tabulation
Classification Tabulation

Classification precedes tabulation Only after classification, statistical

data can be tabulated

In classification, data is arranged While tabulation is a process of

into different classes according to arranging the classified data in rows
similarities and dissimilarities and columns with suitable heads and
subheads.
Classification is a method of Whereas tabulation is a process of
statistical analysis presenting data.
Requisites or Essentials of a Good Table
• Title – The title must be very appealing and attractive and clear. It should
be on the top of the table.

• Manageable size – The table should be neither too big nor too small. It
should fully cover all the attributes or characteristics of data.

• Attractive – It should be eye-appealing.

• Special Emphasis – Data which are to compared should be placed at the

left-hand corner of columns and Title should be written in bold letters.

• Suit the purpose – The table should be according to the object of statistical
investigation.

• Simplicity – Table should be simple and compact.

Requisites or Essentials of a Good Table
• Comparison of Data – The data which are to be compared should be placed closely in
the columns.

• Columns and rows should be numbered.

• Clarity – A table should be prepared that even a layman can draw inferences from it.
Table should be self-explanatory.

• Units – The unit designations should be given at the top of the table below the title like
‘Price in rupees’ and ‘Weight in Kg’. If there are different units for different items, then
they should be mentioned in respective columns and rows.

• Suitability approximated – If the numbers(figures) are large then they should be

rounded or approximated.

• Scientifically prepared
 Parts of Table
1. Table Number
2. Title
3. Captions or Column Headings
4. Stubs or Row Headings
5. Body of the Table
6. Unit of Measurement
7. Head Notes
8. Source Note
9. Footnotes
1. Table Number
Each table should be numbered for easy identification and further
reference.

When there are many tables, then these tables should be numbered in a
logical sequence.

The table number may be given on the top of the table or at he

beginning of the title of the table.

Subscripted numbers like 1.2, 2.1, etc. are also in use for identifying the
table according to its location.

For example, Table number 5.1 is read as first table of the fifth chapter.
 2. Title
A suitable title should accompany every table. Title is a brief explanation of the contents of
a table.

The title should be clear, self-explanatory and free from any ambiguity.

A title should be brief and should be placed in a prominent place, usually below the table
number.

In some cases, it becomes desirable to use long title for the sake of clarity. In these
situations, a ‘catch Title’ may be given above the ‘Main Title’.

For Eg: The firm’s name may appear as a catch title and what is contained in the table
may come thereafter.

Content of the title – Title should contain following information –

1.Nature of data, i.e, criteria of classification
2.subject matter
3.place to which data relates
4.Time to which data relates
5.Source of data
6.Reference of the data, if available.
3. Captions or Column Headings

At the top of each column in a table, a column

designation is given to explain figures of the column.
This is called “Caption” or “Column heading”.

Captions refer to the headings or designations of

vertical columns.

Captions are generally written in the mid of the

columns in small letters to occupy less space.
4. Stubs or Row Headings
Like a caption or column heading, each row of the
table has to be given a heading. Stubs refer to the
headings of horizontal rows. A brief description of
the row headings may also be given at the left
hand top in the table.
5. Body of the Table
This is the most important part of the table as it contains data (numerical
information)
 Location of any one figure or data in the table is fixed and determined by
the row and column of the table.

The arrangement of numerical data in main body is done from top to

bottom in columns and from left to right in rows.

The size and shape of the main body should be planned in view of the
nature of figures and the objective of investigation.

As body of the table revels the whole story of facts and findings of a
statistical investigation, it is necessary to be careful, so that irrelevant
data does not find place in the table.
6. Unit of Measurement

The unit of measurement of the figures in the table(actual

data) should always be stated along with the title, if the
unit does not change throughout the table.

However, if there are different units for tows or columns,

then these units must be stated along with stubs or
captions.

In case of large figures, they should be rounded up and the

method of rounding should be indicated.
7. Head Note
In case, the main title fails to convey complete
information, a head note is also given in small
brackets in prominent words just below the main title.
Head-not is inserted to convey all the relevant
information about the data.

Example: Common units of measurements used in the

table are usually expressed as ‘in million rupees’, ‘in
tones’, ‘in kilometers’. Etc. Head notes are also known
as Prefatory Note.
 8. Source Note
A source note refers to the source from which information has been taken.

Source note is given in case of secondary data.

The source should contain the name of the book, page number, table
number ets. From which the data have been collected.

If more than one source is there, all the sources are to be written in the
source note.

If a reader desires to refer the original data, the source note helps him to
locate the primary data.

source note is generally written at he bottom of the table. For example,

source note may be: ‘ Economic Survey, 2018-19
9. Footnotes
Footnotes is the last part of the table. Footnote explains the specific feature
of the data content of the table which is not self explanatory and has not
been explained earlier.

Footnotes are meant to clarify anything which is not clear from the
heading, title, stubs and caption, etc
When there are more than one foot note, they are sequentially numbered.
Footnotes are identified by the symbols *, @, etc.,
Footnotes are generally

Footnotes are generally used for the following reasons:

i. To point out any exceptions to the data;
ii. Any special circumstances affecting the data; and
iii. To clarify anything in the data.
Types of Tables
Statistical tables can be classified into various
categories depending upon the basis of their
classification.

The classification of tables depends on various

aspects:
Objectives and scope of investigation, nature of data
(primary or secondary) for investigation, extent of
data coverage, and so on. The different types of
tables used in statistical investigations are as follows:
 Types of
Table

Objective
Nature of Extent of
or
Data Coverage
Purpose

General Special
Original Derived Simple Complex
Purpose Purpose
Table Table Table Table
Table Table
Classification on the basis of Objective or
Purpose
1. General Purpose Table:

A General Purpose Table represents the raw data in great detail and covers variety of
information on the same subject.
It presents the data without any special analytical purposes.
Such tables are usually large in size and generally given in the appendix for reference.
These tables can be used for many purposes.
They are used extensively in the reports of the Government departments.
It is also known as ‘Reference Table’ or ‘Repository Table’.

2. Special Purpose Table:

These tables provide information specific to a particular enquiry.

These tables are generally very brief and ar used to present the results of analysis of
data.
It is also known as ‘Text Table’ or ‘Summary Table’ or ‘Analytical Table’.
Classification on the basis of Nature of Data
According to nature of originality of the data, there may be
two types of tables:
1. Original Table:
The Original Table contains the statistical facts in their
original form i.e., figures in this type of table are not
rounded up.

It contains data, which was initially collected from the

original (primary) source.

It is also know as ‘Primary Table’ or ‘Classification Table’.

2. Derived Table:

A table which presents results derived from the

original data like averages, percentages, ratios,
etc., is known as Derived Table.

It expresses the information derived from

original or primary tables.
It is also known as a ‘Derivative Table’.
Classification on the basis of Extent of
Coverage
1. Simple Table:

This is the simplest form of a table, in which data is

presented according to one characteristic only.

Univariate frequency distribution is presented in one-way

table as only one variable is under study.
It is also known as ‘One-way Table’ or ‘First Order Table’.

Specimen of Simple Table: The following Simple Table shows

the number of students in different sections od Class XI.
Table 5.2: Number of Students in Different Sections of
Class XI in a School.

Sections No. of Students

XI-A 45
XI-B 37
XI-C 49
XI-D 54
XI-E 35
Total 220
2. Complex Table:

A table which presents data according to two or more

characteristics is known as Complex table. On the basis of
characteristics, complex table can be divided into three parts:
a. Two-way Table (or Double Table): It gives information
about two interrelated characteristics of a particular
phenomenon. For example, if numbers of students of Class
XI in different sections are further divided sex-wise, the
table would become a two-way table.

The shape of the table will be as follows:

Table 5.3: Number of Students (Sex-Wise)in Different
Sections of Class XI in a School.

Sections No of Students No. of

Boys Girls Students

XI-A 30 15 45
XI-B 25 12 37
XI-C 22 27 49
XI-D 20 34 54
XI-E 21 14 35
Total 118 102 220
b. Three-way Table(Treble Table):

In a three-way table, three characteristics of the data

re classified. It gives information regarding three
inter-related characteristics of a particular
phenomenon.
In the example of two-way table, if we further
categorize the students as day-scholars and
hostellers, then a three-way table would be
necessary.
 Table 5.4: Number of Students (Sex-Wise and on basis of
residence)in Different Sections of Class XI in a School.
Sections
Boys Girls Total
Hostellers Day- Total Hostellers Day- Total
Scholars Scholars

Hostellers Day- Total

Scholars

XI-A 7 23 30 6 9 15 13 32 45
XI-B 11 14 25 4 8 12 15 22 37
XI-C 10 12 22 6 21 27 16 33 49
XI-D 5 15 20 9 25 34 14 40 54
XI-E 8 13 21 3 11 14 11 24 35
Total 41 77 118 28 74 102 69 151 220
c. Manifold Table:

The table, which explains more than three

characteristics of the data, is known as Manifold
Table. These provide information on a large
number of inter-related problems or
characteristics of a given phenomenon. This is the
most complex form of a table.