Chemical Reactions and Equations

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CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical
change or a chemical equation is short hand notation used for
representing experimentally determined information of a chemical
reaction. Thus, a chemical equation is a method of representing a
chemical reaction with the help of symbols and formulae of the
substances involved in a chemical reaction.
The substances in which the chemical change is brought, are
called reactants; reactants are written on the left hand side of the
arrow(→)sign. The arrow sign(→)pointing towards the right side
indicates that the substances written on the left hand side are reacting
to give the products written on the right hand side of the equation.
The substances that are formed in chemical reaction are called
products and are written on the right hand side of the equation. The
symbols or formulae on both the sides of the arrow are added by +
sign.
for example:-
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Mg+O2 →MgO
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A chemical equation can be written for any chemical
reaction. The correct chemical formulae for the reactants and
the products must be used and cannot be changed.
For example:- the decomposition of hydrogen iodide is written
as HI →H2 + I2 .
However, until the equation is balanced, it does not
express the actual ratio in which the substances react and
form.
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Most chemical equation can be balanced by trail
and error, using three simple principles.
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1. The same number of atoms of each element must be
represented on each side of the reaction arrow, because no
atoms can be gained, lost, or changed in identity during a
chemical reaction.
2. You may manipulate only the coefficients-the numbers in front
of the formulas, which designate the relative amounts of the
substances-and not the subscripts, whch denote the correct
formulas of the substances.
3. The final set of the coefficients should be whole numbers(not
fractions) and should be the smallest whole numbers that will
do the job.

Limitations of Chemical Equations:-
Although a balanced chemical equation provides valuable
information's yet it still has a number of limitations. Despite
including the above information a chemical equation fails to provide
the following information:-
I. Actual concentrations of the reactants taken and the actual
concentrations of the products formed in the chemical reaction.
II. Time taken for the completion of the chemical change.
III.Whether the reaction is reversible or irreversible reactions are those

reactions which proceed to completion; the releasing products do
not react to form the original substances. The reversible reactions are
those reactions that may be made to take place, under suitable
conditions, in either directions(forward and backward). This
limitation of the chemical equation can be removed by changing the
arrow(→) with the sign of double half-headed arrow in the equation.
For example, the reaction between nitrogen and ammonia is a
reversible reaction.
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Chemical Reactions:- When two or more than two
substances react chemically to form a new substance, a chemical
reaction is said to be have done.
For example:-
Mg + O2 MgO
A chemical reaction has taken place when the following
things happen:-
 Change in state
 Change in color
 Change in temperature
 Evolution of gas

Types of Chemical Reactions
There are four types of chemical reactions:-

 Combination Reaction
 Decomposition Reaction
 Displacement Reaction
 Double displacement Reaction
 Oxidation and Reduction

When two or more than two substance combine to form a single
substance, the reactions are called combination reactions. Reaction of
this type have the general form
A+B→AB
For example:-
CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq)
Most of the chemical reactions are accomplished by energy

changes. Reactions in which heat is released along with the
formation of products are called Exothermic reactions. Generally
combination reactions are exothermic reactions.

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The conversion of a single compound into two or more
simpler substances is called decomposition reaction.
Decomposition reaction are just opposite of combination reactions.
It is indicated by the following general equation.
AB→A+B
these reactions are classified as:-
o Thermal decomposition reaction(caused by heat)
o Electric decomposition reaction(caused by electricity)
o Photo decomposition reaction(caused by sunlight)

i. Thermal decomposition:- The chemical reaction in
which a single substance breaks down into two or more
simpler substances upon heating is known as thermal
decomposition.
ii. Electric decomposition:- The chemical reaction in
which a single substance breaks down into two or more
simpler substances when electricity is pass through them is
known as Electric decomposition.
iii. Photo decomposition:- It is the breaking down of a
single substance into simpler substances using solar energy.
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Generally, decomposition reactions require energy either in
the form of heat, light and electricity for the breaking down of
reactants. Reactions in which energy is absorbed are known as
endothermic reactions.

A displacement reaction is one in which one atom or a group
of atoms(called radical) of a compound is replaced by another
atom or a group of atoms. Thus, these are those reactions in which
a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element. It is

indicated by the following general reaction.
A+BC→B+AC
for example:-
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
In this reaction, iron has displaced or removed another
element, copper, from copper sulphate solution. This reaction is
known as displacement reaction.
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In double displacement reactions,
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exchange their corresponding ions and form two new compounds.
thus, These are those reactions in which exchange of ion takes place.
A general equation for these reactions is
AB(aq)+CD(aq)→AD(s)+CB(aq)
In this reaction, AB and CD(aq) compounds are ionic, in which
A and C are cations and B and D are anions.
For example:-
BaCl2(aq)+Na2 SO4 → BaSO4 (s)+2NaCl(aq)
In this reaction, the white precipitate of BaSO4 is formed by
the reaction of SO42- and Ba2+ . A reaction which produces a
precipitate is called a precipitation reaction. Generally double
displacement reactions are Precipitation reactions.
When oxygen combines with other elements or compounds,
the process is called oxidation. The substances that combine with
oxygen are said to have oxidized.
Reduction is exactly the opposite of oxidation. If a substance
loses oxygen during a reaction, it is said to be reduces. When
hydrogen burns, the hydrogen combines with oxygen to form
water.
2H2 + O2 →2H2O

 Oxidation is a gain of  Reduction is a loss of
oxygen atoms oxygen atoms
 Oxidation is a loss of  Reduction is a gain of
hydrogen atoms hydrogen atoms
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The eating up of the top When the food materials
most layer of the metal by containing fats and oils are left for
atmospheric agents like air, long time, they are oxidized. They
water etc. is called Corrosion. become rancid and their smell and
During corrosion the surface of taste changes. Generally
a metal changes from being an substances which prevent
element into a compound. oxidation (antioxidants) are added
Corrosion in some metals:- to foods containing fats and oil.
→ Copper corrodes to form green Keeping food in air tight
copper compounds. containers helps to slow down
→ Iron corrodes to form a reddish oxidation. Usually chips
brown substance. manufacturers bags of chips with
→ Silver corrodes and form a an inert gas like nitrogen to
black coating. prevent the chips from getting
oxidized.
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 Chemical reaction is a process of converting one or more
substances into other new substances.
 Chemical equation is the shorthand notation of actually
occurring chemical reaction in terms of the symbols, formulae
and the ratio of various reactants and products involved.
 A chemical equation is said to be balanced when the number of
atoms of each element o the reactant side is equal to the number
of atoms of corresponding elements on the product side.
Equations must always be balanced.
 A complete balanced chemical equation represents, products
and the conditions under which a reaction occurs.
 Chemical reaction can be classified as combination,
decomposition, displacement and double displacement reaction.

 A reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new
single substance is called a combination reaction.
 In decomposition reaction a single substance decomposes to give two
or more simpler substances.
 In displacement reactions one atom or a group of atoms of a
compound is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.
 The reactions in which two compounds exchange their ions to form
new compounds are called double displacement reactions.
 Reactions in which heat is given out along with the products are called
exothermic reactions.
 Reactions in which energy is absorbed are known as endothermic
reactions.
 Precipitation reactions produce insoluble salts.
 Oxidation is the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen. Reduction is the
loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen.
 The reactions in which both oxidation and reduction occur
simultaneously is called redox reaction.
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Created By :- Shivani Diwaker 3

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III.Whether the reaction is reversible or irreversible reactions are those

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There are four types of chemical reactions:-

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Most of the chemical reactions are accomplished by energy

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Created By :- Shivani Diwaker

Created By:- Shivani Diwaker 10

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