Ch1 Science Notes-2

CH1 CLASS 10 NOTES
PHYSICAL CHANGE: those changes which involve transformation of state

and does not change composition and chemical nature of the substance.
CHEMICAL CHANGE : it is the change in which one or more substance are
converted into one or more different substances.
CHEMICAL REACTION :- The transformation of chemical substance into
another chemical substance is known as Chemical Reaction. For example:
Rusting of iron, the setting of milk into curd, digestion of food, respiration,
etc.
{in a chemical reaction, a chemical change takes place.}
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHEMICAL REACTION:
1. Change in state : The combustion reaction of candle wax is

characterised by a change in state from solid to liquid and gas
2. Change in colour
3. EVOLUTION OF GAS :
EXAMPLE:-The chemical reaction between zinc and dilute sulphuric
acid is characterised by the evolution of hydrogen gas.
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) ↑
4. CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE:
EXAMPLE:- The chemical reaction between zinc and dilute sulphuric
acid increases the temperature.
5. FORMATION OF PRECIPITATE:
EXAMPLE:- Reaction between lead nitrate and potassium iodide
solution.
• Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
• In this reaction yellow precipitate is formed because of the
formation of PbI2.
PRECIPITATE:- A solid which is formed in a chemical reaction that is different
from either reactants.
Q1) why magnesium ribbon is rubbed before burning in air?
Ans. Magnesium is a highly reactive metal .When stored, it reacts with
oxygen to from a layer of magnesium oxide on its surface. This layer of
magnesium oxide prevents further reaction of magnesium . The magnesium
ribbon is cleaned by sand paper for removing this layer so that it can be
exposed to air.
Chemical Equation: Representation of chemical reaction using symbols and formulae
of the substances is called Chemical Equation.
Example: A + B → C + D
In this equation, A and B are called reactants and C and D are called the products. The
arrow shows the direction of the chemical reaction. Condition, if any, is written generally
above the arrow.
{Mg + O2 → O}
Reactant: Substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants.
Example: Mg and O2.
Product: New substance formed after a chemical reaction is called a product.

Example: MgO.
A chemical equation can be divided into two types: Balanced

Chemical Equation and Unbalanced Chemical Equation.
(a) Balanced Chemical Equation: A balanced chemical

equation has the number of atoms of each element equal on
both sides.
Example: Zn + H SO → ZnSO + H
2 4 4 2
In this equation, numbers of zinc, hydrogen and sulphate are

equal on both sides, so it is a Balanced Chemical Equation.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS : According to the Law of
Conservation of Mass, mass can neither be created nor destroyed in
a chemical reaction.
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What’s the need to balance a chemical equation:
To obey the law of conservation of mass , the total mass of
elements present in reactants must be equal to the total mass
of elements present in products.
(b) Unbalanced Chemical Equation: If the number of atoms of
each element in reactants is not equal to the number of atoms
of each element present in the product, then the chemical
equation is called Unbalanced Chemical Equation.
Example: Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
{on the left-hand side only one iron atom is present, while three
iron atoms are present on the right-hand side. Therefore, it is an
unbalanced chemical equation.}
Balancing a Chemical Equation: To balance the given or any chemical

equation, follow these steps:
Fe + H O → Fe O + H
2 3 4 2
Write the number of atoms of elements present in reactants and in

products in a table as shown here.
No. of atoms in the No. of atoms in the

Name of atom
reactant product
Iron 1 3
3
Hydrogen 2 2
Oxygen 1 4
3 × Fe + 4 × H2O → Fe3O4 + 4 × H2
Now the number of atoms of each element becomes equal on both sides.
Thus, this equation becomes a balanced equation.
No. of atoms in the No. of atoms in the

Name of atom
reactant product
Iron 3 3
Hydrogen 8 8
4
Oxygen 4 4
After balancing, the above equation can be written as follows:

3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2.
To Make Equations More Informative:

By writing the physical states of substances, a chemical equation
becomes more informative.
• Gaseous state is represented by symbol (g).

• Liquid state is represented by symbol (l).
• Solid state is written by symbol (s).
• Aqueous solution is written by symbol (aq).
• Writing the condition in which reaction takes place: The
condition is generally written above and/or below the arrow
of a chemical equation.
Types of Chemical Reactions:

1. Combination Reaction
2. Decomposition Reaction
3. Displacement Reaction
4. Double Displacement Reaction
1. COMBINATION REACTION :- Reactions in which two or more

reactants combine to form one product are called Combination
Reactions.
general combination reaction can be represented by the
chemical equation given here :
A + B → AB
(A+B are two reactants combine to form a single product.)
Examples:
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1) magnesium is burnt in the air (oxygen)
Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
2) burning of coal.
C (s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
3) formation of water
H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O(l)
2. Decomposition Reaction: Reactions in which one compound

decomposes in two or more compounds or elements are known
as Decomposition Reaction. A decomposition reaction is just the
opposite of combination reaction.
A general decomposition reaction can be represented as
follows : AB → A + B
Examples:
When calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon
dioxide.
CaCO3(s) heat → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Calcium carbonate → Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide
When ferric hydroxide is heated, it decomposes into ferric oxide and water
2Fe(OH)3(s) △→ Fe2O3(s) + 3H2O(l)
Thermal Decomposition: The decomposition of a substance on

heating is known as Thermal Decomposition.
Example: 2Pb(NO ) (s) heat−→2PbO(s) + 4NO (g) + O (g)
3 2 2 2
Electrolytic Decomposition: Reactions in which compounds

decompose into simpler compounds because of passing of electricity,
are known as Electrolytic Decomposition. This is also known as
Electrolysis.
Example: When electricity is passed in water, it decomposes into
hydrogen and oxygen.
2H O(l) electricity→ 2H2(g) + O2(g)
2
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Photolysis or Photo Decomposition Reaction: Reactions in which a
compound decomposes because of sunlight are known as Photolysis
or Photo Decomposition Reaction.
Example: When silver chloride is put in sunlight, it decomposes into
silver metal and chlorine gas.
2AgCl(s) (white) Sunlight−→2Ag(s) (grey) + Cl (g)2
Photographic paper has a coat of silver chloride, which turns into grey
when exposed to sunlight. It happens because silver chloride is
colourless while silver is a grey metal.
(iii) Displacement Reaction: The chemical reactions in which a more

reactive element displaces a less reactive element from a compound
is known as Displacement Reactions. Displacement reactions are also

known as Substitution Reaction or Single Displacement/ replacement
reactions.
A general displacement reaction can be represented by using a
chemical equation as follows :
A + BC → AC + B
Displacement reaction takes place only when ‘A’ is more reactive than
B. If ‘B’ is more reactive than ‘A’, then ‘A’ will not displace ‘C’ from ‘BC’
and reaction will not be taking place.
Examples:
When zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid, it gives hydrogen gas and
zinc chloride.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl (aq) + H (g)
2 2
When zinc reacts with copper sulphate, it forms zinc sulphate and
copper metal.
Zn(s) + CuSO (aq) → ZnSO (aq) + Cu(s)
4 4
(iv) Double Displacement Reaction: Reactions in which ions are

exchanged between two reactants forming new compounds are called
Double Displacement Reactions.
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AB + CD → AC + BD
Examples:
When sodium hydroxide (a base) reacts with hydrochloric acid,

sodium chloride and water are formed.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H O(l) 2
Note: Double Displacement Reaction, in which precipitate is formed, is

also known as precipitation reaction. Neutralisation reactions are also
examples of double displacement reaction.
Precipitation Reaction: The reaction in which precipitate is formed by

the mixing of the aqueous solution of two salts is called Precipitation
Reaction.
Precipitate is the insoluble solid which settles down after the completion of
the chemical reaction
Example:
Neutralization Reaction: The reaction in which an acid reacts with a

base to form salt and water by an exchange of ions is called
Neutralization Reaction.
Example:
(v) Oxidation and Reduction Reactions:

Oxidation: Addition of oxygen or non-metallic element or removal of
hydrogen or metallic element from a compound is known as
Oxidation.
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Elements or compounds in which oxygen or non-metallic element is
added or hydrogen or metallic element is removed are called to be
Oxidized.
Reduction: Addition of hydrogen or metallic element or removal of
oxygen or non-metallic element from a compound is called Reduction.
The compound or element which goes under reduction in called to be
Reduced.
Oxidation and Reduction take place together.
Oxidizing agent:
• The substance which gives oxygen for oxidation is called an

Oxidizing agent.
• The substance which removes hydrogen is also called an
Oxidizing agent.
Reducing agent:
1. The substance which gives hydrogen for reduction is called

a Reducing agent.
2. The substance which removes oxygen is also called a
Reducing agent.
Redox reaction :- The reaction in which oxidation and reduction both take place
simultaneously is called Redox reaction.
When copper oxide is heated with hydrogen, then copper metal and hydrogen are
formed.
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
(i) In this reaction, CuO is changing into Cu. Oxygen is being removed from copper
oxide. Removal of oxygen from a substance is called Reduction, so copper oxide is
being reduced to copper.
(ii) In this reaction, H2 is changing to H2O. Oxygen is being added to hydrogen. Addition
of oxygen to a substance is called Oxidation, so hydrogen is being oxidised to water.
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(vi) Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions:
Exothermic Reaction: Reaction which produces energy is called Exothermic Reaction.
Most of the decomposition reactions are exothermic.
Example:
Respiration is a decomposition reaction in which energy is released.
When quick lime (CaO) is added to water, it releases energy.
Endothermic Reaction: A chemical reaction in which heat energy is absorbed is called

Endothermic Reaction.
Example: Decomposition of calcium carbonate.
Effects of Oxidation Reactions in Everyday life: Corrosion and Rancidity.
Corrosion: The process of slow conversion of metals into their undesirable compounds
due to their reaction with oxygen, water, acids, gases etc. present in the atmosphere is
called Corrosion.
Example: Rusting of iron.
Rusting: Iron when reacts with oxygen and moisture forms red substance which is
called Rust.
The rusting of iron is a redox reaction.

Corrosion (rusting) weakens the iron and steel objects and structures such as railings,
car bodies, bridges and ships etc. and cuts short their life.
Methods to Prevent Rusting
• By painting.
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• By greasing and oiling.
• By galvanization.
Rancidity: The taste and odour of food materials containing fat and oil changes when
they are left exposed to air for a long time. This is called Rancidity. It is caused due to
the oxidation of fat and oil present in food materials.
Methods to prevent rancidity:
• By adding anti-oxidant.
• Vacuum packing.
• Replacing air by nitrogen.
• Refrigeration of foodstuff
Note:- RANCIDITY IS NOT IN SYLLABUS.
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CH1 CLASS 10 NOTES

PHYSICAL CHANGE: those changes which involve transformation of state

1. Change in state : The combustion reaction of candle wax is

Product: New substance formed after a chemical reaction is called a product.

A chemical equation can be divided into two types: Balanced

(a) Balanced Chemical Equation: A balanced chemical

In this equation, numbers of zinc, hydrogen and sulphate are

Balancing a Chemical Equation: To balance the given or any chemical

Write the number of atoms of elements present in reactants and in

No. of atoms in the No. of atoms in the

No. of atoms in the No. of atoms in the

After balancing, the above equation can be written as follows:

To Make Equations More Informative:

• Gaseous state is represented by symbol (g).

Types of Chemical Reactions:

1. COMBINATION REACTION :- Reactions in which two or more

2. Decomposition Reaction: Reactions in which one compound

Thermal Decomposition: The decomposition of a substance on

Electrolytic Decomposition: Reactions in which compounds

(iii) Displacement Reaction: The chemical reactions in which a more

is known as Displacement Reactions. Displacement reactions are also

(iv) Double Displacement Reaction: Reactions in which ions are

When sodium hydroxide (a base) reacts with hydrochloric acid,

Note: Double Displacement Reaction, in which precipitate is formed, is

Precipitation Reaction: The reaction in which precipitate is formed by

Neutralization Reaction: The reaction in which an acid reacts with a

(v) Oxidation and Reduction Reactions:

• The substance which gives oxygen for oxidation is called an

1. The substance which gives hydrogen for reduction is called

When quick lime (CaO) is added to water, it releases energy.

Endothermic Reaction: A chemical reaction in which heat energy is absorbed is called

Effects of Oxidation Reactions in Everyday life: Corrosion and Rancidity.

The rusting of iron is a redox reaction.

Methods to prevent rancidity:

Note:- RANCIDITY IS NOT IN SYLLABUS.

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