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    Cambodia Water Ver 4-1

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    bibintari
    The document summarizes arsenic contamination of groundwater in Cambodia. Over 50% of Cambodians rely on groundwater, which some areas have high levels of naturally occurring arsenic. Approximately 2.25 million people are exposed to arsenic in their drinking water. Long term exposure can cause skin lesions and cancers. The government established guidelines and promotes alternatives like rainwater catchment and arsenic filters. However, mitigation faces challenges of funding, education, and sustainable solutions.

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    Cambodia Water Ver 4-1

    Uploaded by

    bibintari
    55 views14 pages
    The document summarizes arsenic contamination of groundwater in Cambodia. Over 50% of Cambodians rely on groundwater, which some areas have high levels of naturally occurring arsenic. Approximately 2.25 million people are exposed to arsenic in their drinking water. Long term exposure can cause skin lesions and cancers. The government established guidelines and promotes alternatives like rainwater catchment and arsenic filters. However, mitigation faces challenges of funding, education, and sustainable solutions.

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    Cambodia water ver 4-1

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    The document summarizes arsenic contamination of groundwater in Cambodia. Over 50% of Cambodians rely on groundwater, which some areas have high levels of naturally occurring arsenic. Approximately 2.25 million people are exposed to arsenic in their drinking water. Long term exposure can cause skin lesions and cancers. The government established guidelines and promotes alternatives like rainwater catchment and arsenic filters. However, mitigation faces challenges of funding, education, and sustainable solutions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    55 views14 pages

    Cambodia Water Ver 4-1

    Uploaded by

    bibintari
    The document summarizes arsenic contamination of groundwater in Cambodia. Over 50% of Cambodians rely on groundwater, which some areas have high levels of naturally occurring arsenic. Approximately 2.25 million people are exposed to arsenic in their drinking water. Long term exposure can cause skin lesions and cancers. The government established guidelines and promotes alternatives like rainwater catchment and arsenic filters. However, mitigation faces challenges of funding, education, and sustainable solutions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    Arsenic Contamination of Ground

    water in Cambodia

    Water Environment and Resource Management

    이아정 (MIDAC)
    Content
    1. Introduction
    - Cambodia water resources

    2. Arsenic contamination
    - The source of arsenic and its impact on human health
    - Population and areas affected

    3. Actions to mitigate the risk


    - Alternative ways to drink safe water
    - Actions taken by the government

    4. Limitation and constraint


    Water resource in Cambodia
    ▷ Surface water
    Mekong River(for eastern population)
    - Twelfth longest river in the world and the sixth longest in Asia
    - The Mekong’s flow comes chiefly from rainfall
    (Water level: lowest in April, highest in Aug-Sept)

    Tonle Sap Lake(The Great Lake) (for western population)


    - Largest freshwater lake in southeast Asia
    - The size is varied depending on season
    (2500km2 in dry season to 15,000km2 in rainy season)

    => Surface waters are affected by seasonal conditions.


    Water resource in Cambodia
    ▷Groundwater
    Over 50% of Cambodian drink groundwater because of the shortage of surface water in dry season.

    In wet season, most rural Cambodians begin harvesting


    and drinking rainwater, however, most do not store
    enough rainwater to last through the dry season(less
    than 1%)

    Using groundwater remains more popular in rural


    areas as well as some in smaller urban areas

    Drinking water sources in dry season


    Hand dug shallow well Hand pump pipe well

    Electric pump Rain harvesting


    Tube well
    What is Arsenic and its source?
    1. What is Arsenic?
    - Arsenic(As) is a natural component of the earth’s rust and is widely distributed
    throughout the environment in the air, water and land.
    - It is tasteless and odorless.
    - It is highly toxic in its inorganic form.
    - Arsenic is naturally present at high level in some countries.
    - (E.g. Bangladesh, India, China, Vietnam, and Cambodia)

    2. How can arsenic get into groundwater?


    - Arsenic is bound to iron oxide compounds in rocks from the Himalayas, and gets washed down the
    major rivers and deposited in the lowland basins and deltas.
    - If there is a lack of oxygen, bacteria in these sediments starts to break down arsenic and iron oxide
    particles to breathe, and in doing so, separate the arsenic from the iron oxide and transfer it to the
    groundwater.
    What is the impact on the human body?
    Arsenic is a toxic metalloid element and arsenic-polluted water used for drinking, food preparation an
    d irrigation of food crops poses a grave threat to public health.

    - Acute effects:
    Vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea. These are followed by numbness, muscle cramping, and death in
    extreme cases.

    - Long-term effects:
    Skin lesion, hard patches on palm and foot, skin/lung/bladder cancer, infant mortality,
    adverse pregnant outcomes, and developmental effect

    Long term symptoms usually occur after 5 years of exposure.


    Area and population affected
    Risk level
    - High (> 50 ppb)
    - Intermediate (10-50 ppb)
    - Low (<10ppb)

    EU/WHO standard : 0.01mg/L(10ppb)


    Cambodia standard : 0.05mg/L(50ppb)

    High risk provinces:


    Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kandal, Kratie,
    and Prey Veng.
    Area and population affected
    EU/WHO standard 0.01mg/L
    (10ppb))

    As arsenic contamination was discovered during a 1999 national water quality survey, the Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of In
    dustry, and UNICEF conducted field tests of over 10,000 wells across Cambodia.

    The contamination is most prevalent in parts of Kandal, Kampong Cham, and Prey Veng provinces.
    35% of sampled wells in Kandal contained arsenic exceeding the national standard.

    2.25million people are exposed to arsenic-polluted water and it is estimated that around 75,000 to 150,000 people have been consumin
    g arsenic contaminated drinking water at least a part of year.
    Alternative ways to drink safe water
    1. Rainwater tanks with increased storage
    2. Arsenic Safe groundwater sources (E.g. green wells)
    3. Arsenic removal filter
    ▷ Kanchan Arsenic Filter(KAF)
    - Principle: Water passes through the biological layer and
    filters through the graded sand and gravel (15-20 liters/hr)

    ▷ Ceramic water purifiers(CWP)


    - Principle: Water passes through the porous ceramic filter
    at 1-3 liters/hr into a receiving container(10-20 liters)
    Mitigation actions by government
    Following the discovery of arsenic, the Government responded to the issue in several ways:

    1. Establishment of Arsenic Inter-ministerial Subcommittee(AISC)


    2. Development of Interim National Drinking Water Standard which set a max. permissible limit of 5
    0ppb arsenic in drinking water
    3. Implementation and management of arsenic database
    4. Development of 5-year arsenic mitigation strategic action plans
    5. Promotion of alternative arsenic free water supply using technology
    6. Information, Education and Communication(IEC) campaign to inform the population of arsenic co
    ntamination and well marking(Green on arsenic safe and Red on arsenic contained
    above 50 ppb in the high risk areas)
    7. Development of a National Water Quality Surveillance and Monitoring System
    Limitation and constraint

    Major challenges on water management

    - Hard to change the customs relating to consumption of water


    - Shortage of funding to implement the alternatives
    - Human capability; limited opportunities in the higher education system, low public service wage
    - Government system; short history, unsustainable operational plan
    - No data record for other uses like irrigation and livestock
    Reference
    (PDF) Arsenic Contamination in Cambodia: A Status Review (researchgate.net)
    (PDF) An Overview of Water Quality Issues in Cambodia (researchgate.net)

    Mystery of arsenic release into groundwater solved (phys.org)


    https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/arsenicun5.pdf
    Arsenic (who.int)

    http://www.calibre.manchester.ac.uk/images/downloads/publicatios/samspon_2008_arsenicosis_Cambodia.pdf
    Microsoft Word - Drinking water quality in Cambodia..doc (iwmi.org)
    What is Arsenic? - Arsenic - University of Maine (umaine.edu)

    https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/silent-killer-taking-toll
    THANK YOU

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