ABSTRACT

Sewage and sewage effluents are the major sources of water pollution.
Sewage Treatment Plant is a facility designed to receive the waste from
domestic, commercial and industrial sources and to remove materials
that damage water quality and compromise public health and safety
when discharged into water receiving systems. It includes physical,
chemical, and biological processes to remove various contaminants
depending on its constituents. A study on domestic waste water
characterization has been performed followed by the sewage treatment
plant.
The samples of domestic waste from hostel is collected
and testing were done in different times to have an
average data of the measured parameters. The average
values of pH, Turbidity, Acidity, Chloride, Residual
Chlorine, Hardness, Total Solid, BOD, DO, Alkalinity are
found out.
INTRODUCTION
Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from
wastewater, primarily from household sewage. It includes
physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove these
contaminants and produce environmentally safer treated
wastewater.
Sewage is the wastewater generated by a community, namely: a)
domestic wastewater, b) raw or treated industrial wastewater
discharged in the sewerage system, and sometimes c) rain-water
and urban runoff.
Domestic wastewater is the main component of sewage.
Domestic sewage consists of liquid wastes originating from
urinals, latrines, bathrooms, kitchen sinks, wash basins, etc. of the
residential, commercial or institutional buildings.
We have taken tape water & kitchen waste water of KAHE boys
hostel to characterize and treat the sewage using suitable tests.
3 STAGE OF SEWAGE TREATMENT
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Tertiary treatment
OBJECTIVE
The principal objective of waste water treatment is generally to
allow human and industrial effluents to be disposed of without
danger to human health or unacceptable damage to the natural
environment.
No damage to human health or unacceptable damage to the
natural environmental is expected .
sewage includes household waste liquid from toilets , baths ,
showers, kitchens, sinks and so forth that is disposal of via
sewers.
KAHE BOYS HOSTEL
WATER (INLET & OUTLET) DETAILS
 Total no of students : 1400
 Total no of blocks : 6
 Total no of tanks: 30
 1 tank capacity : 3000
 Total tank capacity : 30 x 3000 = 90,000 liters
 Water required per person : 135 liters / day
= 1400 x 135
 Total amount of water required : 1,89,000 liters
 Total no of bores : 3
 Current use of bores : 2
Test to be done
pH
Turbidity
Acidity
Chloride
 Residual Chlorine
 Hardness
Total Solid
 BOD
 DO
Alkalinity
SLOW SAND FILTER
Slow sand filtration is a type of centralised or semi-centralised
water purification system. A well-designed and properly
maintained slow sand filter (SSF) effectively removes turbidity
and pathogenic organisms through various biological, physical
and chemical processes in a single treatment step.

 They are typically 1 to 2 meters deep, can be rectangular or

cylindrical in cross section and are used primarily to treat
surface water. The length and breadth of the tanks are
determined by the flow rate desired by the filters, which
typically have a loading rate of 200 to 400 liters per hour per
square meters (or 0.2 to 0.4 cubic meter per square meters per
hour).
Literature Review
 MANOJ YADAV & DHARMENDRA ISSN
2249- 3131 volume 4, number 3 (2015). A
critical review on performance of wastewater
reuse systems.

Biological and chemical processes, efficiency, environmental and

economic factors, performance, wastewater reuse system.
Water reuse is gaining popularity throughout the world as an option
for supplying a reliable alternative supply of water for applications
that do not require high-quality water, freeing up limited potable water
resources, while reducing effluent discharges into receiving waters. At
present, water reuse is practice in India on a relatively small scale, and
mostly in isolated cases.
Wastewater treatment performance now a day big problem if we
improve our methodology we definitely solved big problem.
 Shanthanu s. Ashoka, tarun kumar (2018).
Integrated greywater management systems:a
design proposal for efficient and decentralised
greywater sewage treatment.
Greywater, Sewage Treatment Plant, Life Cycle Assessment, Water
Resources.
A growth in the population of any given region, of any geographic
profile, is bound to increase the local demand for its water supply.
Lakes have a major role to play in urban and rural settings as they
facilitate groundwater used to recharge bore wells, support aquatic and
semi-aquatic ecosystems, help prevent urban flooding, and even act as
climate moderators, thereby enhancing the ambience of their
surroundings.
It’s been estimated that there is at least 20 – 30 million litres of sewage
dumped into the lake from apartments in the vicinity.
 Riffat naseem malik ,gan zhang. Emerging
contaminants 5 (2019). Antibiotics in two
municipal sewage treatment plants in srilanka:
occurrence, consumption and removal
efficiency.
Antibiotics Sewage treatment plants (STPs) Activated sludge process
Constructed wetland Consumption Removal efficiency Sri Lanka
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are attracting
more attention in recent years, with the aspect of the spreading rates,
adverse health and environmental effects.
The STPs examined in this study represent two specific characteristics
as population. One of the STPs is in Colombo, and the other one is in
Hikkaduwa. Colombo is the capital and largest city of Sri Lanka.
 Marco gottardo , andrea mattiolib. Vol. 43,
(2015). Hydrogen and methane production from
biowaste and sewage sludge by two phases
anaerobic codigestion.

The effluents of the reactors were monitored 2/3 times per week in
terms of total and volatile solids content, chemical oxygen demand,
Total Kjidehal Nitrogen (TKN) and Total Phosphorus (TP). The
process stability parameters, namely pH, volatile fatty acid content and
speciation, total and partial alkalinity and ammonia,were checked
daily.
The anaerobic digested sludge used as inoculum for the methanogenic
reactor was collected in the WWTP located in Treviso (northern Italy)
where a 2000 m3 anaerobic digester treats the source collected
biowaste at 35 ºC.
 Fatima Carvalho , Ana R. Prazeres , Javier Rivas
b. Cheese whey wastewater Characterization and
treatment.
Dairy effluent characterization Cheese whey wastewater Biological
treatment Physicochemical treatment Wetlands.

This industry is based on the processing and manufacturing of raw milk

into products such as yogurt, ice cream, butter, cheese and various types of
desserts by means of different processes, such as pasteurization,
coagulation, filtration, centrifugation, chilling, etc.

According to FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) cheese is one of

the main agricultural products worldwide. The European Union dominates
its production and consumption, followed by the United States. Whatever
type of cheese (Parmesan, Mozzarella, Gouda, Danish blue, Brie,
Camembert, Feta, Serpa, etc.),
 Yang xu , anastacia rochelle naidoo (2019).
Optimizing sampling strategy for chinese
national sewage sludge survey (CNSSS) based
on urban agglomeration, wastewater treatment
process and treatment capacity.
Sewage sludge Urban agglomeration Stratified random sampling
Monte Carlo simulation China.
A broad spectrum of chemicals currently being produced and
consumed are often unintentionally washed down the drain and enter
into municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).
 It is common knowledge and widely accepted that the larger the
sample size, the lesser the sampling error/s being present or introduced
into a particular study.
 Joanna kulczycka b, anna henclik a, katarzyna
gorazda c,zbigniew wzorek (2017). The
possible use of sewage sludge ash (SSA) in
the construction industry as a way towards a
circular economy.

Circular economy (CE) Construction materials Utilization Sewage

sludge Sewage sludge ash (SSA).

One of the most important target of the European Union (EU) is to

achieve sustainable development in waste management (Ravindra
et al., 2017).
 C. Rose, A. Parker, B. Jefferson & E. Cartmell
(2017). The characterization of feces and
urine: A review of the literature to inform
advanced treatment technology.

Fecal characteristics, feces, feces treatment, human excreta, urine,

urine characteristics.

An estimated 2.6 billion people in the world lack access to

improved sanitation, defined as the hygienic separation of human
excreta from human contact (WHO/UNICEF, 2012).
 P. Rajasulochana,v.Preethy (2016). Comparison
on efficiency of various techniques treatment of
waste and sewage water.
Waste water; Sewage; Conventional treatment; Biological treatment.

Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and
animals must have water to survive. If there is no water there would
be no life on earth. It covers about 71% of the Earth’s surface, and is
vital for all known forms of life But only 2.5% of the Earth’s water is
fresh water.

It is estimated that approximately 1.1 billion people globally drink

unsafe water. The World Bank estimates 21% of the communicable
diseases, in India, are water related. Of these diseases, diarrhea alone
is estimated to have killed over 535,000 Indians in 2004.
 Anirudh gupta , anurag garg. (2015). Primary
sewage sludge-derived activated carbon:
characterisation and application in wastewater
treatment.

Sewage sludge-derived adsorbents Phenol adsorption Adsorption kinetics

Equilibrium isotherm Adsorption thermodynamics Adsorbent
regeneration.

Sewage sludge (SS) is a major by-product generated in conventional

sewage treatment plants. The annual production of sewage sludge is
continuously increasing all across the world.

The primary sewage sludge employed to produce adsorbents was collected

from the sewage collection chamber located at Indian Institute of
Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai, India.
METHODOLOGY
 METHODOLOGY FOR MEASUREMENT OF pH
VALUE
Measuring with pH paper
Find the pH of a substance using pH paper. Dip the end of the pH strip into the
chemical or substance you want to test. After a couple of seconds, remove the
paper and compare the color of the pH strip to the color chart provided with the
pH paper kit. Do not re-use a pH paper to retest or test another chemical. Always
use a new pH strip.
Compare Colors of pH paper
Compare the colors on the pH paper to the color scale on the pH paper package in
order to determine the pH of the sample. Use different solutions, such as water,
milk, soda, orange juice, to test the pH paper and practice determining colors on
the color scale. Using different solutions can help visualize the different colors on
the scale and determine the exact pH range.
 Determination of PH of the sample
SOURCES PH STANDARD
VALUE
Tap water 8
6.5-9.2
Kitchen water 7
 METHODOLOGY FOR THE
DETERMINATION OF HARDNESS
APPARATUS
1. Conical flasks (100 mL)
2. Burette
3. Pipette

CHEMICALS
4. Buffer solution
5. Inhibitor
6. Eriochrome Black T indicator
7. Standard EDTA Solution 0.01M
PROCEDURE

TOTAL HARDNESS
(i) Take 20 ml or well mixed sample in a conical flask.
(ii) Then add 2 ml buffer solution followed by 1 ml
inhibitor.
(iii) Add a pinch of Eriochrome black T and titrate with
standard EDTA till wine red colour changes to blue,
then note down the volume of EDTA required (A).
(iv) Run a reagent blank. Note the volume of EDTA (B).
(v) Calculate volume of EDTA required by sample,
C = A - B (from volume of EDTA required in steps (iii
& iv).
 SOURCES HARDNESS STANDARD
[Mg/l] VALUE

Tap water 40
200
Kitchen water 47
METHODOLOGY FOR MEASUREMENT
OF CHLORIDECONTENT OF WATER
SAMPLE BY (MOHR’S METHOD)
Water sample was collected from KAHE boys hostel site of tape
water & kitchen waste water. Mohr method (Argentometric
method) was a very simple and highly selective method for the
determination of chloride ion (Cl-) using silver nitrate as the titrant.
Lab Procedure Method: The Mohr Method uses silver nitrate for
titration (normality: 0.0141) (method applicability: 0.15 to 10 mg/L
chloride ions). This corresponds to 1 mL of 0.0141 equals to 1 mg
chloride in solution. The silver nitrate solution is standardized
against standard chloride solution, prepared from sodium chloride
(NaCl). During the titration, chloride ion is precipitated as white
silver chloride.
 The indicator (potassium chromate) is added to visualize the
endpoint, demonstrating presence of excess silver ions. In the
presence of excess silver ions, solubility product of silver chromate
exceeded and it forms a reddish-brown precipitate. This stage is
taken as evidence that all chloride ions have been consumed and
only excess silver ions have reacted with chromate ions.
 Apparatus: Burette, conical flask, pipette, measuring cylinder.

 Reagents: Potassium chromate indicator solution, standard silver

nitrate titrant.

 Steps:
1. Take 25 ml sample in a conical flask. Measure sample pH.
2. Add 1.0ml indicator solution.
3. Titrate with standard silver nitrate solution to pinkish yellow end
point and note down volume of titrant used. Also measure sample
pH.
4. Calculate chloride ion concentration using Chloride Ion
Concentration (mg/L) = (A×N ×35.45)*1000 / Vsample (3)
Where: A = volume of titrant used, N is normality of silver nitrate
(here we used 0.0141 N), and Vsample is volume of sample used
(mL).

SOURCES CONCENTRA STANDARD

TION IN PPM VALUE

TAP WATER 3.5

30 - 100
KITCHEN WATER 113
 METHODOLOGY FOR THE
DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL
CHLORINE
PRINCIPLE:

 Chlorides are usually present in water as NaCl, MgCl2, & CaCl2. If the chloride
content of water is greater than 25 ppm, this imparts a peculiar taste of the water and
makes unfit for drinking purpose. Presence of chlorides is also undesirable in boiler
feed water.

 Chloride ions present in water can be determined by titration with standard AgNO3
Solution, using pottasium chromate as indicator. This method is called Argentometric
method.
 The chloride ions present in the water can be determined by titration with
standard AgNO3 forming insoluble white precipitate of AgCl. As soon as all
the chloride ions are removed in the form of AgCl, the extra drop of AgNO3
reacts with the indicator forming red silver chromate. Thus the end point is
the change of colour from bright yellow to distinct reddish brown colour.

APPARATUS: Burrete , pippte , conical flask, sample water.

CHEMICALS: AgNO3 solution , potassium chromate.

PROCEDURE:

TITRATION-1 STANDARISATION OF AgNO3 SOLUTION:

The burrete is washed well with distilled water and rinsed with
 Small amount of AgNO3 solution. It is then illed with the same
solution upto the zero mark without any air bubbles. The pipette is
washed with distilled water and rinsed with the small amount of
standard Nacl solution. 20ml Nacl solution is pipette out into a clean
conical flask. Add one ml of potassium chromate indicator. Titrate the
solution against AgNO3 solution taken in burette. End point is the
change of colour from yellow to reddish brown. Repeat the titration
for the concordant values.

TITRATION-2 ESTIMATION OF CHLORINE CONTENT IN

THE WATER SAMPLE.
Pipette out 20ml water sample into a clean conical flask. Add one ml
of pottassium chromate indicator. Titrate the solution against
standardized AgNO3 solution taken in the burette. End point is the
change of colour from yellow to reddish brown. Repeat the titration
for the concordant values.
 SOURCES CONC IN PPM STANDARD

TAPE WATER 1
1-2 PPM

KITCHEN WATER 2
 METHODOLOGY FOR
MEASUREMENT OF BOD:
PRINCIPLE:
The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test is based mainly on the
classification of biological activity of a substance. A procedure
measures the dissolved oxygen consumed by micro-organisms while
capable of taking and oxidizing the organic matter under aerobic
conditions. The standard test condition lets in incubating the sample
in an air tight bottle, in dark at a required temperature for specific
time.

Reagents: Distilled water , phosphate bufffer solution, magnesium

sulphate solution , sodium thiosulphate solution.
Procedure :
1. Mix a known volume 4ml of a sample of waste water
with a known volume of aerated pure water to make 300ml diluted
sample and then calculate the D.O of this diluted sample.
2. The diluted sample is then incubated for 5 days at 20ºC.
3. The D.O of the diluted sample, after this period of
incubation , is again calculated.
4. The difference between the initial D.O value and the final
D.O value will indicate the oxygen consumed by sewage in 5 days.

SOURCES VALUES PERMISSIBLE

VALUE
TAPE WATER 1.03

2 to 8 mg/l
KITCHEN WATER 1.13
CONCLUSION
We conducted all the above said test for the sample collected
in three timing in [8am,12pm,3pm].
The system that was developed for the treatment of kitchen
waste water for safe discharge and reuse significantly reduces
the concentrations of all the pollutants of the kitchen waste
water tested in this study.
The filtered medium showed higher significant effect in the
reduction of all the quality parameters in comparison with the
control media while the highest reduction was achieved with
the filtered chlorinated medium.
Thank you