International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Studies (IJSRES)

Volume 1 Issue 3, September 2014

ISSN: 2349-8862

Pollutant Levels Of The Lake Water In Lake TADIE

Peter Abum Sarkodie

Antoinette Adzi

Collins Kuffour

Department of Science Education, University of Education,

Winneba, Mampong Ashanti, Ghana

Abstract: Water is important to life as human life as well

as animals and plants life on the planet depend on water.
The growth of population of any country tends to increase
water demand and everything needed by man for survival.
Satisfying these anthropogenic needs in turn pollute some of
the existing natural resources of which water is of no
exception. The most common sources of pollution of water
are from substances used in forestry, waste and agriculture
such as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides etc, and aerosols
from pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs).
Water resources assessment becomes an important issue of
research interest in order to help the inhabitants of an area
to know the effect of their activities on water quality, health
and the environment. The study was therefore conducted in
a lake locally called Tadie in Mampong Ashanti, Ghana to
assess the pollutant levels of the water in the lake.
Laboratory work was the main instrument used for the data
collection. The results revealed that the mean concentration
levels of these physicochemical parameters; Cu, As, NO 3-,
SO42-, TDS and temperature were within the no effect
range proposed by EPA and WHO whilst the levels of pH,
PO43-, total Fe and Pb were above the recommended levels by
both EPA and WHO. Also, apart from Salmonella typhi, the
biological analysis of total coliform, faecal coliform and E.
coli counts were very high and above the WHO/EPA
standards. There should therefore be all level education
among the residents on how to balance their anthropogenic
needs with the need to protect the lake. Farmers along the
banks of the lake should also be entreated to practice the
EPA zero fertilizer form of farming along the bank of the
lake to drastically reduce the run off of acid forming
compounds into the lake.
Keywords; Lake (Tadie), anthropogenic needs, zero
fertilizer farming, pollutants and aerosols

I.

Department of Environmental Health and Sanitation

Education, University of Education, Winneba, Mampong
Ashanti, Ghana

Water on the earth can be said to be enormous in quantity

when it is considered that more than two-thirds of the earth
surface is covered by water (Abdulaziz, 2003), and it is
generally obtained from two primary natural sources; thus
surface water such as fresh water, lakes, rivers, streams etc,
and ground water such as borehole water and well water
(McMurry and Fary, 2004 and Mendie, 2005 in Tiimub and
Adu-Gyamfi, 2012). The population growth of any country
increases water demand (Adeniji and John, 1989), and
everything needed by man for survival. Satisfying these
anthropogenic needs tend to pollute some of the existing
natural resources of which water is of no exception. According
to Tiimub et al, (2012) the most common source of pollution
of water is from substances used in forestry, waste and
agriculture such as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides etc, and
aerosols from pharmaceuticals and personal care products
(PPCPs). The constituents of these products are highly toxic,
even in minute amounts (Fetter, 1994). Because of farming
activities, nitrogen-based fertilizers are the most commonly
identifiable pollutant in water in rural areas (Ashbolt and Veal,
1994). Although some chemicals like nitrate are relatively
non-toxic, it can cause certain conditions such as oxygen
deficiency which reduces hemoglobin in the blood cells. This
can lead to suffocation (Offodile, 2002). Water resources
assessment becomes an important issue of research interest in
order to help the inhabitants of an area to know the effect of
their activities on water quality, health and the environment
(Cairncross and Cliff, 1987, Musa et al., 1999). In order to
determine the contaminant levels of water, the water chemistry
and physics must be known. According to Babaji and
Ndubusi, (1988) major chemical parameters including Total
Dissolves Solids (TDS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD),
Iron (Fe2+ and Fe3+), Nitrate (NO3-), Nitrite (NO2-) and
Chloride (CI-) play significant role in classifying and assessing
water quality. The study was therefore conducted in a lake
Tadie in Mampong Ashanti, Ghana to assess the pollutant
levels of the water in the lake.

INTRODUCTION

Water is important to life as human life as well as animals

and plants life on the planet depend on water (Domenico,
1972). The role of water in the lives of organisms cannot be
downplayed and it is one of the essentials that support all
forms of plant and animal life (Vanloon and Duffy, 2005).
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II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was conducted at Mampong, the capital of
Mampong municipality in the Ashanti Region of Ghana.
Laboratory work was the main instrument used for the data
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International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Studies (IJSRES)

Volume 1 Issue 3, September 2014
ISSN: 2349-8862
collection. Physical observation of site and community-based
response survey was also employed to support the results from
the laboratory work.
A. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AROUND THE LAKE
(TADIE)
The lake is apparently between a two simple low lying
areas (valley) within the Mampong town. It is surrounded by
whole activities ranging from agro-economic to social
activities. Most vegetable farmers grow vegetable crops like
cabbage, carrot, pepper etc at the upper bank of the lake. A
Community centre and vehicle washing bay are situated at the
southern part of the lower bank. The municipal market is also
sited at the south-eastern part to the lake. Finally, larger
portion of the upper bank serve as residential area for
inhabitants.
B. SAMPLE COLLECTION
The water samples were collected in the morning in
750ml plastic bottles at five different places in the lake. With
the hands covered with sterilized rubber gloves, the bottles
were lowered to fetch the water samples. They were sealed
and labeled immediately as point (P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5). Two
samples (P1 and P2) were fetched at the lower lake about 2025m apart, other two were fetched from up lake (P4 and P5)
and a sample fetched from the middle lake (P3). The samples
were transferred into an ice chest to sustain the temperature of
the water and bacteria growth and were transported to the
laboratory for analysis. The samples were analyzed for some
physicochemical parameters like pH, temperature, Biological
Oxygen Demand, Total Dissolve Solids, Nitrates, Phosphates,
Sulphates, Iron, Arsenic, Copper and Lead, Others included
Total and Fecal coliforms, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia
coli.
C. QUANTITATIVE LABORATORY ANALYSIS

Total and Faecal Coliforms

The Most Probable Number (MPN) method was used to
determine total and faecal coliforms in the samples. Serial
dilutions of 10-1 to 10-4 were prepared by packing 1 ml of the
sample into 9 ml sterile distilled water. One millilitre aliquots
from each of the dilutions were inoculated into 5 ml of
MacConkey Broth incubated at 35oC for total coliforms and
44oC faecal coliforms for 18-24 hours. Tubes showing colour
change from purple to yellow and after 24 hours were
identified as positive for both total and faecal coliforms.
Counts per 100 ml were calculated from Most Probable
Number (MPN) tables.
Escherichia coli (Thermotolerant coliforms)
From each of the positive tubes identified, a drop was
transferred into a 5 ml test tube of trypton water and incubated
at 44oC for 24 hours. A drop of Kovacs reagents was then
added to the tube of trypton water. All tubes showing a red
ring colour development after gentle agitation denoted the
presence of indole and record as presumptive for

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Thermotolerant coliforms (E. coli). Counts per 100 ml were

calculated from Most Probable Number (MPN) tables.
Salmonella typhi
Prepared 10 ml of manufactured formula of Buffered
peptone water (BPW) was in a universal bottle and serial
dilution of samples was added to it. It was incubated at 37 oC
for 24 hours. Then 0.1 ml of the sample from the BPW was
placed in a 10 ml of selenite broth in universal bottle and
incubated at 44oC for 48 hours. Swaps from the bottle onto SS
agar and incubated at 37oC for 48 hours. Black colonies on the
SS agar indicated the presence of Salmonella.
Temperature, pH and Total Dissolved Solids
The temperature, pH and total dissolved solids of the
water were determined by multi parameter probe Sonde with
the model YSI 650 MDS. The electrode of the instrument was
lowered into the sampled water in a beaker and the readings
were recorded appropriately.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)-Dilution method
A known volume of the sample was poured into a 300ml
BOD bottle and mixed with distilled water until it overflowed
and then capped. Another standard 300ml BOD bottle was
filled with distilled water to represent the blank. The initial
dissolved oxygen concentrations of the blank and diluted
sample were determined using a DO meter. Both bottles were
stored at 20C in the incubator for five days. After 5 days the
amount of dissolved oxygen remaining in the samples were
measured with a DO meter and BOD5 was calculated
Nitrate-N and Phosphate Determination - Low Range
Comparator CODE 3119-01
A test tube was filled to 2.5ml with sampled water and
diluted to 5ml with Mixed Acid Reagent (MAR). The mixture
was capped and kept for 2 minutes. 0.1g of Nitrate Reducing
Reagent (NRR) was added capped and shake for a minute
until it was thoroughly mixed. The test tube was inserted into
the Low Range Comparator instrument with the Nitrate-N &
Phosphate Comparator Bar. Sample colour was then matched
to the colour standard.
Phosphate
The test tube was filled to 10 ml with sampled water. 1.0
ml of Phosphate Acid Reagent was added. The test tubes were
covered and shake well. 0.1g spoon was used to add one level
measure of Phosphate Reducing Reagent. After five minutes
the test tube was placed into the Low Range Comparator
instrument with the Nitrate-N & Phosphate Low Range
Comparator Bar. The sample colour was matched to a colour
standard, and the results were recorded as parts per million
(ppm) Orthophosphate.
Sulphate
100ml water sample was measured and poured into a
250ml Erlenmeyer flask. Exactly 5 ml conditioning reagent
was added and mixed in the stirring apparatus. While the
solution was being stirred a spoon full of barium chloride
crystals was added. Some of the solution was poured into the
absorption cell of the photometer and the absorption level was
measured at the fifth minute. Maximum turbidity was
achieved within 2 minutes and the reading remained constant
thereafter for 3-10 minutes. Sulphate that was present in the
water sample was read and calculated.
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International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Studies (IJSRES)

Volume 1 Issue 3, September 2014
ISSN: 2349-8862

Method of Determination of Iron, Lead, Arsenic and

Copper by AAS
The iron, lead, arsenic and copper in the sample were
detected by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer - AAS
(Model 210 VGP). 100 ml water sample was poured in 250 ml
volumetric flask. Then, 5 ml concentrated HNO3 (55%) was
added after which it was put on the hot plate to evaporate to 20
ml. The sample was cooled to room temperature. The solution
was then diluted to 100 ml with distilled water in 100 ml
volumetric flask.
Characteristic standard solutions for the metals were
aspirated first into flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer
to prepare the standard curve for them and then finally
samples were aspirated and the concentration of the metals
were observed and reported in mg/L. Each metal level was
then calculated.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Treatme
nts
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
Means
LSD(p
0.05)
C.V%

Temp

pH

TDS

BOD

Sulphate

Nitrate

Phosphate

28.87
28.63
28.54
28.81
28.82
28.73
0.08

6.86
6.32
6.23
6.04
6.13
6.31
0.04

73.03
74.08
78.05
71.03
73.08
73.85
0.10

15.00
12.50
14.00
13.00
15.00
13.90
0.90

28.50
21.50
27.50
25.50
28.50
26.30
3.50

1.60
1.82
1.65
1.33
1.58
1.60
0.27

0.50
0.52
0.50
0.52
0.51
0.51
0.04(NS)

0.10

0.20

0.00

2.30

4.80

6.10

2.40

WHO

1000

500

50

EPA

6.58.5
6.58.5

1000

50

0.05

Table 1: Physicochemical parameters

Figure 1: Graphical presentation of the physicochemical

parameters of the sampling points
Temperature
From the above table, the highest temperature of 28.87 oC
was recorded at P1 followed by P5 with 28.82 oC. P4 recorded
28.81oC and 28.63oC for P2. The least temperature was
recorded at P3 with 28.54oC. Although the recorded mean
temperature (28.730C) fell within the EPA limit and the water
could be suitable for drinking and domestic purposes in
respect of temperature (EPA Ghana,1997), the least
temperature of the lake (surface water) was even higher than
some boreholes (underground water) studied in the same
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catchment area (Tiimub and Kuffour, 2013). These high

temperatures in the lake could be attributed to the washing of
vehicles all the time close the lake. The heat from the engines
heat up the water and run back into the lake gradually
increasing the overall water temperature. Clearing of the
vegetation just along the lake due to market expansion and
human settlement is also a significant factor accounting for
these temperatures, because the trees could have absorbed
some of the sun rays that directly hit the water surface.
pH
There was a significance difference (0.05) of 0.04 among
the water samples. P1 recorded pH of 6.86, followed by P2
with 6.32. P3 recorded 6.23, P5, 6.13 and the least pH of 6.04
was recorded at P4. However, the mean pH for the water in
the lake was 6.31. This means that the water in the lake was
slightly acidic and does not fall within the EPA and WHO
guideline value of 6.5-8.5. The acidic nature could be due to
the release of acid-forming substances such as sulphate,
phosphate, nitrates, etc. into the water. These substances might
have altered the acid-base equilibrium and resulted in the
reduced acid-neutralizing capacity (Abdul-Razak, 2009). True
to Razak words, vegetables farmers at the upper bank of the
lake usually apply fertilizers and pesticides on their field
which gradually run into the lake water after heavy rainfall.
These fertilizers may contain nitrate, sulphate and phosphate
components.
Total Dissolved Solids
The result from the analysis showed that there was a
significant difference (0.05) of 0.10 between the sample total
dissolved solids. The highest TDS of 78.05 mg/L was
recorded at P3 and the lowest of 71.03mg/L at P4. P2, P5 and
P1 recorded the values of 74.08mg/L, 73.08mg/L and
73.03mg/L respectively. The mean TDS for the five sampling
points was 73.85mg/L which was within the recommended
range set by both EPA and WHO (<1000mg/L) for drinking
purposes and 300mg/L recommended by WHO (2003) for
aquatic organisms. Though the TDS value was lower than
expected in respect to the physical environment around the
lake, some elements when run into water tend to accumulate
and/or bond with others and settle down the lake. According to
Water Resources Commission (WRC), (2003), Sulphates,
when added to water, tend to accumulate progressively
thereby increasing its density and causing easy sedimentation
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
The highest BOD value of 15mg/L was recorded at P5
and P1 followed by P3 recording 14.00mg/L, P4 with
13.00mg/L and the least value of 12.50mg/L at P2. There was
significance difference of 0.90 among the water samples. The
mean BOD for the lake water was 13.90mg/L. According to
Nemerow (1974), water bodies with high BOD values of
12mg/L or more are considered to be grossly polluted. The
average BOD obtained showed that the lake water was
polluted and this may be attributed to the high rate of organic
matter emanating from the market into the lake during rainfall,
chemical fertilizers and animal manure used by the farmers at
the upper bank of the lake as well as run off from the nearby
refuse dump.
Sulphate (SO42-) Concentration
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International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Studies (IJSRES)

Volume 1 Issue 3, September 2014
ISSN: 2349-8862
The overall mean sulphate concentration in the lake was
26.30mg/L at a significant difference of 3.512. The highest
level of 28.50mg/L was recorded at P1 and P5 and the least
value of 21.50mg/L was recorded at P2. However, the
intermediate values recorded were 27.50mg/L at P3 and
25.50mg/L at P4.The sulphate concentration in the samples
were within the no effect range set by WHO standards. The
reasons to this low level of sulphate in the sample could be
many though the environmental setting around the lake should
have caused high level of sulphate in the lake. Sulphate could
be used by bacteria as an oxygen source under anaerobic
conditions (Peirce et al., 1998). According to Mathuthu et al.
(1997) the lower sulphate value could be as a result of
precipitation and settlement to the bottom sediment of the
lake.
Nitrates (NO3-) Concentration
The highest value of 1.82mg/L was recorded at P2 and the
least value of 1.30mg/L recorded at P4. P3, P1 and P5
recorded nitrate values of 1.65mg/L, 1.60mg/L and 1.58mg/L
respectively, with a significant difference of 0.27. The mean
nitrate level (1.60mg/L) of the sample in the lake was lesser
than the EPA permissible limit of 50mg/L. The presence of
nitrate in the lake water was attributable to run off after
rainfall from the farming lands at the upper bank of the lake.
Though the nitrate present in the sample was infinitesimal and
was within the no effect range set by both EPA and WHO,
and this low count for nitrate could be as a result of other
organism that were nitrate dependent in the water having used
it up.
Phosphate (PO43-) Ion Concentration
High values of phosphate were recorded in the samples.
The values ranged from 0.52mg/L as the highest at P2 and the
least value of 0.50mg/L at P3 and P1. Values of 0.52mg/L and
0.51mg/L were recorded at P4 and P5 respectively. The mean
phosphate in the sample was 0.51mg/L and it was beyond the
allowable limit set by EPA. This high level of phosphate was
attributable to the use of phosphate fertilizers for vegetable
production along the banks of the lake, which was mentioned
by Abdul-Razak, (2009) that there was a possibility that
farmers had used N-P-K fertilizer, at least during the sampling
period, which has the potential to leach or wash into the river
A. HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS OF THE LAKE
WATER
Treatments
P1

As
0.082

Cu
1.290

Fe
0.675

Pb
0.040

P2

0.084

0.925

0.725

0.022

P3

0.082

0.710

0.725

0.029

P4

0.081

1.775

0.800

0.029

P5

0.091

0.525

0.925

0.025

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Means

0.084

1.045

0.770

0.029

LSD(p0.05)

0.004

0.087

0.088

0.004

C.V%

1.6

3.00

4.1

5.5

WHO

0.01

2.00

0.3

0.01

EPA

0.01

2.00

0.3

0.0

Table 2: Heavy metals concentrations

Figure 2: Graphical presentation of the heavy metals
concentration
Arsenic (As) Concentration of the lake water
The highest concentration of arsenic was 0.091mg/L at
P5. P4 recorded the least concentration of 0.081mg/L and both
P1 and P3 recorded 0.082mg/L. P4 also recorded 0.084mg/L
and the total mean arsenic concentration for the lake was
0.084mg/L at a significance difference of 0.004
The mean arsenic concentration was higher than the
WHO recommended value of 0.01mg/L. This indicated higher
pollution of the lake water by arsenic. The high arsenic
content in the lake may be due to the release of arsenic present
in alloys, glass and in old glass paint from the nearby refuse
damp into the lake water. Also certain fertilizers and
pesticides release high amounts of arsenic on the land which
gradually leach into the lake water (Sabine and Griswold,
2009). Also to Carbonell-Barrachina et.al, 2000 arsenic is
present mainly as DMAA (dimethylarsinic acid) and as
arsenite and release into water bodies from domestic effluents
and sewage sludge
Iron (Fe) Concentration of the Lake Water
The highest level of iron of 0.925mg/L was recorded at
P5. P2 and P3 recorded the same values of 0.725mg/L and the
least value of 0.675mg/L was recorded by p1. From the
results, the mean value of iron recorded was 0.770mg/L which
was higher than the WHO/EPA recommended values of 0.3 in
drinking water and water used for domestic purposes.
According to WRC, (2003) the concentration of dissolved iron
in water is dependent on the pH, redox potential as well as the
concentration of aluminium and the occurrence of several
heavy metals, notably manganese. Hence, the high values of
iron recorded in the lake can be attributed to the pH levels
recorded and this implies that iron and pH status were from
similar pollution source. The high mean iron concentration
resulted from the activities that go on around the water body
such as discharge of domestic liquid wastes from households
and nearby refuse dump. This in fact, is further supported by
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International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Studies (IJSRES)

Volume 1 Issue 3, September 2014
ISSN: 2349-8862
the European Commission Directorate of Environments
(2001) report that some portion of the high level of iron in
water bodies emanates from raw sewage and agricultural
waste discharge.
Lead (Pb) Concentration of the Lake Water
Lead concentrations recorded were 0.040mg/L at P1. P3
and P4 followed with 0.029mg/L and the least value recorded
was 0.022mg/L at P2 and P5 value of 0.025. However, the
overall mean lead concentration recorded was 0.029mg/L
which was a bit higher than the WHO recommended value
0.01mg/L. Lead accumulations in the water might have been
due to discharges from vehicular exhaust from the washing
bay near the lake. Lead again might have been discharged into
the water from old batteries dumped at the refuse dump.
Copper (Cu) Concentration of the Lake Water
Concentration of copper (Cu), from the table above
revealed that P1 and P4 recorded 1.290mg/L and 1.775mg/L
respectively. P2 then followed with 0.925mg/L, P3 with
0.710mg/L and P5 recording the least value of 0.525mg/L at.
The mean value of copper concentration 1.045mg/L was
within the no effect standards of World Health
Organization. Its presence in the lake may be due to the
presence of the refuse dump because most of waste products
found in landfill and waste disposal site contain copper
constituting materials.
B. BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
Treatments

Total
Coliform

Fecal Coliform

E. coli

P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
Means

9x106
2x107
4x107
3x107
2x108
6.763x10

6.65x105
5.1x106
1.5x106
9.15x106
2.1x106
3.703x106

2.3x105
4.15x105
9.15x105
2.35x106
9.15x105
9.65x105

Salmo
nella
typhi
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil

7431870.4(NS)
72.3

72663.9
2.7

nil
nil

LSD(p0.05)
C.V%

8165008
4.3

WHO
EPA

<1/100ml
<1/100ml
<1/100ml <1/100ml
0/100ml
0/100ml
0/100ml
0/100ml
Table 3: Microbial content of the lake water
The mean total coliform recorded was 6.763x10 7, mean
faecal coliform 3.703x106 while mean Escherichia coli
9.65x105 per 100cfu/ ml. There was no count for Salmonella
typhi. According to WHO and EPA; there should not be the
presence of any of these microbes in the water used for
drinking and domestic purposes. This clearly indicated that
pollution level of the lake water by microbes was significantly
high. The presence of the coliform bacteria was as a result of
faecal matter from both animals and humans that have their
way into the lake as stated by Abdul-Razak, (2009) that high
counts of faecal coliforms can be attributed to the
indiscriminate defecation along the river banks by both
humans and other animals that graze along the river banks. At
times other animals like birds also swim in the lake that might
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possibly cause these pollutants levels. According to Jones &

White (1984) birds pollute more faecal indicators than
humans.

IV. CONCLUSION
The results revealed that the mean levels of Copper (Cu),
Arsenic (As), Nitrate (NO3-), sulphate (SO42-), TDS and
Temperature (physicochemical) were within the no effect
range proposed by EPA and WHO whiles the levels of
Phosphate (PO43-), Total Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb) and pH were
above the recommended levels by both EPA and WHO. Also,
apart from Salmonella typhi, the biological analysis of total
coliform, faecal coliform and E. coli counts were very high
and above the WHO/EPA standards. There was an indication
therefore that the lake has been polluted to some extent. In
view of this, there should be all level education among the
residents on how to balance their anthropogenic needs with the
need to protect the lake. Again residents who direct their
effluents into the lake should be reprimanded and possibly
penalized for their actions. Furthermore farmers who farm
along the banks of the lake should be entreated by the EPA to
practice zero fertilizer form of farming to drastically reduce
the run off of acid forming compounds into the lake. The huge
refuse dump closer to the lake should also be cleared by the
Municipal Assembly. Finally, the washing bay closer to the
water body should direct it used water from the lake to a
different place in order to protect the aquatic organisms in it
and also the lake to curb the increasing levels of lake water
temperature.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors of this work wish to express their profound
gratitude to the people living around the lake for their cooperation during the personal interview for the study.

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Volume 1 Issue 3, September 2014
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[6] Carbonell-Barrachina, A.A., Jugsujinda, A., Burlo, F.,
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