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    Derivatives and Integrals of Vector Functions

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    Livia Novita Gianto

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    Derivatives and Integrals of Vector Functions

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    Livia Novita Gianto
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    13_02

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    17 views21 pages

    Derivatives and Integrals of Vector Functions

    Uploaded by

    Livia Novita Gianto

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 21

    Derivatives and Integrals

    13.2 of Vector Functions

    Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.


    Derivatives

    2
    Derivatives
    The derivative r  of a vector function r is defined in much
    the same way as for real-valued functions:

    if this limit exists. The geometric significance of this


    definition is shown in Figure 1.

    (a) The secant vector (b) The tangent vector r(t)


    Figure 1
    3
    Derivatives
    If the points P and Q have position vectors r(t) and r(t + h),
    then represents the vector r(t + h) – r(t), which can
    therefore be regarded as a secant vector.

    If h > 0, the scalar multiple (1/h)(r(t + h) – r(t)) has the


    same direction as r(t + h) – r(t). As h  0, it appears that
    this vector approaches a vector that lies on the tangent
    line.

    For this reason, the vector r (t) is called the tangent vector
    to the curve defined by r at the point P, provided that
    r (t) exists and r (t)  0.

    4
    Derivatives
    The tangent line to C at P is defined to be the line through
    P parallel to the tangent vector r (t).

    We will also have occasion to consider the unit tangent


    vector, which is

    5
    Derivatives
    The following theorem gives us a convenient method for
    computing the derivative of a vector function r: just
    differentiate each component of r.

    6
    Example 1
    (a) Find the derivative of r(t) = (1 + t3)i + te–t j + sin 2t k.

    (b) Find the unit tangent vector at the point where t = 0.

    Solution:
    (a) According to Theorem 2, we differentiate each
    component of r:

    r (t) = 3t2 i + (1 – t)e–t j + 2 cos 2t k

    7
    Example 1 – Solution cont’d

    (b) Since r(0) = i and r (0) = j + 2k, the unit tangent vector
    at the point (1, 0, 0) is

    8
    Derivatives
    Just as for real-valued functions, the second derivative of
    a vector function r is the derivative of r , that is, r  = (r ).

    For instance, the second derivative of the function,


    r(t) = 2 cos t, sin t, t, is

    r (t) = –2 cos t, –sin t, 0

    9
    Differentiation Rules

    10
    Differentiation Rules
    The next theorem shows that the differentiation formulas for
    real-valued functions have their counterparts for
    vector-valued functions.

    11
    Example 4
    Show that if | r(t) | = c (a constant), then r (t) is orthogonal to
    r(t) for all t.

    Solution:
    Since
    r(t)  r(t) = | r(t) |2 = c2

    and c2 is a constant, Formula 4 of Theorem 3 gives

    0= [r(t)  r(t)] = r (t)  r(t) + r(t)  r (t) = 2r (t)  r(t)

    Thus r (t)  r(t) = 0, which says that r (t) is orthogonal to


    r(t). 12
    Example 4 – Solution cont’d

    Geometrically, this result says that if a curve lies on a


    sphere with center the origin, then the tangent vector r (t) is
    always perpendicular to the position vector r(t). (See
    Figure 4.)

    Figure 4 13
    Integrals

    14
    Integrals
    The definite integral of a continuous vector function r (t)
    can be defined in much the same way as for real-valued
    functions except that the integral is a vector.

    But then we can express the integral of r in terms of the


    integrals of its component functions f, g, and h as follows.

    15
    Integrals
    So

    This means that we can evaluate an integral of a vector


    function by integrating each component function.

    16
    Integrals
    We can extend the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to
    continuous vector functions as follows:

    where R is an antiderivative of r, that is, R (t) = r(t).

    We use the notation  r(t) dt for indefinite integrals


    (antiderivatives).

    17
    Example 5
    If r(t) = 2 cos t i + sin t j + 2t k, then

     r(t) dt =  2 cos t dt i +  sin t dt j +  2t dt k

    = 2 sin t i – cos t j + t2 k + C

    where C is a vector constant of integration, and

    18
    REVIEW PROBLEM 1

    19
    REVIEW PROBLEM 2

    20
    REVIEW PROBLEM 3

    21

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