Erikson Stages of

Development

Presented By:

Carolina, Marc, Nita and Widlene

 Erik Erikson: stages of development
● Eric Erikson (1902-1994), maintains that
personality develops in a predetermined
order focused on the eight developmental
stages of human growth from infancy to
adulthood. During each stage a psychosocial
crisis can reflect both positive and negative
aspects of the critical life periods.

● This PowerPoint will emphasize on stage 5:

Identity versus Role Confusion, involving
adolescents from 13 to 19 years of age which
focuses on the psychosocial development of
this age group.
 Erikson Theory: Identity vs Role Confusion
Identity vs Role Confusion: Adolescents, age 13-19
● Erikson stage of development related to stage
5 where the transition from childhood to
adulthood is most important. Adolescents
begins from about 13-19 years of age, during
this stage identity vs role confusion occurs in
which adolescents begin searching for a sense
of self and personal identity through an
exploration of personal values, beliefs &
goals.
While, they are exploring this stage they
become more independent, start looking at
their future in terms of relationship, career,
family and all they want is to be part of the
society and fit in
Continued
● This age is a major stage of development and
growth because it is the stage where the child
has learned the roles they will occupy as an
adult, this initiates the development of
identity (positive outcomes). Furthermore,
while they are exploring possibilities and
begin to form their own identity based on
their outcomes of their exploration, failure to
establish a sense of identity within society it
can cause them to experience role confusion
(negative outcome). According to Erikson
this stage is important to the process of
forming a strong identity and developing a
sense of direction in one’s life (McLeod,
2013).
Normal Growth for Adolescents
from 13-19 Years of Ages.
● Adolescent is one of the most interested
growing stages because one enter with the
mind of a child and exits with mind of an
adult. During early stages of adolescent
(age 10-13) children begin to grow
quickly and start noticing physical
changes in their bodies including hair
growth under the arm and near the
genitals. Also, breast development in
females and enlargement of testicles in
males.
 Continued
● In middle stages (14-17) physical changes
for puberty continue, teens at the age begin
to find interest in romantic and sexual
relationships, starts to explore their
independence away from parents spending
more time with friends. In addition, their
brain continue to develop and mature.

● Late adolescent (18-21 and beyond) also

know as early adulthood when adolescent are
involved with planning their future and
economic independency.
 Continued
1. Physical Development: It is the growing spurt which including
physical growth, glandular changes, and sexual characteristics

● Female: Begin earlier in girls from ages 10 to 14 years.

The fastest growth in girls occurs at about the age of 12 years.

Sexual Characteristic: Vagina and uterus, breast bud, hair around the
labia, menstrual period.

● Male: Begin ages 12 and 16 years.

Growth is faster at this age maximum height is often reach at about the
age of 18 or 19 years.

Primary Sexual Characteristic: Testes and penis, the first ejaculation

usually occur at 14 years
 Continued
2. Cognitive Development: It is the formal operation phase 4. Spiritual Development: it is the
between ages 11 to 15 years. synthetic-conventional stage, here
they are being exposed to a wide
Female and Male: Become more informed and aware about variety of opinions, beliefs and
the world and environment, develop problem solving skills behaviour in regard to religion
and communicate interest with adult and career plans. matters; some seek advice for clarity.
At this stage adolescent thinks
3. Moral Development: It is the conventional level, majority interpersonal matters are more
start to discard values they adopted from their parents and important than conceptual matters
start choosing their own path, questioning law and rules of (Kozier et al,. Pg. 325).
society, deciding if the societal laws and rules conflict with
their personal views. At this stage I would say that adolescent
starting to be rebellious (Kozier et al,. Pg. 325).
How Hospitalization Affects:

● Hospitalization and illness can significantly affect growth

and development of adolescents from 13 to 19 years of ages.

● Hospitalization can be a difficult experience for adolescents

because they may experience a variety of feelings that are
connected to their developmental stage. Furthermore, when
an adolescent feels unsafe during hospitalization it may have
a negative impact on their recovery (Jamalimoghadam,
2019). Hence, this can lead to limited interaction between a
parent and a hospitalized adolescent.
 Continued
● Even more, being in a new environment can be overwhelming to
a hospitalized adolescent due to the lack of autonomy they have
in the situation they are experiencing therefore it is important to
allow them to express their feelings because autonomy is
essential to the dignity of adolescents because it is part of their
developmental stage.

● While they are hospitalized they feel like they do not have the
control over the issues and they may disagree with the care being
provided to them. Hence, it is important that health care
professionals involved in these adolescent patients care to involve
them to be a part of their care (Jamalimoghadam, 2019). In
addition, when adolescents have a relaxing environment while
they are hospitalized it will promote feelings of psychological
safety in adolescents from 13-19 years of age.
 Continued
Signs & Symptoms
● Adolescent may experience fear loss of control
and death while they are hospitalized

● Concern about separation from friends and family

● Body image changes

● Social isolation

● Concern regarding changes in body function or

appearances
 Nursing Intervention
Evidence Based Nursing Intervention
Intervention #1 Rationale:

Nurses must be very Adolescents often suffer from self-identity and difficulties
supportive and non- of making choices. As a result, nurses have to support
judgmental when working patient choice and provide them with knowledge and
with adolescents. resources to reach their optimal outcome (RNAO 2010).
Rationale:
Intervention #2
This will provide them with the opportunity to actively
The nurse must collaborate with participate in resolving the issue also it will promote
adolescents to make their care plan. internal/external development moreover it will help the
adolescent to reflect on their self-identity, develop social
awareness and help them build leadership skills (RNAO,
2010).
 Continued
Intervention #3 Rationale:

Nurses should provide adolescents behavior Many parents do not communicate with adolescents
risk screening during intake procedure regarding sexual health because of embarrassment
regardless of reason of visit (Maria, (Maria, Guillermo-Ramos, Jemmott, Derouin,
Guillermo-Ramos, Jemmott, Derouin, Villarruel, 2017)
Villarruel, 2017)

(This includes: sexual and contraceptive

history screening, appropriate testing,
discussion about contraceptive and risk
reduction strategies, HPV vaccination, HIV
pre-exposure prophylaxis eligibility screening,
safety screening to determine if adolescents are
subject to physical, emotional, or sexual
abuse)
 Interprofessional Team Member
Support System.
The teenage years within the lives of young adults lives
Where can teenager find help? can be stressful. At times kids are looking towards life to
find themselves and identify their personal purpose.
Identity vs role confusion leads teens to become anxious
and panic as they are unsure not only of themselves, but
their roles in life. Interprofessional team members have
the ability to change this narrative.

Interprofessional must positively:

 Build up a self-appreciation and individual

personality
 Encourage continuance in achievements prompting
capacity to remain consistent with oneself
 Interprofessional Roles

Interprofessional roles play a vital part in caring

for teenagers who are facing the personal crisis of
identity vs role performance.

Primary roles that benefit this development stage:

 Social workers

 Mental health counsellors

 Continued
Social workers:

 Identifies and understand the source of stress.

 Helps to develop coping skills and find effective solutions.

 Find needed resources by providing psychotherapy

Mental health counsellors:

 Implements a variety od social assistance programs and

community services.

 Assist clients to deal with personal and social problems.

 Reference
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 Reference Continued
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https://rnao.ca/sites/rnao-ca/files/Enhancing_Healthy_Adolescent_Development.pdfhttps://rnao.ca/site
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Thank You!