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    Medical Parasitology: Intestinal and Blood Parasites

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    Srijan Bhattarai
    This document provides an overview of medical parasitology. It discusses the major categories of parasites that infect humans, including protozoa and various groups of helminths. Key aspects of parasites covered include their life cycles, hosts, methods of transmission, pathogenic effects, and epidemiology. Major parasitic diseases in humans are also mentioned, such as malaria, soil-transmitted helminthiasis, and schistosomiasis. The document serves to introduce students to the field of medical parasitology and the organisms that cause parasitic diseases.

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    Medical Parasitology: Intestinal and Blood Parasites

    Uploaded by

    Srijan Bhattarai
    61 views24 pages
    This document provides an overview of medical parasitology. It discusses the major categories of parasites that infect humans, including protozoa and various groups of helminths. Key aspects of parasites covered include their life cycles, hosts, methods of transmission, pathogenic effects, and epidemiology. Major parasitic diseases in humans are also mentioned, such as malaria, soil-transmitted helminthiasis, and schistosomiasis. The document serves to introduce students to the field of medical parasitology and the organisms that cause parasitic diseases.

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    7.Intro Parasitology

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    This document provides an overview of medical parasitology. It discusses the major categories of parasites that infect humans, including protozoa and various groups of helminths. Key aspects of parasites covered include their life cycles, hosts, methods of transmission, pathogenic effects, and epidemiology. Major parasitic diseases in humans are also mentioned, such as malaria, soil-transmitted helminthiasis, and schistosomiasis. The document serves to introduce students to the field of medical parasitology and the organisms that cause parasitic diseases.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    61 views24 pages

    Medical Parasitology: Intestinal and Blood Parasites

    Uploaded by

    Srijan Bhattarai
    This document provides an overview of medical parasitology. It discusses the major categories of parasites that infect humans, including protozoa and various groups of helminths. Key aspects of parasites covered include their life cycles, hosts, methods of transmission, pathogenic effects, and epidemiology. Major parasitic diseases in humans are also mentioned, such as malaria, soil-transmitted helminthiasis, and schistosomiasis. The document serves to introduce students to the field of medical parasitology and the organisms that cause parasitic diseases.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    Introduction

    Medical Parasitology

    Intestinal and Blood parasites


    Dr. Piyush Rajbhandari
    10/9/2014
    Medical parasitology

     Agents of diseases
     Epidemiology
    overview  Life cycle
     Pathogenesis
     Basic clinical signs
     Laboratory diagnosis
     Antiparasitic drugs
     Prevention
    Burden of Parasites

    1 2 3
    300 species
    Of worms
    70 species
    of protozoa
    90 species
    common

    a small proportion cause some of the most important diseases in the world
    Classification
    Classification
    Key definitions A parasite:
    a living organism that acquires
    Medical parasitology: “the study and some of its basic nutritional
    medical implications of parasites that requirements through its
    infect humans” intimate contact with another
    living organism”.
    Eukaryote: a cell with a well-defined
    chromosome in a membrane-bound Parasites may be simple
    nucleus. All parasitic organisms are unicellular protozoa or
    eukaryotes complex multicellular metazoa

    Protozoa: unicellular organisms, e.g.


    Plasmodium (malaria)
    Metazoa: multicellular organisms, e.g.
    helminths (worms) and arthropods (ticks,
    lice)
    An endoparasite: “a parasite that lives
    within another living organism” – e.g.
    malaria, Giardia
    An ectoparasite: “a parasite that lives on
    the external surface of another living
    organism” – e.g. lice, ticks
    Life cycle
    process of a parasite’s growth,
    development & reproduction, in
    one or more different hosts
    depending on the species of
    parasites

    • Infective stage
    • Infective route
    • Infective mode
    Host
    Definitive host
    supplies the parasite one in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity and
    where the adult form of the parasite usually resides or
    with nourishment in which sexual stages of reproduction occur
    and shelter
    Intermediate host
    one in which the immature or larval form usually
    resides, or in which the parasite undergoes asexual
    reproduction

    Reservoir host
    any animal that harbors an infection that can be
    transmitted to humans, even if the animal is a normal
    host of the parasite

    Dead-end host or incidental host


    Intermediate host that does generally not allow
    transmission to the definitive host, thereby preventing
    the parasite from completing its development
    • Parasite
    Pathogenic parasites
    → according to which site they inhabit
    • Intestinal and urogenital parasites
    (protozoa and/or helminths)
    • Tissue and blood parasites
    (protozoa and/or helminths)
    • other body sites
    Nonpathogenic parasites (commensals)

    Opportunistic parasites
    parasites that cause no or mild to moderately serious infections in healthy
    individuals, but particularly serious infections in the immun-ocompromised host
    Pathogenic effects
    • Trauma
    destruction of cells, tissues or
    organs by mechanical or
    chemical means
    • Nutrition robbing
    diversion of the host's
    nutritive substances

    • Toxin production

    • Interactions of the host


    immune/inflammatory
    responses
    Epidemiology
    Methods of infection
    • faeco-oral (Entamoeba histolytica, Ascaris lumbricoides)
    • Undercooked food (Trichinella spiralis)
    • via arthropod vector (Malaria)
    • direct penetration (Strongyloides stercoralis)
    • direct contact /person to person (Trichomonas vaginalis)

    Methods of ecsape
    • faeces
    • sputum
    • via arthropods
    • blood & tissues

    Biological transmission Vs Mechanical transmission


    Protozoa Taxonomic classification
    Protozoa are microscopic one-
    celled organisms that are
    categorized according to their
    method of movements.
    Forms and reproduction of protozoa

    Shizogony Endodiogony Cysts - infective forms,


    survive in the environment
    Trophozoites - vegetative
    forms

    Reproduction:
    Shizogony (asexual)
    Binary fission (asexual)
    Endodyogony
    Sporogony (sexual)
    Conjugation|
    Binary fission
    PROTOZOA

    1. Amebae (Intestinal) 3. Ciliates (Intestinal)


    Entamoeba histolytica Balantidium coli
    Entamoeba dispar
    Entamoeba hartmanni
    Entamoeba coli
    Entamoeba polecki 4. Coccidia, Microsporidia (Intestinal)
    Endolimax nana Cryptosporidium parvum
    Iodamoeba bütschlii Cyclospora cayetanensis
    Blastocystis hominis Isospora belli
    Sarcocystis hominis
    2. Flagellates (Intestinal) Sarcocystis suihominis
    Giardia lamblia. Sarcocystis “lindemanni”
    Chilomastix mesnili Microsporidia
    Dientamoeba fragilis Enterocytozoon bieneusi
    Trichomonas hominis Encephalitozoon intestinalis
    Enteromonas hominis
    Retortamonas intestinalis
    PROTOZOA

    Blood, Tissue Other Body Sites


    Sporozoa (Malaria and babesiosis) Amebae
    Plasmodium vivax Naegleria fowleri
    Plasmodium ovale Acanthamoeba spp.
    Plasmodium malariae Hartmanella spp.
    Plasmodium falciparum Balamuthia mandrillaris (Leptomyxid ameba)
    Babesia spp. Entamoeba gingivalis

    Flagellates (Leishmaniae, Trypanosomes) Flagellates


    Leishmania tropica complex Trichomonas vaginalis
    Leishmania mexicana complex Trichomonas tenax
    Leishmania braziliensis complex
    Leishmania donovani complex Coccidia
    Leishmania peruviana Toxoplasma gondii
    Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
    Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Sporozoa
    Trypanosoma cruzi Pneumocystis carinii
    Helminths (Worms) Taxonomic classification
    Eukaryotic, multicellular
    animals that usually have
    digestive, circulatory, nervous,
    excretory, and reproductive
    systems.

    have bilateral symmetry,


    head and tail end of the body,
    and tissue differentiation
    (endoderm, mesoderm, and
    ectoderm)..
    Sexual reproduction strategies
    Male and female reproductive organs are found in separate
    individuals.

    One animal has both male and female sex organs (most
    hermaphrodites copulate with other animals, a few
    copulate with themselves).

    Female helminths:
    Oviparous – lay eggs without embryonic development.
    Ovoviviparous – embryos develop inside eggs.
    Viviparous – the larva develops inside the body of the
    mother.

    Eggs: unsegmented (no larva inside the egg) & segmented


    (larva inside the egg)
    NEMATODES (Roundworms)

    1. Intestinal 2. Tissue
    Ascaris lumbricoides Trichinella spiralis
    Enterobius vermicularis Visceral larva migrans (Toxocara canis or
    Ancylostoma duodenale Toxocara cati)
    Necator americanus Ocular larva migrans (Toxocara canis or
    Strongyloides stercoralis Toxocara cati)
    Trichuris trichiura Cutaneous larva migrans (Ancylostoma
    Capillaria philippinensis braziliense or Ancylostoma
    caninum)
    Dracunculus medinensis

    3. Blood and Tissues (Filarial Worms)


    Wuchereria bancrofti
    Brugia malayi
    Brugia timori
    Loa loa
    CESTODES (Tapeworms)

    1. Intestinal
    Diphyllobothrium latum
    Dipylidium caninum
    Hymenolepis nana
    Hymenolepis diminuta
    Taenia solium
    Taenia saginata

    2. Tissue (Larval Forms)


    Taenia solium
    Echinococcus granulosus
    Echinococcus multilocularis
    Multiceps multiceps
    Spirometra mansonoides
    Diphyllobothrium spp.
    TREMATODES (Flukes)
    1. Intestinal
    Fasciolopsis buski
    Echinostoma ilocanum
    Heterophyes heterophyes
    Metagonimus yokogawai
    2. Liver/Lung
    Clonorchis (Opisthorchis) sinensis
    Opisthorchis viverrini
    Fasciola hepatica
    Paragonimus westermani
    Paragonimus mexicanus

    3. Blood
    Schistosoma mansoni
    Schistosoma haematobium
    Schistosoma japonicum
    Schistosoma intercalatum
    Schistosoma mekongi
    Burden of some major parasitic infections
    Parasite Diseases No. people infected Deaths/yr
    Plasmodium malaria 273 million 1.12 million
    Soil transmitted helminths: 2 billion 200,000

    • Roundworm (Ascaris) Pneumonitis, intestinal


    obstruction
    • Whipworm (Trichuris)
    • Bloody diarrhoea, rectal prolapse
    • Hookworm
    (Ancylostoma and Coughing, wheezing, abdominal
    Necator) pain and anaemia
    Schistosoma Renal tract and intestinal 200 million 15,000
    disease

    Filariae Lymphatic filariasis and 120 million Not fatal but 40


    elephantiasis million
    disfigured or
    incapacitated
    Trypanasoma cruzi Chagas disease (cardiovascular) 13 million 14,000
    African trypanosomes African sleeping sickness 0.3 – 0.5 million 48,000
    Leishamania Cutaneous, mucocutaneous and 12 million; 2 million new 50,000
    visceral leishmaniasis cases/yr
    Epidemiology
    • Global occurrence, the majority occur in tropical
    regions poverty, poor sanitation and personal
    hygiene

    • Often entire communities may be infected with


    multiple, different organisms which remain
    untreated because treatment is neither accessible
    nor affordable

    • Effective prevention and control requires "mass


    intervention strategies” and intense community
    education.
    General improved sanitation:
    Vector control
    Mass screening and drug administration programmes
    Introduction
    Medical Parasitology
    Take home message

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