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    Zumdahl's Chapter 3: Stoichiometry

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    jana
    This chapter discusses stoichiometry, which involves calculating quantities in chemical reactions using molar quantities. It introduces atomic masses, the mole, molar masses, molecular formulas, balancing chemical equations, and calculating limiting reactants. Reactions are used to demonstrate stoichiometric calculations for determining moles and weights of reactants and products.

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    Zumdahl's Chapter 3: Stoichiometry

    Uploaded by

    jana
    93 views12 pages
    This chapter discusses stoichiometry, which involves calculating quantities in chemical reactions using molar quantities. It introduces atomic masses, the mole, molar masses, molecular formulas, balancing chemical equations, and calculating limiting reactants. Reactions are used to demonstrate stoichiometric calculations for determining moles and weights of reactants and products.

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    Chemistry Chapter 3 9th edition Zumdahl Zumdahl

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    Zumd03

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    This chapter discusses stoichiometry, which involves calculating quantities in chemical reactions using molar quantities. It introduces atomic masses, the mole, molar masses, molecular formulas, balancing chemical equations, and calculating limiting reactants. Reactions are used to demonstrate stoichiometric calculations for determining moles and weights of reactants and products.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    93 views12 pages

    Zumdahl's Chapter 3: Stoichiometry

    Uploaded by

    jana
    This chapter discusses stoichiometry, which involves calculating quantities in chemical reactions using molar quantities. It introduces atomic masses, the mole, molar masses, molecular formulas, balancing chemical equations, and calculating limiting reactants. Reactions are used to demonstrate stoichiometric calculations for determining moles and weights of reactants and products.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 12

    Zumdahl’s Chapter 3

    Stoichiometry
    Chapter Contents
    Aston’s Atomic Mass Balancing Chemical
    The Mole Equations
    Molar Mass Stoichiometric
    % Composition Calculations
    Limiting Reactant
    Molecular Formulae
    Calculations
    Chemical Equations
    Aston’s Atomic Masses
    (works for molecules too!)
    Mass Spectrometer
    Fast atomic ions (current) bend near magnet
    Deflection varies inversely with inertia!
    Multiple isotopes differ in mass (inertia)
    and so give multiple beam deflections.
    98.892 % 12C at 12 amu by definition.
    1.108 % 13C at 13.00338 amu
    averageC  12.011 atomic mass units
    Avogadro’s Mole
    Definition: One mole of 12C atoms weighs
    exactly 0.012 kg (12 g)
    Thus, 1 amu  1 g / NAv
    Since atoms combine by numbers, NAv has
    the advantage of showing combinations by
    weights.
    NAv = 6.02213671023, the SI count
    Molar Masses & % Composition
    Trivial; weigh them in mass spectrometer?
    Since atomic masses of elements never
    vary, MW = sum of atomic weights times
    number of atoms in molecule (subscripts).
    MW(P4O10) = 4(AWP) + 10(AWO) =
    4(30.97) + 10(16.00) = 283.9 g mol–1
    % O is 100%  160.0/283.9 = 56.36%
    Formula Weight Analysis
    Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AA)
    Intensity of atomic glows in controlled flame
    gives proportion of atom in molecule.
    Organic combustion analysis for CxHyOz
    Burn in excess oxygen, O2
    Trap and weigh resultant H2O and CO2
    Convert weights to moles H and C, resp.
    Get mass O by difference with original mass
    Scale moles to find simplest integer x, y, & z.
    Molecular Formulae
    Empirical formula Structural formula
    from elemental give geometric
    composition must be information as well:
    scaled by ratio of ClH2CCH2COOH, 3-
    MW:FW to obtain chloropropanoic acid,
    molecular formula. & digests to C3H5O2Cl
    Standard formulae Mineral formulae
    show combinations: show co•crystalites
    Hg6(PO4)2 (why OK?) like Y2(CO3)3•3H2O
    Chemical Equations
    How many reactants  how many products?
    Chemical equations not only codify the perfect
    proportions but also note conditions:
    CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq)  Ca2+(aq) + 2 Cl–(aq) .
    + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
    Catalysts, photons (h), or heat () may stand
    above the reaction arrow ().
    The key is molecular consumption/production.
    Balancing Chemical Reactions
    First know all the reactants and products!
    Balance first atoms appearing in only one
    molecule on each side. Let’s burn TNT:
    C7H5(NO2)3 + O2  7CO2 + H2O + N2
    C7H5(NO2)3 + O2  7CO2 + H2O + 1.5N2
    C7H5(NO2)3 + O2  7CO2 + 2.5H2O + 1.5N2
    C7H5(NO2)3 + 5.25O2  7CO2 + 2.5H2O + 1.5N2
    4C7H5(NO2)3 + 21O2  28CO2 + 10H2O + 6N2
    Stoichiometric Calculations
    While TNT is solid, the O2 and the products
    are gases. 1 mol TNT is worth ? moles gas?
    4C7H5(NO2)3 + 21O2  28CO2 + 10H2O + 6N2
     Moles gas = ¼(28 + 10 + 6 – 21) = 5.75
    Since each gas mole is ~1000 the volume of
    a solid mole, TNT is destructive by rapidly
    increasing its volume by a factor of 5,750!
    More Calculations
    A “megaton” of TNT (measure of nuclear
    bomb destructivity) would produce what
    weight of CO2?
    106 tons [ 2000 lbs / ton ] [ 0.4536 kg / lbs ] = 9.072108 kg
    MW[C7H5(NO2)3] = 7(12)+5(1)+6(16)+3(14) = 227 g = 0.227 kg

    4C7H6(NO2)3 + 21O2  28CO2 + 10H2O + 6N2


    9.072  108 kg TNT  [1 mol TNT/0.227 kg TNT] 
    [28 mol CO2/4 mol TNT]  [0.044 kg CO2/1 mol CO2]
    1.23  109 kg CO2 = 1.23 megatons CO2
    Limiting Reactant Calculations
    Fe2O3(s) + 2 Al(s)  Al2O3(s) + 2 Fe(l)
    What weight of molten iron is produced by
    1 kg each of the reactants?
    Needed weights are MW(Fe2O3) and 2AW(Al)
    or 159.7 g Fe2O3 and 53.96 g Al, respectively.
    Smallest ratio Available:Needed is limiting!
    1000 g/159.7 g = 6.26 Fe2O3 < 1000 g/53.96 g = 18.52 Al
    6.26 mol Fe2O3  [2 mol Fe/1 mol Fe2O3]  [55.85 g Fe/1 mol Fe]
    = 699 g Fe

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