Chemistry: Moles

Pages 198 –215, 233 - 240

The MOLE and STOICHIOMETRY

Mass and Weight are synonymous
I. Atomic mass: the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus. The nucleus of an
atom is extremely small. Scientists came up with a standard unit for convenience. This
unit became:
A. Atomic mass unit (u or amu): One “u” is exactly 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
They then calculated the average atomic using the percent abundance of the naturally
occurring isotopes. Ex. Carbon-12 has 98.892% abundance, Carbon-13 has 1.108%,
and Carbon-14 has 2 X 10-10%.
(12 amu)(0.98892) + (13 amu)(0.01108) + (14 amu)(2 x 10-12) = 12.011 amu
B. Average atomic mass: the weighted average of the atomic masses of the naturally
occurring isotopes of an element For my class I would like you to round everything
to the nearest hundredth.
C. Molecular and Ionic formula weight:
1. Use the assigned amu’s found on a periodic table to calculate the formula weight
for a substance.
2. Simply multiply the amu by the number of atoms present.
Ex. H2O = 2(1.01) + 16.00 =18.02 u **See worksheets
D. Terms:
1. Formula mass = mass of one formula unit of ionic cmpd
2. Molecular mass = “ “ “ “ “ molecular cmpd
3. Atomic mass = mass of one atom
4. amu or u are the units

Avogadro and his mole **analogies: couple, few, dozen, gross…

A. Counting atoms is a pain! So Avogadro made it simple
1. the mole (mol) is the amount of matter that contains the same number of particles
(atoms, molecules, corn, dollars…) as the number of atoms in exactly 12g of C-12.
The number of atoms in 12g of C-12 has been scientifically determined to be:
6.0221367 X 1023.
2. Avogadro introduced this number in 1810, symbol is “n”. (It was named after
him.)
3. Molar mass is the formula weight equivalent in grams. When we measure out 1
mol of H2O we know that it weighs 18.02g and is not a lot in terms of drinking
that volume. But if you think about it, in that 18.02g there are 6.02 X 1023
molecules of H2O!
Mole Relationships: (I luv you; you little rodent!)
Name Formula Formula Mass of 1 mol (g) # of particles in one mol
wt.
Nitrogen N 14.0 14.0 6.02X1023
Molecular N2 N2 28.0 28.0 6.02X1023 molecules
1.20X1024 atoms
Silver Ag 107.9 107.9 6.02X1023atoms
+
Silver ions Ag 107.9 107.9 6.02X1023ions
Barium Chloride BaCl2 208.2 208.2 1.80X1024 atoms
STOICHIOMETRY
I. Stoichiometry deals with the mass relationships between reactants and products in chemical
reactions.

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Chemistry: Moles
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II. Mole mass, Mass mole conversions **see worksheets

III. Molar gas volumes: Avogadro determined that 1 mol of any gas at STP (standard temp. and
pressure) is equal to 22.4 L pages 345-347 **see worksheets
1. Determining the volume of a gas is difficult since most are invisible.
2. Suppose we had to bottles of gasses, one N2 the other CO2 how do we know how
much is in each?
We know that temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy and we know that
pressure is dependent on the number of particles. P = Fa So if the temperatures and
pressures of the gases are equal then the number of particles must be equal. *remember
Avogadro's principle - equal volumes of gas at the same temperature and pressure,
contain the same number of molecules.
3. But…the masses will be different. Consider the following:
Ar N2 H2
Volume 22.4L 22.4L 22.4L
Pressure 1 atm 1 atm 1 atm
Temperature 0°C 0°C 0°C
Mass of gas 39.948g 28.0134g 1.0079g
# of gas molecules 6.02 X 1023 6.02 X 1023 6.02 X 1023

Try to remember this when calculating moles:

1 mol = sum of atomic masses in grams
1 mol = 6.02 X 10 23 particles
1 mol = 22.4 L of any gas at STP

CHART for reference:

Write the formula, then calculate the molecular or formula mass of each of the following
compounds in atomic mass units.

1. phosphorus trichloride 6. potassium hydroxide

2. calcium phosphate 7. nitrogen gas
3. dinitrogen trioxide 8. sodium fluoride
4. aluminum sulfate 9. lithium sulfate
5. potassium sulfide 10. ammonium phosphate
Write the formula and calculate the mass of one mole of each of the following
compounds..
11. aluminum sulfate 16. cadmium sulfide
12. calcium chloride 17. sodium oxalate
13. copper (II) sulfate 18. zinc chloride
14. silver nitrate 19. magnesium oxide
15. sulfuric acid 20. antimony (III) chloride

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Determine the number of grams or moles for each of the following substances. Use
dimensional analysis. SHOW ALL YOUR WORK
21. What is the mass of 5.00 moles of lead?
22. What is the mass of 2.00 moles of sulfuric acid?
23. What is the mass of 0.250 moles of sodium hydroxide?
24. How many grams are there in 2.50 moles of potassium nitrate?
25. How many grams are there in 10.0 moles of lithium carbonate?
26. How many moles of silver nitrate are there in 80.00 grams of silver nitrate?
27. 658 grams of phosphoric acid is how many moles of phosphoric acid?
28. How many moles of tin (II) fluoride are there in 908 grams of the compound?
29. 1000.0 grams of hydrogen peroxide is how many moles of hydrogen peroxide?
30. How many moles of magnesium chloride are there in 148 grams of magnesium
chloride?

How many molecules are there in:

31. 2.00 moles of ammonia? 33. 4.00 moles of sulfur dioxide?
32. 0.50 moles of chlorine gas? 34. 2.50 moles of methane?

Solve the following problems. Show your entire set-up.

35. What is the volume of 2.00 moles of hydrogen at STP?
36. How many liters will 5.00 moles of oxygen occupy at STP?
37. What is the volume of 0.250 moles of carbon monoxide at STP?
38. How many liters will 0.333 moles of methane fill at STP?
39. What is the volume of 3.00 moles of carbon dioxide at STP?
40. 0.250 mole of oxygen?

Solve the following problems.

41. How many grams of H2 can be produced from the reaction of 11.5 grams of sodium
with an excess of water?
42. An excess of nitrogen reacts with 2.00 grams of hydrogen. How many grams of
ammonia are produced?
43. How many grams of oxygen are required to burn completely 85.6 grams of carbon to
carbon dioxide?
44. In problem 43, how many grams of CO2 will be formed?
45. In the decomposition of potassium chlorate, 64.2 grams of O2 are formed. How
many grams of potassium chloride are produced?

Solve the following problems.

46. An excess of hydrogen reacts with 14.0 grams of nitrogen. How many mL of
ammonia will be produced at STP?
47. How many mL of hydrogen at STP will be produced from 28.0 grams of zinc with an
excess of sulfuric acid?
48. Bromine will react with 5.60 x 103 mL of hydrogen to yield what mass of hydrogen
bromide at STP?
49. How many grams of antimony (III) chloride can be produced from 6720 mL of
chlorine at STP reacting with an excess of antimony?

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50. How many liters of hydrogen sulfide gas measured at STP can be prepared from 40.0
g of iron (II) sulfide and hydrochloric acid?

THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS ARE A MIXTURE OF

STOICHIOMETRY PROBLEMS.
51. What mass of antimony (III) chloride would be produced if sufficient antimony
reacts with 112 liters of chlorine measured at STP?

52. How many grams of sodium hydroxide would be required to react with 400.0 grams
of sulfuric acid?

53. How many liters of hydrogen, measured at STP, would be needed to produce 88.5
grams of ammonia by reacting the hydrogen directly with nitrogen?

54. How many grams of water would you need to decompose by electrolysis to produce
112 liters of oxygen? Assume the oxygen is measured at STP.

55. What mass of sodium would you need to react with water to release 34.8 liters of
hydrogen at STP? What mass of sodium hydroxide would be produced during this
reaction?

56. When acetylene, C2H2, is burned completely the products are the usual carbon
dioxide and water vapor. What volume of oxygen, measured at STP, would be needed to
completely burn 75.0 liters of acetylene, also measured at STP?

57. 125 grams of zinc was reacted with excess sulfuric acid. What volume of hydrogen,
measured at STP, was liberated by this reaction?

58. Steam passed over hot carbon produces a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
What volume of carbon monoxide, measured at STP, would be formed by the complete
reaction of 1.00 pound of steam?

59. The electrolysis of brine (a solution of sodium chloride and water) produces sodium
hydroxide, hydrogen and chlorine. What volume of chlorine, measured at STP, will be
liberated when 500.0 pounds of sodium hydroxide is formed?

60. What volume of hydrogen, measured at STP will be formed by the reaction of 245
grams of potassium with excess water, HOH? (single replacement)

Compute the molarity of the following solutions.

61. 145 g (NH4)2C4H4O6 in 500 mL of solution.
62. 45.1 g CoSO4 in 250 mL of solution.
63. 41.3 g Fe(NO3)2 in 100 mL of solution.
64. 49.9 g Pb(ClO4)2 in 200 mL of solution.
65. 35.0 g MnSiF6 in 50.0 mL of solution.

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Describe the preparation of the following solutions.

66. 1000 mL of 3.00 M NiCl2.
67. 250 mL of 4.00 M RbOH.
68. 500 ml of 1.50 M AgF.
69. 250 mL of 0.500 M SrSiF6.
70. 250 mL of 0.00200 M Tl2CO3.

Find the percentage composition of the following. Use the set - up shown above.
71. CaI2 74. H2S
72. BaCO3 75. Ca3(PO4)3
73. C2H6O 76. Fe(C2H3O2)3

Find the empirical formula of the following compounds.

77. 1.67 g Ce, and 4.54 g I 78. 31.9 g Mg, and 27.1 g P 79. 4.40 g Cs, and 1.08 g Cl
80. 9.11 g Ni, and 5.89 g F 81. 6.27 g Ca, and 1.46 g N 82. 18.7 g of Fe, and 8.1 g O

The empirical formula may also be found using the percent composition of the
compound.
Find the empirical formula of the following compounds.
83. 96.2% Tl, 3.77% O 84. 58.05 Rb, 9.50% N, 32.5% O
85. 32.2% Zr, 22.6% S, 45.2% O 86. 48.8% Cd, 20.8% C, 2.62% H 27.8% O
87. 8.29% Al, 32.7% Cl, 59.0% O

Determine the molecular formula of the following compounds.

88. The analysis of a gas reveals this composition: carbon, 92.3%; hydrogen, 7.7%. Its
molecular weight is 26.0 g. What is the molecular formula?

89. Analysis of a compound reveals this composition: 80% carbon and 20% hydrogen.
Its molecular weight is 30.0 g. What is its molecular formula?

90. By analysis, a compound is found to be 76.0% iodine and 24.0% oxygen. Its
molecular weight is 334 g. What is the molecular formula? What is the oxidation state
of iodine in this iodine-oxygen compound?

Solve the following problems. Show complete set-up.

91. When 85.41 g of copper (II) sulfate crystals are heated to drive off the water of
crystallization, the loss of mass is 30.81 g. What is the formula for hydrated copper (II)
sulfate?

92. What is the formula of hydrated crystals composed of 56.14% ZnSO4 and 43.86%
water?