Facts:

- Gases are “mobile” expanding to uniformly fill

any container that holds them. If the seal is
removed, the gas diffuses from the container
into the surroundings to fill all space available.
- Different gases mix “uniformly” in all
proportions.
- Can be compressed readily.
Gas Pressure:
- Is the force exerted on a unit area of surface area
Pressure = force
area
Units of Pressure :
SI unit: Pascal (Pa)
1 Pa = 1Nm², = 1kg m/s², = 1kPa = 10³PA
Other Common Units:
1 bar = 10⁵ Pa = 100 kPa; 1 mbar (millibar) = 10² Pa
1 atm = 1.01325x10⁵ Pa = 101.325 kPa (exact conversion)
1 atm = 760 Torr = 760mmHg (exact conversion)
1 atm = 14.7lb/in² (psi) = 1.01325 bar
 UNITS Normal Atmospheric
Pressure at Sea Level
and O⁰C
pascal (Pa): kilopascal 1.01325 x 10⁵ Pa;
(kPa) 101.325 kPa
atmosphere (atm) 1 atm
millimeters of mercury 760 mmHg
(mmHg)
torr 760 torr
Pounds per square inch 14.7 lb/in²
(lb/in² or psi)
bar 1.01325 bar
Units used to address pressure:
a. Kilopascal, 1kPa = 10³ Pa approximately equal
to the pressure exerted by a mass of 10.g resting
on a 1 cm² area on the Earth’s surface.
b. Bar, 1 bar = 100,000 Pa 10⁵ is approximately the
pressure exerted by the atmosphere at Earth’s
surface.
c. Pound per square inch (psi,lb/in²), a force of 1
lb on a 1 in² area at Earth’s surface.
d. Atmosphere, 1 atm is defined as 101.325 kPa.
This is approximately the pressure of the
atmosphere at Earth’s surface.
e. Millimeter mercury, mmHg or Torr; 760mmHg
= 760 Torr = 1 atm.
Barometer – is a device use for measuring
atmospheric pressure.
Example: Convert these pressure:
a. An automobile tire pressure of 303kPa to psi.
P = 303 kPa X 1 atm X 14.7 lb/in² = 43.9 lb/in²
101.3125 kPa 1 atm
b. An eye’s internal pressure of 15.5 mmHg to psi.
P = 15.5 mmHg X 1 atm X 14.7 lb/in² = 0.299 lb/in²
760 mmHg 1atm
c. Air pressure of 0.350 atm at the top of Mt. Everest to torr and kPa.
P = 0.350 atmX 760 Torr = 266 Torr
1 atm
P = 0.350 atm X 101.325 kPA = 35.46 kPa
1 atm
Kinetic Molecular Theory
- States that “ a gas” consists of tiny molecules in
constant, rapid, random motion.

Four fundamental postulates;

1. A gas is composed of molecules whose size is much
smaller than the distances between them. Gases at
ordinary temperature and pressure mix completely with each other.
There must be much unoccupied space in gases that provides
substantial room for additional molecules in a sample of gas.
2. Gas molecules move randomly at various speeds
and in every possible directions. Gases quickly and
completely fill any container in which they are placed.
3. Except when gas molecules collide, forces of
attraction and repulsion between them are
negligible; collisions with molecules in the walls
of a solid container account for gas pressure. All
gases behave in the same way, regardless of the types of non-
covalent interactions among molecules.
4. When collisions between molecules occurs, the
collisions are elastic. A gas sample at constant temperature
never “runs down” with all molecules falling to the bottom of the
container.
* The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is proportional to
the absolute temperature. Gas molecules escape through a tiny
hole faster as the temperature increases, and with the fact that
rates of chemical reaction are faster at higher temperature.
5. The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is
proportional to the absolute temperature.
It is a fat that gas molecules escape through a tiny hole faster as the
temperature increases, and with the fact that rates of chemical
reactions are faster at higher temperatures.

Why do gases are transparent to light?

First, gas molecules are far apart. This allows most light to
pass through.
Second, molecules are much smaller than the wavelenghts
of visible light. This means that the waves are not reflected
or diffracted by the molecules.
Use the Kinetic-Molecular theory to explain why the
pressure goes up when gas molecules are added to a
sample of gas in a fixed volume container at constant
temperature.
As more gas molecules are added to a container of fixed volume,
there will be more collision s of all the gas molecules with the
container walls. This causes the observed pressure to rise.
Variables that describe gases:
a. Pressure (P) – is the force per unit area. Gas
molecules exert pressure when they collide with the walls of
their container.
SI unit: One Pascal (Blaise Pascal) is equal to a force of one
Newton per square meter. 1Pa = 1N/m².
1 atm is the standard pressure.
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure, states that the
total pressure of gaseous mixture is equal to the
sum of the partial pressures of its components.
Ptotal = P₁ + P₂ + P₃ +….Pn
Ptotal - total pressure of gaseous mixture
P1, P2 and so on – partial pressure of each gas in a mixture.
Example: A mixture of O₂, N₂, and CO₂ has a
total pressure of 0.97atm. What is the partial
pressure of N₂, if the partial pressures of O₂, and
CO₂ are 0.70atm and 0.12atm, respectively.
Given: Ptotal = 0.97atm, PO₂ = 0.70atm, PCO₂ = 0.12atm
Formula: Ptotal = PO₂ + PN₂ + PCO₂

PN₂ = Ptotal – (PO₂ + PCO₂)

= 0.97atm (0.70atm + 0.12atm)
= 0.15atm
b. Volume (V) – refers to the volume of the container
it is contained with.
SI units: cubic meters (m³), liter (l), cubic centimeter (cm³ or cc)
1 L = 0.001m³.
c. Temperature (T) – is the comparative measures of
hot and cold.
SI unit: Kelvin (K). Lowest value of K = 0
K = ᵒC + 273.15
273.15 K is the standard temperature.
d. Amount of gas (n) - the number of gas molecules
can be counted using the mole concept. The amount
of gas can also be expressed in terms of its mass.
• Dalton’s Law of partial pressure: Pᴛ = P₁+P₂+P₃…
• Boyle’s Law: P₁ V₁ = P₂ V₂
• Charles Law: V₁ = V₂
T₁ T₂
• GayLussac’s Law: P₁ = P₂
T₁ T₂
• Combined Gas Law: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂
T₁ T₂
• Avogadro’s Law: V = kn
• Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT
The Behavior of Ideal Gases:
Ideal gas – is a gas that behaves exactly as
described by the gas laws.
• At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, most gases
behave nearly ideally.
• At pressure higher that 1 atm or at temperatures just above
the boiling point, gases deviate substantially from ideal
behavior.
The Pressure-Volume Relationship:
Boyle’s Law states that the volume (V) of an
ideal gas is inversely proportional to the pressure
(P) when temperature (T) and amount (n, moles)
are constant.(Robert Boyle)
V 1 V= constant X 1 PV = constant
P P
(unchanging T and n)
Formula:
Boyle’s law explains how expanding and contracting your
chest cavity (changing its volume) leads to pressure
changes that in turn lead to inhalation and exhalation of air.
Visualizing Boyle’s Law:
Many cars have gas-filled shock absorbers to give the car
and its occupants a smooth ride. Suppose that four NFL
linemen get into a four-passenger car with gas-filled shock
absorbers. Write a macroscale and a nanoscale description
of the gas inside the shock absorbers before and after the
linemen got aboard.
The gas in the shock absorber will be highly compressed. The gas
molecules will be closer together. The gas molecules will collide with
the walls of the shock absorber more often, and the pressure exerted
will be larger.
 Example:
Patm = 760 mmHg Patm = 760 mmHg
When more Hg is added,
atmospheric pressure is
augmented by the
pressure of a Hg column of
the height b = 305mmHg
P2 = 1065 mmHg (760+305)

When the Hg levels are the As predicted by Boyle’s law,

same on both arms of the J, at this higher pressure, the
the gas pressure = gas volume is smaller.
atmospheric pressure. V₂ = 30 mL
P1 = 760 mmHg
V1 = 60.0 mL
Example: A sample of gas occupies a volume of
320mL at 720 torr. What will be its volume if the
pressure is changed to 757 torr, temperature
remains constant.
Given: P1 = 720 torr V1 = 320 mL
P2 = 757 torr V2 = ?
Formula: P1V1 = P2V2

V2 = P1V1 = (720 torr) (320mL) = 304.36 mL

P2 757 torr
The Temperature-Volume Relationship
Charles’s law states that the volume (V) of the
ideal gas is directly proportional to absolute
temperature (T) at constant pressure (P) and
amount (N, moles). (Jacque Charles)
V T V = constant X T V constant
T
(unchanging P and n)
Formula:
In terms of the kinetic-molecular theory , higher
temperature means faster molecular motion and a higher
average kinetic energy. The more rapidly moving
molecules therefore strike the walls of a container more
often, and each collision exerts greater force. For the
pressure to remain constant, the volume of the container
must expand.
In 1787 Jacques Charles discovered that the volume of a
fixed quantity of a gas at constant pressure increases with
increasing temperature.
Absolute temperature scale / Kelvin temperature scale
- the scale on which zero is the lowest possible
temperature.
Visualizing Charles’s Law:
Consider a collection of gas molecules at room temperature T₁. The
temperature increases to T₂. Use the ideas of the kinetic- molecular theory
and explain why the volume has to be larger if the pressure remains
constant. What would have to be done to maintain a constant volume if the
temperature increased?
Increasing the temperature of a gas causes the gas molecules to move
faster on average. This means that each collision with the container walls
involves greater force, because, on average, a molecule is moving faster and
hits the walls harder. If the container remained the same(constant volume),
there would also be more collisions with the container wall because faster
moving molecules would hit the walls more often increasing the volume of
the container, on the other hand, requires that the faster-moving molecules
must travel a greater-distance before they strike the container walls.
Increasing the volume enough would just balance the greater numbers of
harder collisions caused by increased temperature. To maintain a constant
volume requires that the pressure increases to match the greater pressure
due to more and harder collisions of gas molecules with the walls.
Example: At 1 atm, the volume of a fixed amount
of gas is 260 ml at 25ᵒC. What will be the
temperature if the volume increased to 312 ml at
constant pressure?
Given: V1 = 260 ml T1 = 25ᵒC + 273 = 298 K
V2 = 312 ml T2 = ?
Formula: V1 = V2 260 ml = 312 ml
T1 T2 298 K T2

T2 = V2T1 = (312 ml) (298 K) = 357.60 K

V1 260 ml
The Volume-Amount Relationship
Avogadro’s law states that the volume (V) of an
ideal gas varies directly with amount (n, moles)
when temperature (T) and pressure (P) are
constant.(Amadeo Avogadro)
V n V= constant x n V = constant
n
(unchanging T and P)
Formula:
According to this law, 2 gases which occupy “equal
volumes” at the same temperature and pressure
contain the same number of moles.
No. of particles of gas vl gas V at constant
P and T
Molar V of a gas = V occupied by a gas (0.00ᵒC)
and (1atm).
Standard temperature and pressure (STP)
1 mol of gas that assumes ideal behavior occupies
a volume of (22.4L) also the molar volume of a
gas at STP.
Avogadro’s Hypothesis: Equal Volumes contains
equal amounts.

He CH₄ O₂

Volume 22.4 L 22.4 L 22.4 L

Pressure 1 atm 1 atm 1 atm

Temperature OᵒC OᵒC OᵒC

Amount of Gas 1 mol 1 mol 1 mol

No. of gas molecules 6.022 x 10²³ 6.022 x 10²³ 6.022 x 10²³

Mass of gas 4.003 g 16.042 g 31.998 g

Example:
a) What volume will a 0.981 mole gas sample
occupy at standard temperature and pressure
(STP)?
Given: n = 0.981 mol T = 0ᵒC (ST) P= 1.00 atm (SP)
Formula:
V = kn

V = 0.981 mol X 22.4 L = 21.97 L

1 mol
 b) How many moles of nitrogen gas are contained
in a 20.0L container at STP?
Given: V = 20.0L T= OᵒC (ST) P = 1.00 atm (SP)

mol N = 20.0L X 1 mol N = 0.893 mol N

22.4 L

c. How many grams of Helium gas are in 1.50L

balloon at STP?
Given: V =1.50L T = OᵒC P= 1 atm
mHe = 1.50L X 1 mol He X 4.003g He = 0.268g He
22.4L 1 mol He
The Ideal Gas Law:
Values of R in Different Units:
Universal gas constant:
R = 0.0821 X 1 atm
mol K
R = 62.36 X mmHg L
mol K
R = 8.314 X kPa
mol K
R = 8.314 X J
mol K
Example: At 2.0 atm, how many liters will be
occupied by 5.0 moles of gas at 300 K?
Given: P = 2 atm, T = 300K, n = 5.0 moles
R = 0.0821 L atm V=?
K-mol
Formula: PV = nRT V = nRT
P
V = (5.0 mol)(0.0821 L atm) X (300K)
K mol
= 123.075 L
2 atm
= 61.575 L
Formula: PV = nRT

V = nRT
P
= (5.0mol)(0.0821 L atm)(300K)
_____________K mol______
2 atm
= 61.575 L
Practice Exercise: Calculate the volume that 0.40g
methane occupies at 25ᵒC and 1 atm.
Given: P = 1 atm T = 25ᵒC + 273.15 = 298.15k
R = 0.0821 L atm n=? V=?
Calculate first the (n) amount of CH₄.
nCH₄ = 0.40g CH₄ X 1 mol CH₄ = 0.025mol CH₄
16.042g CH₄
Formula:
V = nRT = (0.025mol)(0.0821 L atm) X (298K)
P _______________________K mol_____________
1 atm
= 0.61L CH₄
The Ideal Gas Law equation can also be used to
calculate the “density of an ideal gas.
(n) Of moles = m
M
m is mass of a substance
M is the molar mass
Density (d) of a substance – mass (m) per unit
volume (V).
Formula: d = PM
RT
Solving for Density using IGL
Example: Calculate the density of ammonium (NH₄) in
grams per liter (g/L) at 752 mmHg at 55ᵒC.
Given:
P= 1.0atm, T: 55ᵒC + 273.15 = 328.15 K
M of NH₄= 18.032 g/mol
R= 0.0821 L•atm/mol•K
Solution:
d = PM = (1.0 atm) (18.032g/mol)
RT (0.0821 L•atm/mol•K)(328.15K)
= 18.032 = 0.67 g/L
26.94
Practice Exercise: Gas Density
Calculate the density of Cl₂ at 25⁰C and 0.75 atm.
Analyze: Gas density is proportional to molar mass;
assume ideal gas behavior.
Plan: Calculate the molar mass of Cl₂. Convert the
temperature to Kelvin. Use this values, the pressure, and
the gas constant to calculate the density of Cl₂.
Execute: Molar mass Cl₂.
m = 2molCl x 35.45g Cl =70.9g Cl
1 mol Cl
Given: P = 0.75 atm T = (25C + 273.15) 298.15K
R = 0.0821 L atm/mol K M = 70.9g/mol
d=?
The Pressure and Temperature Relationship:
Gay-Lussac’s law, states that at constant
volume, the pressure of a given quantity of gas
is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature. (Joseph Gay-Lussac)
P TT (volume and mass are constant).
Formula:
Example: At 20ᵒC the volume of a gas is kept constant at
mmHg at ml. If the pressure becomes 32ᵒC, what was the
initial pressure?
Given: P1 = ? T1 = 20ᵒC + 273.15 = 293.15K
P2 = 760mmHg T2 = 32ᵒC + 273.15 = 305.15K
Formula: P1 = P2
T1 T2
P₁ = P₂T₁
T₂
= (760mmHg) (293.15K)
305.15K
= 222,794mmHg
305.15
= 730.11 mmHg
A gas has a pressure of 3.00 atm at 127ᵒC. What is
its pressure at 227ᵒC assuming that the volume
remains constant.
Given: P₁ = 3.00 atm T₁ = 127ᵒC + 273.15K = 400.15K
P₂ = ? T₂ = 227ᵒC + 273.15K = 500.15K
Formula: P₁ = T₁ P₂ = P₁T₂
P₂ T₂ T₁
P₂ = 3.00 atm X 500.15 K = 3.74 atm
400.15 K
The Combined Gas Law
Combine gas law formula
At 2.0L of gas has a pressure of 1.5 atm at 22ᵒC.
What will be the resulting pressure if the volume
is increased to 2.7L at 27ᵒC.
Given: V₁ = 2.0L P₁ = 1.5 atm T₁ = 22 + 273.15 = 295.15K
V₂ = 2.7L P₂ = ? T ₂= 27 + 273.15 = 300.15K
Formula:
P₂ = P₁V₁T₂
V₂T₁

P₂ = 1.5 atm x 2.0L x 300.15 K = 900.45 atm = 1.13 atm

2.7L X 295.15K 796.91
Problem Solving Exercises:
1. Dalton’s law of Partial pressure.
A mixture of Oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide has
a total pressure of 1atm. What is the partial pressure of
N₂ if the partial pressures of O₂, and CO₂ are, 0.75 atm
and 0.18 atm, respectively?
2. Boyle’s law
An inflated balloon has a volume of 0.55L at sea level
(1atm) and is allowed to rise to a height of 6.5km,
where the pressure is about 0.40atm. Assuming that
the temperature remains constant, what is the final
volume of the balloon?
3. Charles’ law
A 254 mL sample of chlorine gas is heated from 23ᵒC to
175ᵒC at constant pressure. What is its final volume?

4. Avogadro’s law
What volume will a 0.981 mol gas sample occupy a
standard temperature and pressure (STP)?

5. Guy-Lussac’s law
A gas has a pressure of 3.00atm at 127ᵒC. What is its
pressure at 227ᵒC assuming that the volume remains
constant?
6. Combined Gas law
A small bubble rises from the bottom of a lake, where
the temperature and pressure are 8.0ᵒC and 6.4atm, to
the water’s surface, where the temperature is 25ᵒC and
pressure is 7.0atm. Calculate the final volume (mL) of
the bubble if it’s initial volume was 2.1L.
7. Ideal Gas law
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆)is a colorless, odorless, very
unreactive gas. Calculate the pressure in atm exerted by
1.28mol of the gas in a steel vessel of volume 4.50L at
79.5 ᵒC
Gas Stoichiometry:
In calculating the stoichiometry of reactions
involving gases as reactants and products, recall
that in the balanced chemical reaction, the
“coefficients” of the reactants and products
represent their mole ratios.
Example: The combustion of propane C₃H₈(g).
Chemical reaction equation:
C₃H₈(g) + O₂(g) CO₂(g) + H₂O(g)
Balanced equation:
C₃H₈(g) + 5O₂(g) 3CO₂(g) + 4H₂O(g)
Balanced equation:
C₃H₈(g) + 5O₂(g) 3CO₂(g) + 4H₂O(g)
This balanced equation tells you that;
• 1mol of C₃H₈ reacts with 5mol O₂ to produce 3mol CO₂,
and 4mol H₂O.
• According to Avogadro’s law, equal volumes of gases
will have the “same number of particles” when the
pressure (P) and temperature (T) are both constant.
• In balanced equation involving gases, the coefficients
not only represent “molar ratios” but also “relative
volumes”.
• 1L C₃H₈ reacts with 5L O₂ producing 3L CO₂ and 4L H₂O
Example: Volume to Volume Conversion
Assuming constant pressure and temperature, how
many liters of Oxygen gas are required to completely
burn 4.00L of butane (C₄H₁₀).
Given:
C₄H₁₀(g) + O₂(g) CO₂(g) + H₂O(g)
Volume of C₄H₁₀ = 4.00L

Solution: 2C₄H₁₀(g) + 13O₂(g) 8CO₂(g) + 10H₂O(g)

Volume O₂ = 4.00L C₄H₁₀ X 13L O₂ = 26.0L O₂
2L C₄H₁₀
Example: Volume and Mass
Calculate the mass of O₂ (in grams) at STP required for
the complete combustion of 2.64L acetylene (C₂H₂) at
STP.
Given: Volume of C₂H₂ = 2.64L, Temp = 273.15K, P= 1atm
Chemical reaction equation:
C₂H₂(g) + O₂(g) CO₂(g) + H₂O(g)
Solution:
2C₂H₂(g) + 5O₂(g) 4CO₂(g) + 2H₂O(g)
* Using the coefficients in the balanced reaction, derived the
volume ratio for O₂ and C₂H₂.
Vol of O₂ = 2.64L C₂H₂ X 5L O₂ = 6.60L O₂
2L C₂H₂
* Use this to compute for the volume of O₂ required to
completely combust C₂H₂. Then use the ideal gas law to
convert V of O₂ to #/amount of moles.
Formula: mol O₂ (n) = PV
RT
= 1atm X 6.60L
0.0821 L•atm X 273.15K
mol•K
= 6.60
22.4 mol
= 0.294 mol O₂
• Convert the # of moles of O₂ to mass using its molar
mass.
m of O₂ = 0.294mol O₂ X 32.0 g O₂
1 mol O₂
= 9.41g O₂
Practice Exercises:
1. Ammonia can be produced from hydrogen
and nitrogen gases based on the reaction;
N₂(g) + H₂(g) 2NH₃(g)
If 2.70L of hydrogen gas H₂ reacts completely
with excess nitrogen gas by this reaction, how
many grams of ammonia NH₃ are produced? The
reaction is carried out by 3.00 atm and 298K
2. What volume of Oxygen is needed to react with solid
carbon to form 2.5L of carbon dioxide gas?
C(s) + O₂(g) CO₂(g)
3. How many L of CO₂ are produced when 1.25L of
methane CH₄ gas reacts with 2.35L of O₂? Assume that
the reaction will only produced CO₂ and water.
CH₄ + O₂ CO₂ + H₂O
a. If 1.25L of CH₄ are all consumed, the volume of CO₂
produced is;
b. If 2.35L O₂ are all consumed, the volume of CO₂
produced is;
Answer:
Compression and Expansion
Example: Squeeze a pillow made of foam
Once it is compress, its volume is reduced ( air
inside is easily pushed into a smaller volume.
Once you release it, it will return to its original
shape.
• Due to random motion of the air particle filling
the available space inside the pillow.
Graham’s Law of Effusion and Diffusion
Founded by Thomas Graham (1846)
• states that the rate of diffusion of a gas is
inversely proportional to the square root of its
molar mass.
• Effusion- is the process by which a gas escapes
through a tiny hole in its container into an
evacuated space.
Rate of diffusion ∝ __1__
√ 𝓜
Diffusion – is the spread of gas molecules of one
type through those of another type.
- It is always from the region where the amount of
gas particles is high to a region where the amount of
gas particles is low.
The diffusion of gas is possible because according to the
kinetic molecular theory, there are no significant forces of
attraction between gas particles. Thus, gas particles can
flow easily past each other and can easily move on empty
space.
The rate of diffusion of a gas mainly depends on its mass. In
general lighter gases diffuses faster than heavier gas.
Using the Graham’s Law, you can compare the
rates of diffusion of two gases using the
following equation.
Formula: ____________ ____
RateA =⎷Molar massB = ⎷ DB
RateB Molar massA DA

R is the rate of diffusion/effusion

M is the molar mass /molecular weight of the gas
D is the density of the gas.
Example: A mixture of helium (He) and methane
(CH₄) is placed in an effusion apparatus. Calculate
the ratio of their effusion rates.
Solution:
Mass of CH₄:16.04g/mol, Mass of He: 4.003g/mol
C: 12.001g
H: 4(1.0079)
_____ ___________ _______
RateHe =⎷MCH₄ = ⎷ 16.04g/mol =⎷ 4.007 = 2.002
RateCH₄ MHe 4.003g/mol
* The lighter He should effuse faster than the heavier CH₄.
Example: Density
Gas AB diffuses 2.5 times faster that of SO₂ gas. Calculate the
molecular weight of the AB gas.
Given: Mass of SO₂: 64.1g/mol S:32.066, O:2(15.9997)31.999
Rate AB = 2.5 times
Formula: _____
Rate AB =⎷ M SO₂
Rate SO₂ M AB
_________ _______ _____
MAB = ⎷ MSO₂ RSO₂ = ⎷(64)(1) = ⎷ 25.6 = 5.06g/mol
RAB 2.5
Practice Exercises:
A. Determine the effusion rates of the following
pairs of gases.
1. Nitrogen (N₂) and methane (CH₄).
2. Neon (Ne) and argon (Ar).
3. Prophine (PH₃) and ammonia (NH₄).
4. Butane (C₄H₁₀) and ethylene (C₂H₄).
5. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O).
B. If it takes 1.25mim for 0.010mol of He to effuse,
how long will it take for the same amount of
ethane C₂H₆ to effuse?
Answers: