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Solved Examples
TYPED PROBLEMS

Type 1. Based on de-Broglie wavelength

V Example 1 A proton is fired from very far away towards a nucleus with charge
Q = 120 e, where e is the electronic charge. It makes a closest approach of 10 fm to
the nucleus. The de-Broglie wavelength (in units of fm) of the proton at its start is
[Take the proton mass, m p = ( 5 /3) ´ 10 -27 kg, h /e = 4.2 ´ 10 -15 J-s/C,
1
= 9 ´ 10 9 m/F, 1 fm = 10 -15 m]
4pe 0 (JEE 2013)

Solution r = closest distance = 10 fm Ze

K e
From energy conservation, we have + Å
Ki + Ui = K f + U f
1 qq
or K + 0 =0 + . 1 2 r
4pe0 r
1 (120 e) (e)
or K = . …(i)
4pe0 r
de-Broglie wavelength,
h
l= …(ii)
2Km
Substituting the given values in above two equations, we get
l = 7 ´ 10-15 m = 7 fm

V Example 2 Find de-Broglie wavelength of single electron in 2 nd orbit of

hydrogen atom by two methods.
Solution Method 1 Kinetic energy of single electron in 2nd orbit is 3.4 eV using the
equation,
150 150
l= = = 6.64 Å Ans.
KE (in eV ) 3.4
Method 2 Circumference of nth orbit = nl
\ 2 pr = 2 l
or l = pr
Now, r µ n2
r1 = 0.529 Å
\ l = p (0.529)(2)2Å
= 6.64 Å Ans.
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Chapter 33 Modern Physics - I — 289

Type 2. Based on Bohr’s atomic models

V Example 3 The electric potential between a proton and an electron is given by
r
V = V 0 ln , where r0 is a constant. Assuming Bohr model to be applicable,
r0
write variation of rn with n, being the principal quantum number. (JEE 2003)
1 1
(a) rn µ n (b) rn µ (c) rn µ n 2 (d) rn µ
n n2
ærö
Solution Q U = eV = eV 0 ln çç ÷÷
è r0 ø
dU eV 0
|F |= - =
dr r
mv2 eV 0
This force will provide the necessary centripetal force. Hence, =
r r
eV 0
or v= …(i)
m
nh
Moreover, mvr = …(ii)
2p
Dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we have
æ nh ö m
mr = ç ÷ or rn µ n
è 2p ø eV 0

V Example 4 Imagine an atom made up of proton and a hypothetical particle of

double the mass of the electron but having the same charge as the electron. Apply
the Bohr atom model and consider all possible transitions of this hypothetical
particle to the first excited level. The longest wavelength photon that will be
emitted has wavelength l (given in terms of the Rydberg constant R for the
hydrogen atom) equal to (JEE 2000)
(a) 9/5R (b) 36/5R (c) 18/5R (d) 4/R
Rhc
Solution In hydrogen atom, E n = - 2
n
Also, En µ m
where, m is the mass of the electron.
Here, the electron has been replaced by a particle whose mass is double of an electron.
Therefore, for this hypothetical atom energy in nth orbit will be given by
2Rhc
En = -
n2
The longest wavelength l max (or minimum energy) photon will correspond to the transition of
particle from n = 3 to n = 2 .
hc æ1 1ö
\ = E3 - E 2 = 2Rhc ç 2 - 2 ÷
l max è2 3 ø
This gives, l max = 18 / 5R
\ The correct option is (c).
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290 — Optics and Modern Physics

V Example 5 The recoil speed of a hydrogen atom after it emits a photon is going
from n = 5 state to n = 1 state is ........ m/s. (JEE 1997)
Solution From conservation of linear momentum,
|Momentum of recoil hydrogen atom| = |Momentum of emitted photon|
DE
or mv =
c
é 1 1ù
Here, DE = E5 - E1 = – 13.6 ê 2 - 2 ú eV
ë5 1 û
= (13.6) (24 / 25) eV = 13.056 eV
= 13.056 ´ 1.6 ´ 10-19 J = 2.09 ´ 10-18 J
and m = mass of hydrogen atom = 1.67 ´ 10-27 kg
DE 2.09 ´ 10-18
\ v= =
mc (1.67 ´ 10-27 ) (3 ´ 108 )
v » 4.17 m/s

V Example 6 A hydrogen like atom (described by the Bohr model) is observed to

emit six wavelengths, originating from all possible transitions between a group of
levels. These levels have energies between – 0.85 eV and –0.544 eV (including both
these values). (JEE 2002)
(a) Find the atomic number of the atom.
(b) Calculate the smallest wavelength emitted in these transitions.
(Take, hc = 1240 eV-nm, ground state energy of hydrogen atom = -13.6 eV)
Solution (a) Total 6 lines are emitted. Therefore,
n (n - 1)
=6 or n =4
2
So, transition is taking place between mth energy state and (m + 3) th energy state.
æ Z 2ö
Em = - 0.85 eV or -13.6 çç 2 ÷÷ = - 0.85
èm ø
Z
or = 0.25 …(i)
m
Similarly, Em + 3 = - 0.544 eV
Z2
or -13.6 = - 0.544
(m + 3)2
Z
or = 0.2 …(ii)
(m + 3)
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii) for Z and m, we get
m = 12 and Z = 3 Ans.
(b) Smallest wavelength corresponds to maximum difference of energies which is obviously
Em + 3 - Em
\ D E max = - 0.544 - (- 0.85) = 0.306 eV
hc 1240
\ l min = = = 4052.3 nm Ans.
DE max 0.306
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Chapter 33 Modern Physics - I — 291

V Example 7 A hydrogen like atom of atomic number Z is in an excited state of

quantum number 2n. It can emit a maximum energy photon of 204 eV. If it makes
a transition to quantum state n, a photon of energy 40.8 eV is emitted. Find n, Z
and the ground state energy (in eV) of this atom. Also calculate the minimum
energy (in eV) that can be emitted by this atom during de-excitation. Ground state
energy of hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV. (JEE 2000)
Solution Let ground state energy (in eV) be E1.
Then, from the given condition
E 2n - E1 = 204 eV
E1
or - E1 = 204 eV
4n 2
æ 1 ö
or E1 ç 2 - 1÷ = 204 eV …(i)
è 4n ø
and E 2n - E n = 40.8 eV
E1 E
or - 1 = 40.8 eV
4n 2 n 2
æ -3 ö
or E1 ç 2 ÷ = 40.8 eV …(ii)
è 4n ø
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1
1-
4n 2 = 5 or 1 = 1 + 15
3 4n 2 4n 2
2
4n
4
or = 1 or n = 2
n2
From Eq. (ii),
4 2
E1 = - n (40.8) eV
3
4
= - (2)2 (40.8) eV
3
or E1 = - 217.6 eV
E1 = - (13.6) Z 2
E1 -217.6
\ Z2 = = = 16
-13.6 -13.6
\ Z =4
E1 E1
E min = E 2n - E 2n - 1 = 2
-
4n (2n - 1)2
E1 E1 7
= - =- E1
16 9 144
æ 7 ö
=-ç ÷ (- 217.6) eV
è 144 ø
\ E min = 10.58 eV
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292 — Optics and Modern Physics

V Example 8 A hydrogen like atom (atomic number Z) is in a higher excited state

of quantum number n. The excited atom can make a transition to the first excited
state by successively emitting two photons of energy 10.2 eV and 17.0 eV,
respectively. Alternatively, the atom from the same excited state can make a
transition to the second excited state by successively emitting two photons of
energies 4.25 eV and 5.95 eV, respectively. (JEE 1994)
Determine the values of n and Z.
(Ionization energy of H-atom = 13.6 eV)
Solution From the given conditions,
E n - E 2 = (10.2 + 17) eV = 27.2 eV …(i)
and E n - E3 = (4.25 + 5.95) eV = 10.2 eV …(ii)
Eq. (i) - Eq. (ii) gives
æ1 1ö
E3 - E 2 = 17.0 eV or Z 2 (13.6) ç - ÷ = 17.0
è4 9ø
Þ Z 2 (13.6) (5 / 36) = 17.0
Þ Z 2 = 9 or Z = 3
From Eq. (i),
æ1 1 ö æ1 1 ö
Z 2 (13.6) ç - 2 ÷ = 27.2 or (3)2 (13.6) ç - 2 ÷ = 27.2
è 4 n ø è4 n ø
1 1
or - = 0.222 or 1 / n 2 = 0.0278
4 n2
or n 2 = 36 Þ n =6

Type 3. Based on X-rays

V Example 9 Determine the energy of the characteristic X-ray ( K b ) emitted from a
tungsten ( Z = 74) target when an electron drops from the M-shell ( n = 3) to a
vacancy in the K-shell ( n = 1).
Solution Energy associated with the electron in the K-shell is approximately
EK = – (74 – 1)2 (13.6 eV ) = – 72474 eV
An electron in the M-shell is subjected to an effective nuclear charge that depends on the
number of electrons in the n = 1 and n = 2 states because these electrons shield the M electrons
from the nucleus. Because there are eight electrons in the n = 2 state and one remaining in the
n = 1 state, roughly nine electrons shield M electrons from the nucleus.
So, Z eff = z – 9
Hence, the energy associated with an electron in the M-shell is
2
–13.6 Z eff –13.6 (Z – 9)2
EM = 2
eV = eV
3 32
(13.6) (74 – 9)2
=– eV = – 6384 eV
9
Therefore, emitted X-ray has an energy equal to
EM – EK = {–6384 – (–72474)} eV = 66090 eV Ans.
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Chapter 33 Modern Physics - I — 293

V Example 10 The potential difference applied to an X-ray tube is 5 kV and the

current through it is 3.2 mA. Then, the number of electrons striking the target per
second is (JEE 2002)
(a) 2 ´ 1016 (b) 5 ´ 106
(c) 1 ´ 1017 (d) 4 ´ 1015
q ne
Solution Q i = =
t t
it
\ n=
e
Substituting i = 3.2 ´ 10-3 A,
e = 1.6 ´ 10-19 C and t = 1 s
We get, n = 2 ´ 1016
\ The correct answer is (a).

V Example 11 X-rays are incident on a target metal atom having 30 neutrons.

The ratio of atomic radius of the target atom and 42 He is ( 14)1/3 . (JEE 2005)
(a) Find the mass number of target atom.
(b) Find the frequency of K a line emitted by this metal.
Hint : Radius of a nucleus (r) has the following relation with mass number (A).
r µ A1/ 3
(R = 1.1 ´ 107 m -1 , c = 3 ´ 108 m/s)
Solution (a) From the relation r µ A1/3 ,
1/3
r2 æ A2 ö
We have, =ç ÷
r1 çè A1 ÷ø
1/3
æ A2 ö
or ç ÷ = (14)1/3
è 4 ø
\ A2 = 56
(b) Z 2 = A2 - number of neutrons
= 56 - 30 = 26
æ1 1 ö 3Rc
\ f = Rc (Z - 1)2 ç 2 - 2 ÷ = (Z - 1)2
è 1 2 ø 4
Substituting the given values of R, c and Z, we get
f = 1.55 ´ 1018 Hz

V Example 12 Stopping potential of 24, 100, 110 and 115 kV are measured for
photoelectrons emitted from a certain element when it is radiated with
monochromatic X-ray. If this element is used as a target in an X-ray tube, what
will be the wavelength of K a -line?
Solution Stopping potentials are 24, 100, 110 and 115 kV, i.e. if the electrons are emitted
from conduction band, maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons would be 115 ´ 103 eV. If they
are emitted from next inner shell, maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons would be
110 ´ 103 eV and so on.
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294 — Optics and Modern Physics

For photoelectrons of L- shell it would be 100 ´ 103 eV and for K-shell it is 24 ´ 103 eV.
Therefore, difference between energy of L-shell and K-shell is
DE = EL – EK
= (100 – 24) ´ 103 eV
= 76 ´ 103 eV
\ Wavelength of K a -line (transition of electron from L-shell to K-shell) is,
12375 12375
lK a (in Å ) = =
DE (in eV ) 76 ´ 103
= 0.163 Å Ans.

V Example 13 In Moseley’s equation f = a ( Z – b), a and b are constants. Find

their values with the help of the following data.
Element Z Wavelength of Ka X-rays

Mo 42 0.71 Å
Co 27 1.785 Å

Solution f = a (Z – b)
c
or = a (Z 1 – b) …(i)
l1
c
and = a (Z 2 – b) …(ii)
l2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
é 1 1 ù
cê – ú = a (Z 1 – Z 2) …(iii)
ë l1 l2 û
Solving above three equations with c = 3.0 ´ 108 m/s, l1 = 0.71 ´ 10–10 m
–10
l 2 = 1.785 ´ 10 m, Z 1 = 42 and Z 2 = 27, we get
a = 5 ´ 107 (Hz )1/ 2 and b = 1.37 Ans.

Type 4. Based on photoelectric effect

V Example 14 A monochromatic light source of frequency f illuminates a metallic
surface and ejects photoelectrons. The photoelectrons having maximum energy are
just able to ionize the hydrogen atoms in ground state. When the whole
5
experiment is repeated with an incident radiation of frequency f, the
6
photoelectrons so emitted are able to excite the hydrogen atom beam which then
emits a radiation of wavelength 1215 Å.
(a) What is the frequency of radiation?
(b) Find the work-function of the metal.
Solution (a) Using Einstein’s equation of photoelectric effect,
K max = hf – W
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Chapter 33 Modern Physics - I — 295

Here, K max = 13.6 eV

\ hf – W = 13.6 eV …(i)
æ5 ö 12375
Further, h ç f÷ – W = = 10.2 eV …(ii)
è6 ø 1215
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
hf (6) (3.4) (1.6 ´ 10–19 )
= 3.4 eV or f =
6 (6.63 ´ 10–34 )
= 4.92 ´ 1015 Hz Ans.
(b) W = hf – 13.6 [from Eq. (i)]
= 6 (3.4) – 13.6 = 6.8 eV Ans.

V Example 15 The graph between 1/l and stopping potential (V ) of three metals
having work-functions f 1 , f 2 and f 3 in an experiment of photoelectric effect is
plotted as shown in the figure. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
(Here, l is the wavelength of the incident ray). (JEE 2006)
V

Metal 1 Metal 2 Metal 3

q
0.001 0.002 0.004 1/l nm–1
(a) Ratio of work-functions f1 : f2 : f3 = 1 : 2 : 4
(b) Ratio of work-functions f1 : f2 : f3 = 4 : 2 : 1
(c) tan q is directly proportional to hc / e, where h is Planck constant and c is the speed of light
(d) The violet colour light can eject photoelectrons from metals 2 and 3
Solution From the relation,
hc æ hc ö æ 1 ö f
eV = - f or V = ç ÷ ç ÷ -
l è e ø è lø e
hc
This is equation of straight line. Slope is tan q = .
e
hc
Further V = 0 at f =
l
hc hc hc 1 1 1
\ f1 : f2 : f3 = : : = : : =1:2:4
l 01 l 02 l 03 l 01 l 02 l 03
1
= 0.001 nm-1 or l 01 = 10000 Å
l 01
1
= 0.002 nm-1 or l 02 = 5000 Å
l 02
1
= 0.004 nm-1 or l 03 = 2500 Å
l 03
Violet colour has wavelength 4000 Å.
So, violet colour can eject photoelectrons from metal 1 and metal 2.
\ The correct options are (a) and (c).
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296 — Optics and Modern Physics

V Example 16 A beam of light has three wavelengths 4144 Å, 4972 Å and 6216 Å
with a total intensity of 3.6 ´ 10 -3 Wm -2 equally distributed amongst the three
wavelengths. The beam falls normally on an area 1.0 cm2 of a clean metallic
surface of work-function 2.3 eV. Assume that there is no loss of light by reflection
and that each energetically capable photon ejects one electron. Calculate the
number of photoelectrons liberated in two seconds. (JEE 1989)
Solution Energy of photon having wavelength 4144 Å,
12375
E1 = eV
4144
= 2.99 eV
12375
Similarly, E2 = eV
4972
= 2.49 eV and
12375
E3 = eV
6216
= 1.99 eV
Since, only E1 and E 2 are greater than the work-function W = 2.3 eV , only first two
wavelengths are capable for ejecting photoelectrons. Given intensity is equally distributed in all
wavelengths. Therefore, intensity corresponding to each wavelength is
3.6 ´ 10-3
= 1.2 ´ 10-3 W/m2
3
Or energy incident per second in the given area ( A = 1.0 cm2 = 10-4 m2) is
P = 1.2 ´ 10-3 ´ 10-4
= 1.2 ´ 10-7 J/s
Let n1 be the number of photons incident per unit time in the given area corresponding to first
wavelength. Then,
P
n1 =
E1
1.2 ´ 10-7
=
2.99 ´ 1.6 ´ 10-19
= 2.5 ´ 1011
P
Similarly, n2 =
E2
1.2 ´ 10-7
=
2.49 ´ 1.6 ´ 10-19
= 3.0 ´ 1011
Since, each energetically capable photon ejects one electron, total number of photoelectrons
liberated in 2 s.
= 2(n1 + n2)
= 2 (2.5 + 3.0) ´ 1011
= 1.1 ´ 1012 Ans.
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Miscellaneous Examples
V Example 17 Two metallic plates A and B each of area 5 ´ 10 -4 m2 , are placed
parallel to each other at a separation of 1 cm. Plate B carries a positive charge of
33.7 ´ 10 -12 C. A monochromatic beam of light, with photons of energy 5 eV each,
starts falling on plate A at t = 0 so that 1016 photons fall on it per square metre
per second. Assume that one photoelectron is emitted for every 10 6 incident
photons. Also assume that all the emitted photoelectrons are collected by plate B
and the work-function of plate A remains constant at the value 2 eV.
Determine (JEE 2002)
(a) the number of photoelectrons emitted upto t = 10 s,
(b) the magnitude of the electric field between the plates A and B at t = 10 s and
(c) the kinetic energy of the most energetic photoelectrons emitted at t = 10s when it reaches
plate B.
Neglect the time taken by the photoelectron to reach plate B.
(Take, e 0 = 8.85 ´ 10-12C 2 / N -m 2).
Solution Area of plates, = 5 ´ 10-4 m2
Distance between the plates, d = 1 cm = 10-2 m
(a) Number of photoelectrons emitted upto t = 10 s are
(number of photons falling on unit area in unit time) ´ (area ´ time)
n=
106
1
= 6 [(10)16 ´ (5 ´ 10-4 ) ´ (10)]
10
= 5.0 ´ 107 Ans.
(b) At time t = 10 s,
Charge on plate A, qA = + ne = (5.0 ´ 107 ) (1.6 ´ 10-19 )
= 8.0 ´ 10-12 C
and charge on plate B,
qB = (33.7 ´ 10-12 - 8.0 ´ 10-12)
= 25.7 ´ 10-12 C
(q - qA )
\ Electric field between the plates, E = B
2 Ae0
(25.7 - 8.0) ´ 10-12
or E=
2 ´ (5 ´ 10-4 ) (8.85 ´ 10-12)
= 2 ´ 103 N/C
(c) Energy of most energetic photoelectrons at plate A,
= E - W = (5 - 2) eV = 3 eV
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298 — Optics and Modern Physics

Increase in energy of photoelectrons

= (eEd ) joule = (Ed ) eV
= (2 ´ 103 ) (10-2) eV = 20 eV
Energy of photoelectrons at plate B
= (20 + 3) eV = 23 eV Ans.

V Example 18 Photoelectrons are emitted when 400 nm radiation is incident on a

surface of work-function 1.9 eV. These photoelectrons pass through a region
containing a-particles. A maximum energy electron combines with an a-particle to
form a He + ion, emitting a single photon in this process. He + ions thus formed are
in their fourth excited state. Find the energies in eV of the photons lying in the
2 to 4 eV range, that are likely to be emitted during and after the combination.
[Take, h = 4.14 ´ 10 -15 eV-s] (JEE 1999)
Solution Given work-function W = 1.9 eV
Wavelength of incident light, l = 400 nm
hc
\ Energy of incident light, E = = 3.1 eV
l
(Substituting the values of h, c and l)
Therefore, maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons
K max = E - W = (3.1 - 1.9) = 1.2 eV
Now, the situation is as shown in figure.
e–
K max = 1.2eV n=5
E 5 = – 2.2 eV

a-particles He+ in fourth

excited state or
n=5 He+
(Z = 2)

Energy of electron in 4th excited state of He+ (n = 5) will be

Z2
E5 = - 13.6 eV
n2
(2)2
Þ E5 = - (13.6) 2 = - 2.2 eV
(5)
Therefore, energy released during the combination
= 1.2 - (-2.2) = 3.4 eV
Similarly, energies in other energy states of He+ will be
(2)2
E 4 = - 13.6 = - 3.4 eV
(4)2
(2)2
E3 = - 13.6 = - 6.04 eV
(3)2
(2)2
E 2 = - 13.6 = - 13.6 eV
(2)2
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Chapter 33 Modern Physics - I — 299

The possible transitions are

DE5 ® 4 = E5 - E 4 = 1.2 eV < 2 eV
DE5 ® 3 = E5 - E3 = 3.84 eV
DE5 ® 2 = E5 - E 2 = 11.4 eV > 4 eV
DE 4 ® 3 = E 4 - E3 = 2.64 eV
DE 4 ® 2 = E 4 - E 2 = 10.2 eV > 4 eV
Hence, the energy of emitted photons in the range of 2 eV and 4 eV are 3.4 eV during
combination and 3.84 eV and 2.64 after combination.

V Example 19 Light from a discharge tube containing hydrogen atoms falls on

the surface of a piece of sodium. The kinetic energy of the fastest photoelectrons
emitted from sodium is 0.73 eV. The work-function for sodium is 1.82 eV. (JEE 1992)
Find
(a) the energy of the photons causing the photoelectrons emission.
(b) the quantum numbers of the two levels involved in the emission of these photons.
(c) the change in the angular momentum of the electron in the hydrogen atom, in the above
transition, and
(d) the recoil speed of the emitting atom assuming it to be at rest before the transition.
(Ionization potential of hydrogen is 13.6 eV.)
Solution (a) From Einstein’s equation of photoelectric effect,
Energy of photons causing the photoelectric emission
= Maximum kinetic energy of emitted photons + work-function
or E = K max + W = (0.73 + 1.82) eV
or E = 2.55 eV Ans.
(b) In case of a hydrogen atom,
E1 = - 13.6 eV , E 2 = - 3.4 eV , E3 = - 1.5 eV
E 4 = - 0.85 eV
Since, E 4 - E 2 = 2.55 eV
Therefore, quantum numbers of the two levels involved in the emission of these photons are 4
and 2(4 ® 2).
(c) Change in angular momentum in transition from 4 to 2 will be
æhö æhö h
DL = L 2 - L 4 = 2 ç ÷ - 4 ç ÷ or DL = -
è 2p ø è 2p ø p
(d) From conservation of linear momentum
|Momentum of hydrogen atom|=|Momentum of emitted photon|
E
or mv = (m = mass of hydrogen atom)
c
E (2.55 ´ 1.6 ´ 10-19 J)
or v= =
mc (1.67 ´ 10-27 kg ) (3.0 ´ 108 m/s )

v = 0.814 m/s Ans.

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300 — Optics and Modern Physics

V Example 20 If an X-ray tube operates at the voltage of 10 kV , find the ratio of

the de-Broglie wavelength of the incident electrons to the shortest wavelength of
X-rays produced. The specific charge of electron is 1.8 ´ 1011 C / kg .
Solution de-Broglie wavelength when a charge q is accelerated by a potential difference of V
volts is
h
lb = …(i)
2qVm
hc
For cut off wavelength of X-rays, we have qV =
lm
hc
or lm = …(ii)
qV
qV
lb 2m
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get =
lm c
q
For electron = 1.8 ´ 1011 C/kg (given). Substituting the values the desired ratio is
m
1.8 ´ 1011 ´ 10 ´ 103
lb 2
= = 0.1 Ans.
lm 3 ´ 108

V Example 21 The wavelength of the first line of Lyman series for hydrogen is
identical to that of the second line of Balmer series for some hydrogen like ion x.
Calculate energies of the first four levels of x.
Solution Wavelength of the first line of Lyman series for hydrogen atom will be given by the
equation
1 æ1 1 ö 3R
= R ç 2 – 2÷ = …(i)
l1 è1 2 ø 4
The wavelength of second Balmer line for hydrogen like ion x is
1 æ1 1 ö 3RZ 2
= RZ 2ç 2 – 2 ÷ = …(ii)
l2 è2 4 ø 16
1 1
Given that l1 = l 2 or =
l1 l 2
3R 3RZ 2
i.e. =
4 16
\ Z =2
i.e. x ion is He+ . The energies of first four levels of x are
E1 = – (13.6) Z 2 = – 54.4 eV
E
E 2 = 12 = – 13.6 eV
(2)
E
E3 = 12 = – 6.04 eV
(3)
E
and E 4 = 12 = – 3.4 eV Ans.
(4)
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Chapter 33 Modern Physics - I — 301

V Example 22 A moving hydrogen atom makes a head on collision with a

stationary hydrogen atom. Before collision both atoms are in ground state and
after collision they move together. What is the minimum value of the kinetic
energy of the moving hydrogen atom, such that one of the atoms reaches one of the
excited state?
Solution Let K be the kinetic energy of the moving hydrogen atom and K ¢, the kinetic energy
of combined mass after collision.

n=2
K¢
K
DE = 10.2 eV
m m 2m

n=1

From conservation of linear momentum,

p = p¢ or
2Km = 2K ¢ (2m)
or K = 2K ¢ …(i)
From conservation of energy, K = K ¢ + DE …(ii)
K
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get DE =
2
Now, minimum value of DE for hydrogen atom is 10.2 eV.
or DE ³ 10.2 eV
K
\ ³ 10.2
2
\ K ³ 20.4 eV
Therefore, the minimum kinetic energy of moving hydrogen is 20.4 eV. Ans.

V Example 23 An imaginary particle has a charge equal to that of an electron

and mass 100 times the mass of the electron. It moves in a circular orbit around a
nucleus of charge + 4e. Take the mass of the nucleus to be infinite. Assuming that
the Bohr model is applicable to this system.
(a) Derive an expression for the radius of nth Bohr orbit.
(b) Find the wavelength of the radiation emitted when the particle jumps from fourth orbit
to the second orbit.
m pv2 1 Ze2
Solution (a) We have = …(i)
rn 4pe0 rn2
The quantization of angular momentum gives
nh
m pvrn = …(ii)
2p
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
n 2h 2e0
r=
Zpm pe2
Substituting m p = 100 m
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302 — Optics and Modern Physics

where, m = mass of electron and Z = 4

n 2h 2e0
We get, rn = Ans.
400 p me2
(b) As we know, E1H = – 13.60 eV
æ Z 2ö
and E n µ çç 2 ÷÷ m
èn ø
(–13.60) (4)2
For the given particle, E4 = ´ 100
(4)2
= – 1360 eV
(–13.60) (4)2
and E2 = ´ 100
(2)2
= – 5440 eV
DE = E 4 – E 2
= 4080 eV
12375
\ l (in Å ) =
DE (in eV )
12375
=
4080
= 3.0 Å Ans.

V Example 24 The energy levels of a hypothetical one electron atom are given by
18.0
En = - eV
n2
where n = 1, 2, 3, ¼
(a) Compute the four lowest energy levels and construct the energy level diagram.
(b) What is the first excitation potential
(c) What wavelengths (Å) can be emitted when these atoms in the ground state are
bombarded by electrons that have been accelerated through a potential difference of
16.2 V?
(d) If these atoms are in the ground state, can they absorb radiation having a wavelength
of 2000 Å?
(e) What is the photoelectric threshold wavelength of this atom?
–18.0
Solution (a) E1 = = – 18.0 eV
(1)2
–18.0
E2 = = – 4.5 eV
(2)2
–18.0
E3 = = – 2.0 eV
(3)2
–18.0
and E4 = = – 1.125 eV
(4)2
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Chapter 33 Modern Physics - I — 303

The energy level diagram is shown in figure.

E4 = –1.125 eV
E3 = –2.0 eV

E2 = – 4.5 eV

E1 = –18.0 eV

(b) E 2 - E1 = 13.5 eV
\ First excitation potential is 13.5 V.
(c) Energy of the electron accelerated by a potential difference of 16.2 V is 16.2 eV. With this
energy the electron can excite the atom from n = 1 to n = 3 as
E 4 – E1 = – 1.125 – (–18.0) = 16.875 eV > 16.2 eV
and E3 – E1 = – 2.0 – (–18.0) = 16.0 eV < 16.2 eV
12375 12375
Now, l32 = =
E3 – E 2 – 2.0 – (– 4.5)
= 4950 Å Ans.
12375 12375
l31 = = = 773 Å Ans.
E3 – E1 16
12375 12375
and l 21 = =
E 2 – E1 – 4.5 – (–18.0)
= 917 Å Ans.
(d) No, the energy corresponding to l = 2000 Å is
12375
E= = 6.1875 eV Ans.
2000
The minimum excitation energy is 13.5 eV (n = 1 to n = 2).
(e) Threshold wavelength for photoemission to take place from such an atom is
12375
l min =
18
= 687.5 Å Ans.

V Example 25 In a photocell the plates P and Q have a separation of 5 cm, which

are connected through a galvanometer without any cell. Bichromatic light of
wavelengths 4000 Å and 6000 Å are incident on plate Q whose work-function is
2.39 eV . If a uniform magnetic field B exists parallel to the plates, find the
minimum value of B for which the galvanometer shows zero deflection.
Solution Energy of photons corresponding to light of wavelength l1 = 4000 Å is
12375
E1 = = 3.1 eV
4000
and that corresponding to l 2 = 6000 Å is
12375
E2 = = 2.06 eV
6000
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304 — Optics and Modern Physics

As, E 2 < W and E1 > W (W = work-function)

Photoelectric emission is possible with l1 only.

B
G u r d

Photoelectrons experience magnetic force and move along a circular path. The galvanometer
will indicate zero deflection if the photoelectrons just complete semicircular path before
reaching the plate P.
Thus, d = r = 5 cm
\ r = 5 cm = 0.05 m
mv 2Km
Further, r= =
Bq Bq
2Km
\ Bmin =
rq
Here, K = E1 – W = (3.1 – 2.39)
= 0.71 eV
Substituting the values, we have
2 ´ 0.71 ´ 1.6 ´ 10–19 ´ 9.109 ´ 10–31
Bmin =
(0.05) (1.6 ´ 10–19 )
= 5.68 ´ 10–5 T Ans.
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Exercises
LEVEL 1
Assertion and Reason
Directions : Choose the correct option.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true, but the Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but the Reason is true.
1. Assertion : X-rays cannot be deflected by electric or magnetic fields.
Reason : These are electromagnetic waves.
2. Assertion : If wavelength of light is doubled, energy and momentum of photons are reduced
to half.
Reason : By increasing the wavelength, speed of photons will decrease.
3. Assertion : We can increase the saturation current in photoelectric experiment without
increasing the intensity of light.
Reason : Intensity can be increased by increasing the frequency of incident photons.
4. Assertion : Photoelectric effect proves the particle nature of light.
Reason : Photoemission starts as soon as light is incident on the metal surface, provided
frequency of incident light is greater than or equal to the threshold frequency.
5. Assertion : During de-excitation from n = 6 to n = 3, total six emission lines may be obtained.
n ( n - 1)
Reason : From n = n to n = 1, total emission lines are obtained.
2
6. Assertion : If frequency of incident light is doubled, the stopping potential will also become
two times.
Reason : Stopping potential is given by
h
V0 =
(n - n 0 )
e
7. Assertion : X-rays cannot be obtained in the emission spectrum of hydrogen atom.
Reason : Maximum energy of photons emitted from hydrogen spectrum is 13.6 eV.
8. Assertion : If applied potential difference in coolidge tube is increased, then difference
between K a wavelength and cut off wavelength will increase.
Reason : Cut off wavelength is inversely proportional to the applied potential difference in
coolidge tube.
9. Assertion : In n = 2, energy of electron in hydrogen like atoms is more compared to n = 1.
Reason : Electrostatic potential energy in n = 2 is more.
10. Assertion : In continuous X-ray spectrum, all wavelengths can be obtained.
Reason : Accelerated (or retarded) charged particles radiate energy. This is the cause of
production of continuous X-rays.
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306 — Optics and Modern Physics

Objective Questions
1. According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, the plot of the maximum kinetic energy of the
emitted photoelectrons from a metal versus frequency of the incident radiation gives a straight
line whose slope
(a) depends on the nature of metal used
(b) depends on the intensity of radiation
(c) depends on both intensity of radiation and the nature of metal used
(d) is the same for all metals and independent of the intensity of radiation
2. The velocity of the electron in the first Bohr orbit as compared to that of light is about
(a) 1/300 (b) 1/500
(c) 1/137 (d) 1/187
222
3. 86 A ® 84B210. In this reaction, how many a and b particles are emitted?
(a) 6 a , 3 b (b) 3 a , 4 b
(c) 4 a , 3 b (d) 3 a , 6 b
4. An X-ray tube is operated at 20 kV. The cut off wavelength is
(a) 0.89 Å (b) 0.75 Å
(c) 0.62 Å (d) None of these
5. An X-ray tube is operated at 18 kV. The maximum velocity of electron striking the target is
(a) 8 ´107 m/s (b) 6 ´107 m/s
(c) 5 ´107 m/s (d) None of these
6. What is the ratio of de-Broglie wavelength of electron in the second and third Bohr orbits in the
hydrogen atoms?
(a) 2/3 (b) 3/2
(c) 4/3 (d) 3/4
7. The energy of a hydrogen like atom (or ion) in its ground state is – 122.4 eV. It may be
(a) hydrogen atom (b) He +
(c) Li 2+ (d) Be3 +
8. The operating potential in an X-ray tube is increased by 2%. The percentage change in the cut
off wavelength is
(a) 1% increase (b) 2% increase
(c) 2% decrease (d) 1% decrease
9. The energy of an atom or ion in the first excited state is –13.6 eV. It may be
(a) He + (b) Li + +
(c) hydrogen (d) deuterium
10. In order that the short wavelength limit of the continuous X-ray spectrum be 1 Å, the potential
difference through which an electron must be accelerated is
(a) 124 kV (b) 1.24 kV
(c) 12.4 kV (d) 1240 kV
11. The momentum of an X-ray photon with l = 0.5 Å is
(a) 13.26 ´ 10-26 kg-m/s
(b) 1.326 ´ 10-26 kg-m/s
(c) 13.26 ´ 10-24 kg-m/s
(d) 13.26 ´ 10-22 kg-m/s
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Chapter 33 Modern Physics - I — 307

12. The work-function of a substance is 1.6 eV. The longest wavelength of light that can produce
photoemission from the substance is
(a) 7750 Å (b) 3875 Å
(c) 5800 Å (d) 2900 Å
13. Find the binding energy of an electron in the ground state of a hydrogen like atom in whose
spectrum the third Balmer line is equal to 108.5 nm.
(a) 54.4 eV (b) 13.6 eV
(c) 112.4 eV (d) None of these
14. Let the potential energy of hydrogen atom in the ground state be zero. Then, its energy in the
first excited state will be
(a) 10.2 eV (b) 13.6 eV
(c) 23.8 eV (d) 27.2 eV
15. Light of wavelength 330 nm falling on a piece of metal ejects electrons with sufficient energy
with required voltage V 0 to prevent them from reaching a collector. In the same set up, light of
wavelength 220 nm ejects electrons which require twice the voltage V 0 to stop them in reaching
a collector. The numerical value of voltage V 0 is
16 15
(a) V (b) V
15 16
15 8
(c) V (d) V
8 15
16. Maximum kinetic energy of a photoelectron is E when the wavelength of incident light is l. If
energy becomes four times when wavelength is reduced to one-third, then work-function of the
metal is
3 hc hc
(a) (b)
l 3l
hc hc
(c) (d)
l 2l
17. If the frequency of K a X-ray emitted from the element with atomic number 31 is f, then the
frequency of K a X-ray emitted from the element with atomic number 51 would be
5f 51 f
(a) (b)
3 31
9f 25 f
(c) (d)
25 9
18. According to Moseley’s law, the ratio of the slope of graph between f and Z for K b and K a is
32 27
(a) (b)
27 32
5 36
(c) (d)
36 5
19. If the electron in hydrogen orbit jumps from third orbit to second orbit, the wavelength of the
emitted radiation is given by
R 5
(a) l = (b) l =
6 R
36 5R
(c) l = (d) l =
5R 36
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308 — Optics and Modern Physics

20. A potential of 10000 V is applied across an X-ray tube. Find the ratio of de-Broglie wavelength
associated with incident electrons to the minimum wavelength associated with X-rays.
(Given, e/m =1.8 ´ 1011 C/kg for electrons)
(a) 10 (b) 20
(c) 1/10 (d) 1/20
21. When a metallic surface is illuminated with monochromatic light of wavelength l, the stopping
potential is 5 V 0. When the same surface is illuminated with the light of wavelength 3l, the
stopping potential is V 0. Then, the work-function of the metallic surface is
(a) hc/6l (b) hc/5l
(c) hc/4l (d) 2hc/4l
22. The threshold frequency for a certain photosensitive metal is n 0. When it is illuminated by light
of frequency n = 2 n 0 , the stopping potential for photoelectric current is V 0. What will be the
stopping potential when the same metal is illuminated by light of frequency n = 3n 0?
(a) 1.5 V 0 (b) 2 V 0
(c) 2.5 V 0 (d) 3 V 0
23. The frequency of the first line in Lyman series in the hydrogen spectrum is n. What is the
frequency of the corresponding line in the spectrum of doubly ionized Lithium?
(a) n (b) 3 n
(c) 9 n (d) 2 n
24. Which energy state of doubly ionized lithium (Li + + ) has the same energy as that of the ground
state of hydrogen?
(a) n = 1 (b) n = 2
(c) n = 3 (d) n = 4
25. Two identical photo-cathodes receive light of frequencies n1 and n 2. If the velocities of the
photoelectrons (of mass m) coming out are v1 and v2 respectively, then
1/ 2
é 2h ù 2h
(a) v1 - v2 = ê (n1 - n 2)ú (b) v12 - v22 = (n1 - n 2)
ë m û m
1/ 2
é 2h ù 2h
(c) v1 + v2 = ê (n1 - n 2)ú (d) v12 + v22 = (n1 - n 2)
ë m û m
26. The longest wavelength of the Lyman series for hydrogen atom is the same as the wavelength
of a certain line in the spectrum of He+ when the electron makes a transition from n ® 2. The
value of n is
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
27. The wavelength of the K a - line for the uranium is (Z = 92) (R = 1.0973 ´107 m-1 )
(a) 1.5 Å (b) 0.5 Å (c) 0.15 Å (d) 2.0 Å
28. The frequencies of K a , K b and La X-rays of a material are g1 , g 2 and g3 respectively. Which of
the following relation holds good?
(a) g 2 = g1 g3 (b) g 2 = g1 + g3
g + g3
(c) g 2 = 1 (d) g3 = g1 g 2
2
29. A proton and an a-particle are accelerated through same potential difference. Then, the ratio of
de-Broglie wavelength of proton and a-particle is
1
(a) 2 (b) (c) 2 2 (d) None of these
2
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Chapter 33 Modern Physics - I — 309

30. If E1 , E2 and E3 represent respectively the kinetic energies of an electron , an a-particle and a
proton each having same de-Broglie wavelength, then
(a) E1 > E3 > E 2 (b) E 2 > E3 > E1
(c) E1 > E 2 > E3 (d) E1 = E 2 = E3
31. If the potential energy of a hydrogen atom in the ground state is assumed to be zero, then total
energy of n = ¥ is equal to
(a) 13.6 eV (b) 27.2 eV
(c) zero (d) None of these
32. A 1000 W transmitter works at a frequency of 880 kHz. The number of photons emitted per
second is
(a) 1.7 ´1028 (b) 1.7 ´1030
(c) 1.7 ´1023 (d) 1.7 ´1025
33. Electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 3000 Å is incident on an isolated platinum surface of
work-function 6.30 eV. Due to the radiation, the
(a) sphere becomes positively charged
(b) sphere becomes negatively charged
(c) sphere remains neutral
(d) maximum kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectrons would be 2.03 eV
34. The energy of a hydrogen atom in its ground state is – 13.6 eV. The energy of the level
corresponding to the quantum number n = 5 is
(a) – 0.54 eV (b) – 5.40 eV
(c) – 0.85 eV (d) – 2.72 eV
35. Ultraviolet radiation of 6.2 eV falls on an aluminium surface (work-function = 4.2 eV). The
kinetic energy in joule of the fastest electrons emitted is
(a) 3.2 ´ 10-21 (b) 3.2 ´ 10-19
(c) 3.2 ´ 10-17 (d) 3.2 ´ 10-15
36. What should be the velocity of an electron so that its momentum becomes equal to that of a
photon of wavelength 5200 Å?
(a) 700 m/s (b) 1000 m/s
(c) 1400 m/s (d) 2800 m/s
37. Photoelectric work-function of a metal is 1 eV. Light of wavelength l = 3000 Å falls on it. The
photoelectrons come out with maximum velocity
(a) 10 m/s (b) 103 m/s
(c) 104 m/s (d) 106 m/s

Subjective Questions
Note You can take approximations in the answers.
h = 6.62 ´ 10 -34 J- s, c = 3.0 ´ 10 8 m/ s, me = 9.1 ´ 10 -31 kg and 1 eV = 1.6 ´ 10 -19 J
1. For a given element the wavelength of the K a -line is 0.71 nm and of the K b-line it is 0.63 nm.
Use this information to find wavelength of the La -line.
2. The energy of the n = 2 state in a given element is E2 = – 2870 eV. Given that the wavelengths
of the K a and K b-lines are 0.71 nm and 0.63 nm respectively, determine the energies E1 and E3 .
3. 1.5 mW of 400 nm light is directed at a photoelectric cell. If 0.1% of the incident photons
produce photoelectrons, find the current in the cell.
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310 — Optics and Modern Physics

4. A photon has momentum of magnitude 8.24 ´ 10-28 kg-m/ s.

(a) What is the energy of this photon? Give your answer in joules and in electron volts.
(b) What is the wavelength of this photon? In what region of the electromagnetic spectrum does it
lie?
5. A 75 W light source emits light of wavelength 600 nm.
(a) Calculate the frequency of the emitted light.
(b) How many photons per second does the source emit?
6. An excited nucleus emits a gamma-ray photon with energy of 2.45 MeV.
(a) What is the photon frequency? (b) What is the photon wavelength?
7. (a) A proton is moving at a speed much less than the speed of light. It has kinetic energy K 1
and momentum p1. If the momentum of the proton is doubled, so p2 = 2 p1 , how is its new
kinetic energy K 2 related to K 1?
(b) A photon with energy E1 has momentum p1. If another photon has momentum p2 that is twice p1 ,
how is the energy E 2 of the second photon related to E1?
8. A parallel beam of monochromatic light of wavelength 500 nm is incident normally on a
perfectly absorbing surface. The power through any cross-section of the beam is 10 W. Find
(a) the number of photons absorbed per second by the surface and
(b) the force exerted by the light beam on the surface.
9. A beam of white light is incident normally on a plane surface absorbing 70% of the light and
reflecting the rest. If the incident beam carries 10 W of power, find the force exerted by it on the
surface.
10. A parallel beam of monochromatic light of wavelength 663 nm is incident on a totally reflecting
plane mirror. The angle of incidence is 60° and the number of photons striking the mirror per
second is 1.0 ´ 1019. Calculate the force exerted by the light beam on the mirror.
11. Wavelength of Bullet. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of a 5.00 g bullet that is moving
at 340 m/ s. Will it exhibit wave like properties?
12. (a) An electron moves with a speed of 4.70 ´ 106 m/ s. What is its de-Broglie wavelength?
(b) A proton moves with the same speed. Determine its de-Broglie wavelength.
13. An electron has a de-Broglie wavelength of 2.80 ´ 10-10 m. Determine
(a) the magnitude of its momentum,
(b) its kinetic energy (in joule and in electron volt).
14. Find de-Broglie wavelength corresponding to the root-mean square velocity of hydrogen
molecules at room temperature (20°C).
15. An electron, in a hydrogen like atom, is in excited state. It has a total energy of –3.4 eV, find the
de-Broglie wavelength of the electron.
16. In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, what is the de-Broglie wavelength for the electron
when it is in
(a) the n = 1 level?
(b) the n = 4 level? In each case, compare the de-Broglie wavelength to the circumference 2prn of the
orbit.
17. The binding energy of an electron in the ground state of He atom is equal to E0 = 24.6 eV. Find
the energy required to remove both electrons from the atom.
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Chapter 33 Modern Physics - I — 311

18. Hydrogen atom in its ground state is excited by means of monochromatic radiation of
wavelength 1023 Å. How many different lines are possible in the resulting spectrum?
Calculate the longest wavelength among them. You may assume the ionization energy of
hydrogen atom as 13.6 eV.
19. A doubly ionized lithium atom is hydrogen like with atomic number 3. Find the wavelength of
the radiation required to excite the electron in Li+ + from the first to the third Bohr orbit
(ionization energy of the hydrogen atom equals 13.6 eV).
20. Find the quantum number n corresponding to nth excited state of He+ ion if on transition to the
ground state the ion emits two photons in succession with wavelengths 108.5 nm and 30.4 nm.
The ionization energy of the hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV.
21. A hydrogen like atom (described by the Bohr model) is observed to emit ten wavelengths,
originating from all possible transitions between a group of levels. These levels have energies
between –0.85 eV and –0.544 eV (including both these values).
(a) Find the atomic number of the atom.
(b) Calculate the smallest wavelength emitted in these transitions.
(Take ground state energy of hydrogen atom = - 13.6 eV)
22. The energy levels of a hypothetical one electron atom are µ 0 eV
shown in the figure. n=5 –0.80 eV
n=4 –1.45 eV
(a) Find the ionization potential of this atom.
(b) Find the short wavelength limit of the series terminating at n = 3 –3.08 eV
n = 2. n=2 –5.30 eV
(c) Find the excitation potential for the state n = 3. n=1 –15.6 eV
(d) Find wave number of the photon emitted for the transition
n = 3 to n = 1.
23. (a) An atom initially in an energy level with E = – 6.52 eV absorbs a photon that has
wavelength 860 nm. What is the internal energy of the atom after it absorbs the photon?
(b) An atom initially in an energy level with E = - 2.68 eV emits a photon that has wavelength
420 nm. What is the internal energy of the atom after it emits the photon?
24. A silver ball is suspended by a string in a vacuum chamber and ultraviolet light of wavelength
2000 Å is directed at it. What electrical potential will the ball acquire as a result? Work
function of silver is 4.3 eV.
1
25. A small particle of mass m moves in such a way that the potential energy U = m 2w2r 2,
2
where wis a constant and r is the distance of the particle from the origin. Assuming Bohr model
of quantization of angular momentum and circular orbits, show that radius of the nth allowed
orbit is proportional to n.
26. Wavelength of K a -line of an element is l0. Find wavelength of K b-line for the same element.
27. X-rays are produced in an X-ray tube by electrons accelerated through an electric potential
difference of 50.0 kV. An electron makes three collisions in the target coming to rest and loses
half its remaining kinetic energy in each of the first two collisions. Determine the wavelength
of the resulting photons. (Neglecting the recoil of the heavy target atoms).
28. From what material is the anode of an X-ray tube made, if the K a - line wavelength of the
characteristic spectrum is 0.76 Å?
29. A voltage applied to an X-ray tube being increased h = 1.5 times, the short wave limit of an
X-ray continuous spectrum shifts by Dl = 26 pm. Find the initial voltage applied to the tube.
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312 — Optics and Modern Physics

30. The K a X-rays of aluminium ( Z = 13) and zinc ( Z = 30) have wavelengths 887 pm and 146 pm,
respectively. Use Moseley’s equation n = a( Z - b) to find the wavelength of the K a X-ray of
iron ( Z = 26).
31. Characteristic X-rays of frequency 4.2 ´ 1018 Hz are produced when transitions from L shell
take place in a certain target material. Use Moseley’s law and determine the atomic number of
the target material. Given, Rydberg constant is R = 1.1 ´ 107 m -1.
32. The electric current in an X-ray tube operating at 40 kV is 10 mA. Assume that on an average
1% of the total kinetic energy of the electrons hitting the target are converted into X-rays.
(a) What is the total power emitted as X-rays and
(b) How much heat is produced in the target every second?
33. The stopping potential for the photoelectrons emitted from a metal surface of work-function
1.7 eV is 10.4 V. Find the wavelength of the radiation used. Also, identify the energy levels in
hydrogen atom, which will emit this wavelength.
34. What will be the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons ejected from magnesium (for
which the work-function W = 3.7 eV) when irradiated by ultraviolet light of frequency
1.5 ´ 1015 s-1.
35. A metallic surface is irradiated with monochromatic light of variable wavelength. Above a
wavelength of 5000 Å, no photoelectrons are emitted from the surface. With an unknown
wavelength, stopping potential of 3 V is necessary to eliminate the photocurrent. Find the
unknown wavelength.
36. A graph regarding photoelectric effect is shown between the maximum kinetic energy of
electrons and the frequency of the incident light . On the basis of data as shown in the graph,
calculate
Kmax (eV)

8
6
4
2
A D
0
–2 10 20 30
f (´ 1014 Hz)
–4 C
(a) threshold frequency, (b) work-function, (c) planck constant
37. A metallic surface is illuminated alternatively with light of wavelengths 3000 Å and 6000 Å. It
is observed that the maximum speeds of the photoelectrons under these illuminations are in
the ratio 3 : 1. Calculate the work-function of the metal and the maximum speed of the
photoelectrons in two cases.
38. Light of wavelength 180 nm ejects photoelectrons from a plate of metal whose work-function is
2 eV. If a uniform magnetic field of 5 ´ 10–5 T be applied parallel to the plate, what would be
the radius of the path followed by electrons ejected normally from the plate with maximum
energy.
39. Light described at a place by the equation E = (100 V/ m ) [sin( 5 ´ 1015 s –1 )t + sin( 8 ´ 1015 s –1 )t ]
falls on a metal surface having work-function 2.0 eV. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of
the photoelectrons.
40. The electric field associated with a light wave is given by E = E0 sin [(1.57 ´ 107 m -1 ) ( x - ct )].
Find the stopping potential when this light is used in an experiment on photoelectric effect
with a metal having work-function 1.9 eV.
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LEVEL 2
Single Correct Option
1. If we assume only gravitational attraction between proton and electron in hydrogen atom and
the Bohr quantization rule to be followed, then the expression for the ground state energy of
the atom will be (the mass of proton is M and that of electron is m.)
G 2M 2m2 2p 2G 2M 2m3
(a) (b) -
h2 h2
2p 2GM 2m3
(c) - (d) None of these
h2
2. An electron in a hydrogen atom makes a transition from first excited state to ground state. The
magnetic moment due to circulating electron
(a) increases two times (b) decreases two times
(c) increases four times (d) remains same
3. The excitation energy of a hydrogen like ion to its first excited state is 40.8 eV. The energy
needed to remove the electron from the ion in the ground state is
(a) 54.4 eV (b) 62.6 eV
(c) 72.6 eV (d) 58.6 eV
4. An electron in a hydrogen atom makes a transition from first excited state to ground state. The
equivalent current due to circulating electron
(a) increases 4 times (b) decreases 4 times
(c) increases 8 times (d) decreases 8 times
5. In a sample of hydrogen like atoms all of which are in ground state, a photon beam containing
photons of various energies is passed. In absorption spectrum, five dark lines are observed. The
number of bright lines in the emission spectrum will be
(assume that all transitions take place)
(a) 21 (b) 10
(c) 15 (d) None of these
6. Let An be the area enclosed by the nth orbit in a hydrogen atom. The graph of ln ( An / A1 )
against ln ( n )
(a) will not pass through origin (b) will be a straight line with slope 4
(c) will be a rectangular hyperbola (d) will be a parabola
7. In the hydrogen atom, an electron makes a transition from n = 2 to n = 1. The magnetic field
produced by the circulating electron at the nucleus
(a) decreases 16 times (b) increases 4 times
(c) decreases 4 times (d) increases 32 times
8. A stationary hydrogen atom emits photon corresponding to the first line of Lyman series. If R is
the Rydberg constant and M is the mass of the atom, then the velocity acquired by the atom is
3Rh 4M
(a) (b)
4M 3Rh
Rh 4M
(c) (d)
4M Rh
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314 — Optics and Modern Physics

9. Light wave described by the equation 200 V/m sin (1.5 ´ 1015 s-1 ) t cos ( 0.5 ´ 1015 s-1 ) t falls on
metal surface having work-function 2.0 eV. Then, the maximum kinetic energy of
photoelectrons is
(a) 3.27 eV (b) 2.2 eV
(c) 2.85 eV (d) None of these
10. A hydrogen like atom is excited using a radiation. Consequently, six spectral lines are observed
in the spectrum. The wavelength of emission radiation is found to be equal or smaller than the
radiation used for excitation. This concludes that the gas was initially at
(a) ground state (b) first excited state
(c) second excited state (d) third excited state
11. The time period of the electron in the ground state of hydrogen atom is two times the time
period of the electron in the first excited state of a certain hydrogen like atom (Atomic number
Z). The value of Z is
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) None of these
12. The wavelengths of K a X-rays from lead isotopes Pb 204 , Pb 206 and Pb 208 are l1 , l2 and l3
respectively. Choose the correct alternative.
(a) l1 < l 2 < l3 (b) l1 > l 2 > l3
(c) l1 = l 2 = l3 (d) None of these
13. In case of hydrogen atom, whenever a photon is emitted in the Balmer series,
(a) there is a probability of emitting another photon in the Lyman series
(b) there is a probability of emitting another photon of wavelength 1213 Å
(c) the wavelength of radiation emitted in Lyman series is always shorter than the wavelength
emitted in the Balmer series
(d) All of the above
14. An electron of kinetic energy K collides elastically with a stationary hydrogen atom in the
ground state. Then,
(a) K > 13.6 eV (b) K > 10.2 eV
(c) K < 10.2 eV (d) data insufficient
15. In a stationary hydrogen atom, an electron jumps from n = 3 to n = 1. The recoil speed of the
hydrogen atom is about
(a) 4 m/s (b) 4 cm/s
(c) 4 mm/s (d) 4 ´ 10-4 m/s
16. An X-ray tube is operating at 150 kV and 10 mA. If only 1% of the electric power supplied is
converted into X-rays, the rate at which the target is heated in calorie per second is
(a) 3.55 (b) 35.5
(c) 355 (d) 3550
17. An electron revolves round a nucleus of atomic number Z. If 32.4 eV of energy is required to
excite an electron from the n = 3 state to n = 4 state, then the value of Z is
(a) 5 (b) 6
(c) 4 (d) 7
18. If the de-Broglie wavelength of a proton is 10-13 m, the electric potential through which it must
have been accelerated is
(a) 4.07 ´ 104 V (b) 8.15 ´ 104 V (c) 8.15 ´ 103 V (d) 4.07 ´ 105 V
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Chapter 33 Modern Physics - I — 315

19. If En and Ln denote the total energy and the angular momentum of an electron in the nth orbit
of Bohr atom, then
1
(a) E n µ L n (b) E n µ
Ln
1
(c) E n µ L2n (d) E n µ 2
Ln

20. An orbital electron in the ground state of hydrogen has the magnetic moment m 1. This orbital
electron is excited to 3rd excited state by some energy transfer to the hydrogen atom. The new
magnetic moment of the electron is m 2, then
(a) m 1 = 4m 2 (b) 2 m 1 = m 2
(c) 16 m 1 = m 2 (d) 4 m 1 = m 2
21. A moving hydrogen atom makes a head-on collision with a stationary hydrogen atom. Before
collision, both atoms are in ground state and after collision they move together. The minimum
value of the kinetic energy of the moving hydrogen atom, such that one of the atoms reaches
one of the excitation state is
(a) 20.4 eV (b) 10.2 eV
(c) 54.4 eV (d) 13.6 eV
22. In an excited state of hydrogen like atom an electron has total energy of – 3.4 eV. If the kinetic
energy of the electron is E and its de-Broglie wavelength is l, then
(a) l = 6.6 Å (b) E = 3.4 eV
(c) Both are correct (d) Both are wrong

More than One Correct Options

1. If the potential difference of coolidge tube producing X-ray is increased, then choose the correct
option (s).
(a) the interval between lKa and lKb increases
(b) the interval between lKa and l 0 increases
(c) the interval between lKb and l 0 increases
(d) l 0 does not change
Here, l0 is cut off wavelength and lK a and lK b are wavelengths of K a and K b characteristic
X-rays.
2. In Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, let R , v and E represent the radius of the orbit, speed of
the electron and the total energy of the electron respectively. Which of the following quantities
are directly proportional to the quantum number n?
(a) vR (b) RE
v R
(c) (d)
E E

3. The magnitude of angular momentum, orbital radius and time period of revolution of an
electron in a hydrogen atom corresponding to the quantum number n are L, r and T
respectively. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
rL L 1
(a) is independent of n (b) µ
T T n2
T 1
(c) µn (d) Lr µ 3
r n
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316 — Optics and Modern Physics

4. In which of the following cases the heavier of the two particles has a smaller de-Broglie
wavelength? The two particles
(a) move with the same speed
(b) move with the same linear momentum
(c) move with the same kinetic energy
(d) have the same change of potential energy in a conservative field
5. Hydrogen atom absorbs radiations of wavelength l0 and consequently emit radiations of
6 different wavelengths, of which two wavelengths are longer than l0. Choose the correct
alternative(s).
(a) The final excited state of the atoms is n = 4
(b) The initial state of the atoms is n = 2
(c) The initial state of the atoms is n = 3
(d) There are three transitions belonging to Lyman series
6. In coolidge tube, if f and l represent the frequency and wavelength of K a -line for a metal of
atomic number Z, then identify the statement which represents a straight line
1
(a) f versus Z (b) versus Z
l
(c) f versus Z (d) l versus Z

Comprehension Based Questions

Passage I (Q. No. 1 to 3)
When a surface is irradiated with light of wavelength 4950 Å, a photocurrent appears which
vanishes if a retarding potential greater than 0.6 volt is applied across the phototube. When a
second source of light is used, it is found that the critical retarding potential is changed to
1.1 volt.
1. The work-function of the emitting surface is
(a) 2.2 eV (b) 1.5 eV
(c) 1.9 eV (d) 1.1 eV
2. The wavelength of the second source is
(a) 6150 Å (b) 5150 Å
(c) 4125 Å (d) 4500 Å
3. If the photoelectrons (after emission from the source) are subjected to a magnetic field of
10 tesla, the two retarding potentials would
(a) uniformly increase (b) uniformly decrease
(c) remain the same (d) None of these

Passage II (Q. No. 4 to 6)

In an experimental set up to study the photoelectric effect a point source of light of power
3.2 ´ 10-3 W was taken. The source can emit monoenergetic photons of energy 5 eV and is located
at a distance of 0.8 m from the centre of a stationary metallic sphere of work-function 3.0 eV .
The radius of the sphere is r = 8 ´ 10-3 m. The efficiency of photoelectric emission is one for every
106 incident photons.
Based on the information given above answer the questions given below.
(Assume that the sphere is isolated and photoelectrons are instantly swept away after the
emission).
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Chapter 33 Modern Physics - I — 317

4. de-Broglie wavelength of the fastest moving photoelectron is

(a) 6.63 Å (b) 8.69 Å
(c) 2 Å (d) 5.26 Å
5. It was observed that after some time emission of photoelectrons from the sphere stopped.
Charge on the sphere when the photon emission stops is
(a) 16pe0r coulomb (b) 8pe0r coulomb
(c) 15pe0r coulomb (d) 20pe0r coulomb
6. Time after which photoelectric emission stops is
(a) 100 s (b) 121 s
(c) 111 s (d) 141 s

Match the Columns

1. Match the following two columns for hydrogen spectrum.

Column I Column II

(a) Lyman series (p) infrared region

(b) Balmer series (q) visible region
(c) Paschen series (r) ultraviolet region
(d) Brackett series (s) X-rays

2. Ionization energy from first excited state of hydrogen atom is E. Match the following two
columns for He+ atom.

Column I Column II

(a) Ionization energy from (p) 4 E

ground state
(b) Electrostatic potential (q) – 16 E
energy in first excited state.
(c) Kinetic energy of electron in (r) – 8 E
ground state.
(d) Ionization energy from first (s) 16 E
excited state.

3. Kmax v0

1 2

f f

–Y1 –Y2

Maximum kinetic energy versus frequency of incident light and stopping potential versus
frequency of incident light graphs are shown in figure. Match the following two columns.
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318 — Optics and Modern Physics

Column I Column II
(a) Slope of line-1 (p) h/e
(b) Slope of line-2 (q) h
(c) Y1 (r) W
(d) Y2 (s) W/e

Here, h = Planck constant, e = 1.6 ´ 10-19 C and W = work-function.

4. For hydrogen and hydrogen type atoms, match the following two columns.

Column I Column II
(a) Time period (p) Proportional to n/Z
(b) Angular momentum (q) Proportional to n 2/Z
(c) Speed (r) Proportional to n3 /Z 2
(d) Radius (s) None of these

5. In hydrogen atom wavelength of second line of Balmer series is l. Match the following two
columns corresponding to the wavelength.
Column I Column II
(a) First line of Balmer series (p) (27/20) l
(b) Third line of Balmer series (q) (l/4)
(c) First line of Lyman series (r) (25/12) l
(d) Second line of Lyman series (s) None of these

6. Match the following (Give most appropriate one matching)

Column I Column II
(a) Characteristic X-ray (p) Inverse process of
photoelectric effect
(b) X-ray production (q) Potential difference
(c) Cut off wavelength (r) Moseley’s law
(d) Continuous X-ray (s) None of these

7. In a photoelectric effect experiment. If f is the frequency of radiations incident on the metal

surface and I is the intensity of the incident radiations, then match the following columns.

Column I Column II
(a) If f is increased keeping I and (p) Stopping potential increases
work-function constant
(b) If distance between cathode (q) Saturation current increases
and anode is increased
(c) If I is increased keeping f and (r) Maximum kinetic energy of
work-function constant photoelectron increases
(d) Work-function is decreased (s) Stopping potential remains same
keeping f and I constant
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Chapter 33 Modern Physics - I — 319

Subjective Questions
1. The wavelength for n = 3 to n = 2 transition of the hydrogen atom is 656.3 nm. What are the
wavelengths for this same transition in (a) positronium, which consists of an electron and a
positron (b) singly ionized helium (Note: A positron is a positively charged electron).
2. (a) Find the frequencies of revolution of electrons in n = 1 and n = 2 Bohr orbits.
(b) What is the frequency of the photon emitted when an electron in an n = 2 orbit drops to an n = 1
hydrogen orbit?
(c) An electron typically spends about 10–8s in an excited state before it drops to a lower state by
emitting a photon. How many revolutions does an electron in an n = 2 Bohr hydrogen orbit make
in 1.00 ´ 10-8 s?
3. A muon is an unstable elementary particle whose mass is 207 me and whose charge is either + e
or – e. A negative muon (m – ) can be captured by a nucleus to form a muonic atom.
(a) A proton captures a m – . Find the radius of the first Bohr orbit of this atom.
(b) Find the ionization energy of the atom.
4. (a) A gas of hydrogen atoms in their ground state is bombarded by electrons with kinetic
energy 12.5 eV. What emitted wavelengths would you expect to see?
(b) What if the electrons were replaced by photons of same energy?
5. A source emits monochromatic light of frequency 5.5 ´ 1014 Hz at a rate of 0.1 W. Of the photons
given out, 0.15% fall on the cathode of a photocell which gives a current of 6 mA in an external
circuit.
(a) Find the energy of a photon.
(b) Find the number of photons leaving the source per second.
(c) Find the percentage of the photons falling on the cathode which produce photoelectrons.
6. The hydrogen atom in its ground state is excited by means of monochromatic radiation. Its
resulting spectrum has six different lines. These radiations are incident on a metal plate. It is
observed that only two of them are responsible for photoelectric effect. If the ratio of maximum
kinetic energy of photoelectrons in the two cases is 5 then find the work-function of the metal.
7. Electrons in hydrogen like atoms ( Z = 3) make transitions from the fifth to the fourth orbit and
from the fourth to the third orbit. The resulting radiations are incident normally on a metal
plate and eject photoelectrons. The stopping potential for the photoelectrons ejected by the
shorter wavelength is 3.95 volts. Calculate the work-function of the metal and the stopping
potential for the photoelectrons ejected by the longer wavelength.
8. Find an expression for the magnetic dipole moment and magnetic field induction at the centre
of Bohr’s hypothetical hydrogen atom in the n th orbit of the electron in terms of universal
constant.
9. An electron and a proton are separated by a large distance and the electron approaches the
proton with a kinetic energy of 2 eV. If the electron is captured by the proton to form a
hydrogen atom in the ground state, what wavelength photon would be given off?
10. Hydrogen gas in the atomic state is excited to an energy level such that the electrostatic
potential energy of H-atom becomes –1.7 eV. Now, a photoelectric plate having work-function
W = 2.3 eV is exposed to the emission spectra of this gas. Assuming all the transitions to be
possible, find the minimum de-Broglie wavelength of the ejected photoelectrons.
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320 — Optics and Modern Physics

11. A gas of hydrogen like atoms can absorb radiation of 68 eV. Consequently, the atom emits
radiations of only three different wavelengths. All the wavelengths are equal or smaller than
that of the absorbed photon.
(a) Determine the initial state of the gas atoms.
(b) Identify the gas atoms.
(c) Find the minimum wavelength of the emitted radiations.
(d) Find the ionization energy and the respective wavelength for the gas atoms.
12. A photon with energy of 4.9 eV ejects photoelectrons from tungsten. When the ejected
electron enters a constant magnetic field of strength B = 2.5 mT at an angle of 60° with the
field direction, the maximum pitch of the helix described by the electron is found to be
2.7 mm. Find the work-function of the metal in electron-volt. Given that specific charge of
electron is 1.76 ´ 1011 C/ kg.
13. For a certain hypothetical one-electron atom, the wavelength (in Å) for the spectral lines for
transitions originating at n = p and terminating at n = 1 are given by
1500 p2
l= , where p = 2, 3, 4
p2 - 1
(a) Find the wavelength of the least energetic and the most energetic photons in this series.
(b) Construct an energy level diagram for this element showing the energies of the lowest three
levels.
(c) What is the ionization potential of this element?
14. A photocell is operating in saturation mode with a photocurrent 4.8 mA when a monochromatic
radiation of wavelength 3000 Å and power of 1 mW is incident. When another monochromatic
radiation of wavelength 1650 Å and power 5 mW is incident, it is observed that maximum
velocity of photoelectron increases to two times. Assuming efficiency of photoelectron
generation per incident photon to be same for both the cases, calculate
(a) the threshold wavelength for the cell
(b) the saturation current in second case
(c) the efficiency of photoelectron generation per incident photon
15. Wavelengths belonging to Balmer series for hydrogen atom lying in the range of 450 nm to
750 nm were used to eject photoelectrons from a metal surface whose work-function is 2.0 eV.
Find (in eV) the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons.
16. Assume that the de-Broglie wave associated with an electron can form a standing wave
between the atoms arranged in a one-dimensional array with nodes at each of the atomic sites.
It is found that one such standing wave is formed if the distance d between the atoms of the
array is 2 Å. A similar standing wave is again formed if d is increased to 2.5 Å but not for any
intermediate value of d. Find the energy of the electron in eV and the least value of d for which
the standing wave of the type described above can form.
17. The negative muon has a charge equal to that of an electron but a mass that is 207 times as
great. Consider hydrogen like atom consisting of a proton and a muon.
(a) What is the reduced mass of the atom?
(b) What is the ground-level energy (in eV)?
(c) What is the wavelength of the radiation emitted in the transition from the n = 2 level to the n = 1
level?
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Chapter 33 Modern Physics - I — 321

18. Assume a hypothetical hydrogen atom in which the potential energy between electron and
proton at separation r is given by U = [k ln r – ( k/ 2)], where k is a constant. For such a
hypothetical hydrogen atom, calculate the radius of nth Bohr orbit and energy levels.
19. An electron is orbiting in a circular orbit of radius r under the influence of a constant magnetic
field of strength B. Assuming that Bohr postulate regarding the quantisation of angular
momentum holds good for this electron, find
(a) the allowed values of the radius r of the orbit.
(b) the kinetic energy of the electron in orbit
(c) the potential energy of interaction between the magnetic moment of the orbital current due to
the electron moving in its orbit and the magnetic field B.
(d) the total energy of the allowed energy levels.
(e) the total magnetic flux due to the magnetic field B passing through the nth orbit.
(Assume that the charge on the electron is – e and the mass of the electron is m).
20. A mixture of hydrogen atoms (in their ground state) and hydrogen like ions (in their first
excited state) are being excited by electrons which have been accelerated by same potential
difference V volts. After excitation when they come directly into ground state, the wavelengths
of emitted light are found in the ratio 5 : 1. Then, find
(a) the minimum value of V for which both the atoms get excited after collision with electrons.
(b) atomic number of other ion.
(c) the energy of emitted light.
21. When a surface is irradiated with light of l = 4950 Å a photocurrent appears which vanishes if
a retarding potential 0.6 V is applied. When a different source of light is used, it is found that
critical retarding potential is changed to 1.1 volt. Find the work-function of emitting surface
and wavelength of second source. If photoelectrons after emission from surface are subjected to
a magnetic field of 10 tesla, what changes will be observed in the above two retarding
potentials?
22. In an experiment on photoelectric effect light of wavelength 400 nm is incident on a metal plate
at the rate of 5 W. The potential of the collector plate is made sufficiently positive with respect
to emitter so that the current reaches the saturation value. Assuming that on the average one
out of every 106 photons is able to eject a photoelectron, find the photocurrent in the circuit.
23. A light beam of wavelength 400 nm is incident on a metal of work-function 2.2 eV. A particular
electron absorbs a photon and makes 2 collisions before coming out of the metal
(a) Assuming that 10% of existing energy is lost to the metal in each collision find the final kinetic
energy of this electron as it comes out of the metal.
(b) Under the same assumptions find the maximum number of collisions, the electron should suffer
before it becomes unable to come out of the metal.
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Answers
Introductory Exercise 33.1
kg-m
1. 4.6 eV, 2.45 ´ 10 -27 2. 4.82 ´ 1016 per m2 -s 3. 2
s
4. 2 5. (c) 6. (a) 4.81 ´ 10 -34 m (b) 7.12 ´ 10 -11m

Introductory Exercise 33.2

1. 122.4 eV 2. 3.16 ´ 10 –34 kg- m2 /s 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b)
3f f
6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (d) 11. ,
4 4
12. 651 nm

Introductory Exercise 33.3

1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. 42

Introductory Exercise 33.4

1. Zero, 3.19 eV 2. Kmax µ (f - f0 ) 3. 1.16 ´ 1015 Hz 4. (a)
5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a)

Exercises
LEVEL 1
Assertion and Reason
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a or b) 4. (a) 5. (a or b) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (d)

Objective Questions
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (a)
31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (c) 37. (d)

Subjective Questions
1. 5.59 nm 2. E1 = - 4613 eV, E3 = - 2650 eV 3. 0.48 mA
4. (a) 2.47 ´ 10 –19 J = 1.54 eV (b) 804 nm, infrared
5. (a) 5.0 ´ 1014 Hz (b) 2.3 ´ 10 20 photons /s 6. (a) 5.92 ´ 10 20 Hz (b) 5.06 ´ 10 –13 m
7. (a) K 2 = 4K1 (b) E 2 = 2E1 8. (a) 2.52 ´ 1019 (b) 3.33 ´ 10 –8 N 9. 4.3 ´ 10 –8 N
10. 10 –8 N 11. 3.90 ´ 10 –34 m, No 12. (a) 1.55 ´ 10 –10 m (b) 8.44 ´ 10 –14 m
kg-m
13. (a) 2.37 ´ 10 –24 (b) 3.07 ´ 10 –18 J = 19.2 eV 14. 1.04 Å 15. 6.663 Å
s
16. (a) 3.32 ´ 10 –10 m (b) 1.33 ´ 10 –9 m 17. 79 eV 18. 3, 6513 Å 19. 113.74 Å
20. n = 5 21. (a) Z = 4 (b) lmin = 40441 Å
22. (a) 15.6 volt (b) 2335 Å (c) 12.52 V (d) 1.01 ´ 107 m–1 23. (a) –5.08 eV (b) –5.63 eV
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Chapter 33 Modern Physics - I — 323

27
24. 1.9 V 26. l0 27. 49.5 pm, 99.0 pm 28. Z » 41 29. 15865 V
32
30. 198 pm 31. Z = 42 32. (a) 4 W (b) 396 J/s 33. 1022 Å, n = 3 to n = 1
15
34. 2.51 eV 35. 2260 Å 36. (a) 10 Hz (b) 4 eV (c) 6.4 ´ 10 –34 J- s
37. 1.81 eV, 9.0 ´ 10 5 m /s, 3.0 ´ 10 5 m /s 38. 0.148 m 39. 3.27 eV 40. 1.2 V

LEVEL 2
Single Correct Option
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (a) 22. (c)

More than One Correct Options

1.(b,c) 2.(a,c) 3.(a,b,c) 4.(a,c) 5.(a,b,d) 6.(a,b)

Comprehension Based Questions

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c)

Match the Columns

1. (a) ® r (b) ® q (c) ® p (d) ® p
2. (a) ® s (b) ® r (c) ® s (d) ® p
3. (a) ® q (b) ® p (c) ® r (d) ® s
4. (a) ® r (b) ® s (c) ® s (d) ® q
5. (a) ® p (b) ® s (c) ® q (d) ® s
6. (a) ® r (b) ® p (c) ® q (d) ® q
7. (a) ® p,r (b) ® s (c) ® q,s (d) ® p,r

Subjective Questions
1. (a) 1.31 mm (b) 164 nm
2. (a) 6.58 ´ 1015 Hz, 0.823 ´ 1015 Hz (b) 2.46 ´ 1015 Hz (c) 8.23 ´ 10 6 revolutions
3. (a) 2.55 ´ 10 -13 m (b) 2.81 keV 4. (a) 102 nm, 122 nm, 651 nm (b) No lines
5. (a) 2.27 eV (b) 2.75 ´ 1017 (c) 9% 6. W = 11.925 eV 7. 2 eV, 0.754 V
neh m 0 pm2e7
8. , 9. 793.3 Å 10. 3.8 Å
4pm 8e0 h5 n5
11. (a) ni = 2 (b) Z = 6 (c) 28.43 Å (d) 489.6 eV, 25.3 Å 12. 4.5 eV
13. (a) 2000 Å, 1500 Å (b) E1 = - 8.25 eV, E 2 = - 2.05 eV and E3 = - 0.95 eV (c) 8.25 V
14. (a) 4125 Å (b) 34 mA (c) 5.1% 15. 0.55 eV 16. 150 eV, 0.5 Å
nh ì nh ü
17. (a) 1.69 ´ 10 –28 kg (b) –2.53 keV (c) 0.653 nm 18. rn = , E n = k ln í ý
2p mk î 2p mk þ
nh nhBe nheB nheB nh
19. (a) rn = (b) K = (c) U = (d) E = (e)
2pBe 4pm 4pm 2pm 2e
20. (a) 10.2 volt (b) Z = 2 (c) 10.2 eV and 51 eV 21. 1.9 eV, 4125 Å, No change is observed
22. 1.6 mA 23. (a) 0.31 eV (b) 4