Lecture 22 Introduction of DC-AC Inverters

Lecture 22
SWITCH MODE DC-AC INVERTERS

Introduction
A device that converts the DC power to AC power at the desired
output voltage and frequency is called inverter
• Applications of switch mode DC-AC inverters

• Variable speed AC motor drives
• Un-interruptable power supplies
• Aircraft power supplies
• Induction heating
• Desirable characteristics of AC motor load

• Sinusoidal and desired magnitude of output voltage
• Adjustable frequency
Introduction
• Power flow is bidirectional
• Power flows from source to load in normal operation
• Power flows from load to source during regenerative braking
Controlled rectifier Inverter circuit

Controlled rectifier Inverter circuit
AC input AC input
(Grid (Grid
side) side)
Switch mode inverter during motoring Switch mode inverter during regenerative braking
Classification of DC-AC inverters
• Voltage source inverters
• DC source has negligible impedance
• Constant DC voltage at input terminal
• Current source inverters

• DC source has very high impedance
• Constant DC current at input terminal
Comparison of VSI and CSI
VSI CSI
VSI is fed from a DC voltage source having CSI is fed with adjustable current from a DC
small or negligible impedance. voltage source of high impedance.
Input voltage is maintained constant The input current is constant but adjustable.
The amplitude of output current is independent
Output voltage does not dependent on the load
of the load.
The waveform of the load current as well as its The magnitude of output voltage and its
magnitude depends upon the nature of load waveform depends upon the nature of the load
impedance. impedance.
VSI requires feedback diodes The CSI does not require any feedback diodes.
Commutation circuit is simple as it contains
The commutation circuit is complicated
only capacitors.
Power BJT, Power MOSFET, IGBT, GTO with They cannot be used as these devices have to
self commutation can be used in the circuit. withstand reverse voltage.
Basic Voltage Source Inverter
States S1 S2 Output
Voltage
1 ON OFF +E
2 OFF OFF 0
3 OFF ON -E
4 ON ON 0
Voltage source inverters
Classification of voltage source inverters w.r.t output voltage
waveform
• Pulse width modulated inverters

• Square wave inverters
• Single phase inverters with voltage cancellation
Pulse width modulated (PWM) inverters
• Constant DC voltage (Diode rectification)
• Inverter circuit controls magnitude and
frequency of AC output voltage
Input
side
Modulation scheme in PWM inverters
• Single pulse width modulation (SPWM)
scheme
• Multiple pulse width modulation (MPWM)
scheme
• Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (Sine
PWM) scheme
Voltage source inverters
Square wave inverters
• Input DC voltage controls magnitude of AC output voltage
• Inverter circuit controls frequency of output voltage
• Square wave output AC voltage
Single phase inverters with voltage cancellation

• Constant DC input voltage
• Inverter is not pulse width modulated
• Square wave output AC voltage
• Characteristic of both PWM and square wave inverters
Sine PWM technique
•Control
signal (Reference)
• For achieving sinusoidal output voltage

• Modulation switch duty ratio
Switching signal (triangular waveform )
• Frequency of triangular wave = inverter

switching frequency
Amplitude modulation ratio

Sine PWM technique
•
Frequency modulation ratio
where
• is switching frequency or carrier frequency

(frequency of triangular waveform)
• is fundamental frequency or modulating frequency
(frequency of control waveform)
Inverter output voltage
• If
• Switch is ON
• If
• Switch is ON
Sine PWM technique
•
Frequency modulation ratio
where
• is switching frequency or carrier frequency

(frequency of triangular waveform)
• is fundamental frequency or modulating frequency
(frequency of control waveform)
Inverter output voltage
• If
• Switch is ON
• If
• Switch is ON
Square wave modulation
• Advantages
• ON to OFF state of switch- twice per cycle
• Low switching losses
• Disadvantages
• Output voltage magnitude is uncontrollable by inverter switches
Summary
• The output voltage waveform of inverter can be square wave, quasi-
square wave or low distorted sine wave
• The pulse width modulation techniques are commonly used to control

the output voltage of inverters
• The non sinusoidal output voltage of the inverter contain harmonics
• The harmonics can be reduced by using proper control schemes or

output filters

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Lecture 22

SWITCH MODE DC-AC INVERTERS

• Applications of switch mode DC-AC inverters

• Desirable characteristics of AC motor load

Controlled rectifier Inverter circuit

• Current source inverters

• Pulse width modulated inverters

Single phase inverters with voltage cancellation

• For achieving sinusoidal output voltage

Switching signal (triangular waveform )

• Frequency of triangular wave = inverter

Amplitude modulation ratio

• is switching frequency or carrier frequency

Inverter output voltage

• is switching frequency or carrier frequency

Inverter output voltage

• The pulse width modulation techniques are commonly used to control

• The non sinusoidal output voltage of the inverter contain harmonics

• The harmonics can be reduced by using proper control schemes or

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